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Culture Management

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First peer-reviewed quarterly e-journal in Poland devoted to culture management. The contributors present both theoretical and practical approach towards issues concerning culture, such as the management of public cultural institutions and other cultural organizations, cultural heritage management as well as questions concerning cultural studies. The journal can boast a wide range of topics dealing with the most recent phenomena of Polish and international culture.

Issues

Volume 25, Issue 1–2 cover go to the issue Next

Volume 25, Issue 1–2

Publication date: 27.11.2024

Editors of Issue 1–2: Alicja Kędziora , Joanna Szulborska-Łukaszewicz

Editor-in-Chief: Marcin Laberschek

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Marta Kudelska

Project co-financed by the Jagiellonian University from the funds of the Faculty of Management and Social Communication and the Institute of Culture.
 
Cover design: Agnieszka Ćwikła.

Issue content

Joanna Szulborska-Łukaszewicz

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. VII - XIV

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.001.20119
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Andrzej Linert

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 29 - 30

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.003.20121
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Bogusław Nierenberg

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 33 - 37

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.005.20123
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Anna Cichosz, Krzysztof Indyk, Katarzyna Kopeć, Piotr Mączka

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 47 - 48

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.008.20126
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Aleksandra Kuczara

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 51 - 51

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.010.20128
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Articles

Halina Waszkiel

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 55 - 72

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.011.20129
The present article is to be treated as a source article. It reports on subsequent stage productions of Mauprat – a George Sand’s play staged in Warsaw theatres in the second half of the 19th century (with a short episode in the 20th century). The main female role, Edmea, was played by: Salomea Palińska (1856), Helena Modjeska (1869), Maria Deryng (1878) and Aldona Jasińska (1918). As the basis for source research Warsaw magazines: especially post-premiere articles were used. The research methodology is determined by the nature of the sources. The article includes a preserved theatrical handwritten copy (prompter) of the discussed play from the collection of the Lviv Library. Based on numerous press reviews (quoted abundantly), attempts were made to describe the nature of the performances and their reception by the audience and critics. Information (unfortunately sporadic) is included about such elements of performances as scenography and costumes. The most important direction within the research proposed in the article is an attempt to determine the specificity of the performance of subsequent actresses playing the role of Edmea. Knowledge about the 19th century theatre is still incomplete, and an attempt to extract an image of old performances from the preserved materials is at risk of fragmentation. In the case of Mauprat however, it is possible to capture a handful of important indicators that broaden the knowledge on reception of George Sand’s plays on Polish stages, and on durability of the Romantic style in theatre, and finally on outstanding actresses and actors of those years.
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Barbara Maresz

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 73 - 86

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.012.20130
The article describes a little-known collage documenting the huge success of Helena Modrzejewska’s first guest performances in Warsaw in October and November of 1868. The author of the Benefis Heleny Modrzejewskiej (a collage kept in the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw) is Franciszek Kostrzewski. This excellent cartoonist and “pencil humorist” presented a triumphant procession of the actress’ admirers. He used a then fashionable technique of combining satirical drawings with pasted fragments of photographs. The participants of the ceremonial procession include mainly representatives of the Warsaw press and theatre scene. The author of the article tried to decipher the people portrayed. She managed to identify and describe nearly 30 people who participated in this extraordinary event, which was Modrzejewska’s Warsaw debut.
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Agnieszka Kowalska

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 87 - 97

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.013.20131
The content of the article are the memoirs and correspondence of the actress and traveller Jadwiga Mrozowska-Toeplitz, in which she described her reflections on the fellow artist Helena Modrzejewska. Both ladies met in Kraków in 1903, during Madame’s last performances. Mrozowska, in a colourful way, described both the American star’s acting and her attitude towards her theatre colleagues. The letters and published diaries interestingly show how Mrozowska’s attitude towards herself and Modrzejewska changed. They also indirectly touch on relations within and outside the theatre, as well as the social status of actors. Their content is certainly an interesting supplement to research on the history of theatre and the biographies of the artists themselves.
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Edward Krasiński, Joanna Samborska

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 99 - 118

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.014.20132
Helena Modrzejewska (1840–1909) was a luminary of the stage, captivating audiences in Cracow (1865–1869) and Warsaw (1869–1876). Yet, her brilliance transcended national borders. From 1877 she soared to the zenith of American theatre history, her talent resonating across the globe. In 1880–1882 and 1885, she graced the stages of London and around Great Britain. Following Helena Modrzejewska’s passing on 8 April 1909 on Bay Island in Newport Beach, California, many articles, biographical entries, memories, and press notes flooded the Warsaw newspapers. Correspondents meticulously detailed funeral ceremonies in Los Angeles and Chicago. On 30 June, Modrzejewska’s body was transported to New York; then, on 3 July, to Europe on the Augusta Victoria steamer and later on to her hometown, Cracow. This comprehensive overview of Warsaw’s posthumous reception includes pivotal texts by exceptional artists (Józef Kotarbiński) and critics (Władysław Bogusławski), as well as a review of funeral ceremony descriptions, publications of correspondence excerpts, memoirs, and photo collections.
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Mariola Szydłowska

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 119 - 125

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.015.20133
The subject of the article is the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of Helena Modjeska’s birth in 1940, which took place outside Poland due to the war situation. The outstanding artist was celebrated in the United States with two jubilee academies. The first one, organized on the initiative of the Polish Americans, took place on May 5, 1940 at the Polish Home in Los Angeles, and the second one was on October 27 in the Modjeska Club in New York. In a specific historical and geopolitical situation, both celebrations not only recalled and emphasized the achievements of this outstanding Polish-American artist, but were also a kind of national manifestation. The organizers wanted the American community to be interested in the current situation in Poland. The Academy in Los Angeles, during which Ignacy Paderewski’s message to American friends was replayed, even became a war appeal, a voice of support for Modjeska’s home country occupied by two invaders.
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Alicja Kędziora

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 127 - 160

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.016.20134
The article presents research results on the Polish theatre in Czerniowce in the years 1863–1865. The central part of the text is dedicated to the repertoire of the Polish stage in the discussed period, which was compiled on the basis of the German newspaper “Bukowina”. The starting point and, at the same time, reference point for the developed repertoire is the repertoire of Helena Modjeska’s performances in Czerniowce, prepared by Jerzy Got. The Polish Theatre in Czerniowce was an important cultural centre that shaped and cultivated the identity of the Bukovina’s Polish community in the second half of the 19th century. The institution in question was an organisational phenomenon – four permanent theatres were run simultaneously in one building – and a cultural one – each of them staged plays in a different language. It was a unique example of artistic cooperation for the benefit of multicultural audiences; mainly Polish, German, Romanian and Ukrainian.
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Tadeusz Bujnicki

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 161 - 167

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.017.20135
Henryk Sienkiewicz’s trip to America (between 1876 and 1878) highlighted two aspects of his work then and his later oeuvre: “travomancy” and nostalgia. They were present in American reportages and novellas published after his return home (Za chlebem, Latarnik, Wspomnienie z Maripozy), which expressed various forms of these experiences (especially the longing for the lost country in exile).
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Marta Kłak-Ambrożkiewicz

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 169 - 180

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.018.20136
The article considers the following issues: the civic attitudes of nineteenth-century society in face of the need to commemorate an outstanding artist; the participation of artists in creating such attitudes; and ways of promoting the nation’s history and culture. The issues are presented in the context of the development of museology in Poland. The text is a case study of the biographical museum in Jan Matejko’s house, opened on 6 March 1898 and since then, through a permanent exhibition and numerous temporary exhibitions, popularising various aspects of artist’s life and work, as well as presenting his rich collections of crafts, textiles and military memorabilia.
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Kazimierz Braun

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 181 - 197

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.019.20137
The history of theatre in the twentieth century distinguishes two theatre reforms. The first took place from the final years of the nineteenth century into the late 1930s. The second was from the mid-1950s to the late 1980s. These were movements of renewal and modernization of the art of theatre. Started by individual artists and small groups and assisted by playwrights and theorists – who were often the artists themselves – both reforms gradually reached wider areas of theatre life. The Second Reform was a reformist movement of young, avant-garde, rebellious and experimental theatre in a searching state. The movement originated in the 1950s in Poland within student and alternative theatres as well as in the United States, as Off-Broadway and then Off-Off-Broadway. It reached tremendous level of expression in the 1960s through the work of Jerzy Grotowski’s Laboratory Theatre, Bread and Puppet Theater, Living Theatre and several other companies in many countries all around the world. It matured in the 1970s, bringing out the theatre of Tadeusz Kantor. In the 1980s, it resulted in Włodzimierz Staniewski’s “Gardzienice.” However, it did not reach some areas of theatre at all. Throughout the West, in South America, Australia and in Japan, the Second Reform was a challenge and an alternative to commercial, popular and traditional theatre. In the part of Europe that was under Soviet Union’s control, the Second Reform was a challenge to totalitarian regimes; it undermined totalitarian censorship and disregarded the communist iron curtain. Its productions were manifestations of freedom. In the field of performance’s creation, the Second Reform brought out and accentuated the communality and processuality of theatre art. In the field of directing, the Second Reform decisively placed the director at the head of the team of creators preparing and executing a theatrical performance. In the field of acting, the Second Reform introduced “acting of being” in place of “acting of character.” In the aspect of space, the Second Reform sought out to integrate the playing area and the observation area of the show; its lasting achievement became a theatre with variable space, “the black box.” In the field of literature, the Second Reform questioned the underlying function of drama in the theatre, practiced “writing on stage” as well as “creating” the text of the show by the actors themselves, and “adapting” existing dramas by the director. The author of this article witnessed, chronicled and participated in the Second Theater Reform. He created productions in its spirit and wrote about it.
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Dariusz Kosiński

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 199 - 212

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.020.20138
The article proposes a very preliminary reconnaissance of the strategies and methods used and developed by the world-renowned Polish artist and theatre researcher Jerzy Grotowski (1933–1999) to create and manage a socially attractive image of himself and of the institution he run. It presents several basic ways and strategies of creating and managing these images developed in the Opole period of Grotowski’s activity (1959–1965), including Ludwik Flaszen’s comments and the ways in which the Theatre’s own publications, photography, radio and film are used as tools for creating and communicating the image.
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Andrzej Linert

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 213 - 226

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.021.20139
The author described the dominant trend of musical shows in the repertoire of the Polish Theatre in Bielsko-Biała during the years of Witold Mazurkiewicz’s management. Three musicals and several comedies staged between 2013 and 2023 were analyzed. These included Zorba by Joseph Stein, Fred Ebb and John Kander directed by Mazurkiewicz, Sześć wcieleń Jana Piszczyka by Jerzy Stefan Stawiński adapted and directed by Wojciech Kościelniak and Człowiek z La Manchy by Dale Wasserman with music by Mitch Leigh directed by Mazurkiewicz. For the first time, the presence of musicals in a regional theatre was both an attempt to meet the expectations of the surroundings and the result of casting possibilities. Mazurkiewicz has proven that with creative, well-sung actors and a large group of collaborating artists, it is possible to come up with new and original stage solutions. Difficult musicals can also be produced to a high standard by small theatres where the musical repertoire functions on a par with the dramatic one.
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Anna Kuligowska-Korzeniewska

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 227 - 246

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.022.20140
The article is a commemoration of the 160th death anniversary of the head of the National Government, Romuald Traugutt (August 5, 1864). Although four dramas devoted to Traugutt were written before the war (in the years 1913–1933), they are surpassed in every aspect by the script of a television play entitled Traugutt, a work of great merit for Cracow and the Polish humanities by Prof. Franciszek Ziejka (recorded in May 1990 by the Polish Television Centre in Cracow as part of the series The Theatre of Fact). The title role was played by actor Jerzy Radziwiłowicz as he was accompanied by various artists from Cracow’s theatres (the Helena Modrzejewska Old Theatre and the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre). As Professor Ziejka deposited the text of Traugutt at the Jagiellonian Library with a clause of inaccessibility, I undertook efforts to convince the descendants of the author to make it available for research purposes. This attempt was successful, hence this article is a presentation of this play in the context of historical research on the January Uprising.
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Joanna Szulborska-Łukaszewicz

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 247 - 270

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.023.20141
The article is concerned with the system of organising theatre life in Poland and the most important problems of the community, organizations and institutions within the theatre sphere. Such problems result from, among others, the current formal and legal regulations in Poland. In context of the voices appearing increasingly more often within the public debate that demand a special theatre law and formulation of a theatre policy at the central level, while also referring to the branch debate that took place in March 2024 at the Jan Kochanowski Theatre in Opole, the author wonders what determines the theatre’s success. Whether theatre policy at the central level is really necessary? Will the Act on Theatres solve the problems? Can the Act on Theatre be a solution to the problems, and if so, which ones?
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Joanna Zdebska-Schmidt, Ewelina Radecka

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 271 - 283

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.024.20142
Referring to the concept of a memorial site by Pierre Nora, the text presents the functions and activities of Rydlówka – a branch of the Museum of Cracow. It presents Rydlówka in both historical and contemporary context, as an important place for the local and supra-local community, referring to a positive memory. By presenting the activities and the most important elements of the educational program, the authors try to showcase how history, memory and identity intertwine in Rydlówka.
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Mirosława Pindór

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 285 - 309

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.025.20143
The present paper aims at describing one of the important symbols of the Cieszyn and Český Cieszyn – a tram line, a cultural heritage around which the history of both border towns can be written. The history of the Cieszyn tram line in the years 1911–1921 was depicted in the first part. The second part presents its current state and various ways of commemorating the tram line (which were undertaken after 2004), such as a joint bilingual theatre project of the Polish Stage and the Czech Stage of the Tĕšínské Divadlo (Cieszyn Theatre) in Český Cieszyn. The project is entitled Těšínské niebo Cieszyńskie nebe (Cieszyn Sky). There is another cross-border project entitled “Tramwaj Cieszyński wrócił! Těšínská tramvaj se vrátila!” (The Cieszyn tram is back) and many other valuable and diverse initiatives. The third part of this article describes two big cross-border projects: 1) “An analysis of the possibility to restore the tram line as a tourist attraction in Cieszyn and Czech Cieszyn”; 2) “On the trail of Cieszyn tram line – development of the cross-border tourism”. A number of activities undertaken and implemented in the second project were specified. The subject of the longer description was the greatest tourist attraction on the reconstructed famous tram route – a faithful replica of the Cieszyn Ringhoffer. The summary underlines that both the history of the Cieszyn tram line and the process of its commemoration and restoration depended on the political and social events, which have been of international importance. It was also emphasized that the symbolism of the Cieszyn tram line has changed over the years – from a symbol of the Cieszyn and Czech Cieszyn unification and integration of the societies inhabiting them, to “a core metaphor of one city as it was before 1920”.
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Dorota Sieroń

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 311 - 321

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.026.20144
This article analyses the socio-emotional context of the award as a tool for motivating the individual, which at the same time influences the environmental relations. The author made a historical reconstruction based on an analysis of personal documentary literature by referring to Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz’s jubilee award, and the Nobel Prize in Literature awarded to three Polish writers: two women – Wisława Szymborska and Olga Tokarczuk – and one man: Czesław Miłosz. The author’s findings and conclusions are related to the research hypotheses of Daniel H. Pinek.
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Michał Pałasz

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 323 - 339

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.027.20145
In the face of the unprecedented socio-environmental challenges of the Anthropocene, characterized by the interconnected crises of climate change, biodiversity loss, inequality, and more, the traditional approaches to culture management must evolve. Beginning with an analysis of the current state of polycrisis – including ecological boundaries breached and social inequalities exacerbated – this paper emphasizes the systemic nature of these challenges and argues for a redefinition of culture management that integrates both cultural and natural systems. It critiques the conventional understanding of culture management as limited to the administration of cultural institutions, advocating instead for a broader perspective that acknowledges culture’s integral role in shaping human-environment interactions. Drawing upon a variety of interpretations of culture, ranging from its broad anthropological functional conception as humanity’s adaptive mechanism to specific manifestations such as national, ethnic, religious, or organizational cultures, alongside sector-specific perspectives focusing on both cultural institutions and grassroots initiatives, as well as individual involvement in cultural practices, this paper argues for a paradigmatic shift towards nature-culture management. The purpose of this is to align human – and therefore cultural – activities with the environment on a global and local scale. An illustrative modelling exercise showcases the shift from traditional cultural management within a stable world towards a more conscientious and impactful approach that responds to the demands of the polycrisis, drawing upon the principles of Kate Raworth’s doughnut economics. The proposed “bucket wheel” model of culture management, which focuses on the value mining for sustainable well-being, highlights the circulation of values that promote positive social and environmental outcomes. This paper concludes by highlighting the pressing need to embrace this paradigm shift in culture management to effectively address the challenges of the Anthropocene. This finding underscores the necessity for cultural interventions that transcend existing paradigms, emphasizing the potential of culture management to drive socio-environmental change and contribute towards a sustainable future for people and the planet.
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Marcin Laberschek

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 341 - 349

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.028.20146
The subject matter of the article is in line with the humanistic perspective of management and deals with management as an area of knowledge, the teaching of management in academic centres, and management as a human activity. The aim is to find an answer to the question of whether there is still a place for humanistic management – that is – a management in which human values are at least as important as material ones, in a world in which measurable results count, in which goals determine the means of achieving them, and if so, what such management should be distinguished by. Following the idea contained in Emil Orzechowski’s paper Arte et Ratione, the author indicates that such management is possible, while at the same time broadening this concept with the element of sensitivity (sensibilitas), or more precisely, ethical sensitivity. After all, management without human sensitivity is a mere tool for making profits regardless of the cost.
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Jan Stanisław Wojciechowski

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 351 - 368

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.029.20147
The paper aims at diagnosing the underlying causes for the state of visual culture in Poland and indicating the directions of the new cultural policy for the country. The method applied is a combination of auto-ethnography with analytical development of several hypotheses based on the materials from the realm of cultural anthropology. Part of the reasoning conducted in the article is important methodologically and intended for practitioners. It is based on the comparison between today’s challenges facing the devisers of cultural policy and the challenges from 30 years ago, when the author was building a project of cultural policy for the government of those days. Due to the lack of decisive legitimisation of activities in the ideological sphere, the author defines cultural policy as enhancing the values and mitigating the flaws in the existing state of culture. The crucial thesis of the text positions the source of divisions in the contemporary Polish visual culture in the ideological sphere. The ideological division is discussed in the text in the categories of modernizers and conservatives. As a crucial part of symbolic culture connected with visual perception, the visual culture is divided according to beliefs which have either a radically discursive character (in the light of contemporary science one cannot unambiguously resolve their truthfulness) or they remain impossible to be captured rationally. They are a matter of faith and embedded in religious rituals. That is why, among others, we cannot ignore the philosophical foundations of cognition. Part of the article refers to the readiness of contemporary humanities to address the complicated issues of the cognitive theories in the light of such directions of thought as post-correlationism. As a result, a comparison between the resolutions enhancing the coexistence of the state and free market in the sphere of culture, postulated in the project of cultural policy from 1998, and the contemporary dysfunctional cohabitation of the camp of radical modernizers with the camp of conservatives, allows the author to formulate – in the form of a project – a number of proposals. They have character of philosophical and ideological theses as well as organizational and institutional proposals. Additionally, a question was posed about the need to establish a state institution monitoring the cases of ideological ‘corruption’ in the public institutions of culture. The conclusions are formulated in over a dozen points. What was found to be relevant is, among others, the emphasis of the significance of modernity as a modernizing option, supporting the local cultural potential and Christianity as a reservoir of idiomatic forms of intellectual speculation.
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Katarzyna Plebańczyk

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 369 - 382

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.030.20148
The concept of success is a subjective category, making it a challenging area for research. It was, therefore, intriguing to delve deeper into what artists themselves consider to be a success. This text has been crafted around this issue, presenting a qualitative review of the relevant literature. This includes shifts in responsibility for career management from organisations to individuals and the evolving job market for artists, where there is an increasing move away from traditional employment models towards self-management of careers. Research findings selected by the author have been presented, highlighting the diversity of approaches, challenges, and barriers to self-management as defined by the artists themselves.
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Wojciech M. Marchwica

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 383 - 398

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.031.20149
In recent decades, the level of music education in Polish general schools has been systematically decreasing. This results both from the lowering of the importance of music as a school subject and from the common belief that teaching music is a waste of time. Meanwhile, both neuropsychological research and observations resulting from the analysis of American data on the skill growth depending on selected school subjects indicate that systematic and practical contact with music for a minimum of two years significantly increases the intellectual abilities of young people – especially in the field of science. The author suggests increasing the role of music as a subject in the Polish public education system.
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Announcements

Anna Jędrzejczyk

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 401 - 403

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.032.20150
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Diana Poskuta-Włodek

Culture Management, Volume 25, Issue 1–2, 2024, pp. 405 - 410

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843976ZK.24.033.20151
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