Historia magistra vitae est – this maxim of Cicero (De oratore 2.36) reminds us that we should draw conclusions from what happened in the past in order to avoid mistakes in the future. For several decades we have been struggling with the question of how to repair the media, especially public media. The authors of this article look for inspiration for their reflections in the early 1980s – the time that initiated the Solidarność (Solidarity) revolution in our country. We assumed that subsequent events in our history confirm the truth of a statement made half a millennium ago by Niccolo Machiavelli (1984, p. 111): “Wise men say, and not without reason, that those who wish to foresee the future must consult the past, for human events always resemble those of earlier times. This arises from the fact that they are produced by men who have been, and ever will be, animated by the same passions; and thus they must necessarily have the same results”.
In 1980, a movement was born in Poland that resonated loudly throughout the world. It took the organizational form of a trade union independent of the communist authorities and the symbolic name “Solidarity”. It was a multidimensional movement, touching upon many aspects, including the media. We analyze how, over the more than 40 years that have passed, the role, significance, and also the independence of the Polish media have been perceived. It appears that the attitude of decision-makers toward the media has ranged between an Agora and a Colosseum: either they adopted a deliberative approach, whereby those in power, together with citizens, decide what content is published, or one based on the principle that whoever holds power – by the right of the stronger – should determine what reaches the audience.

The aim of the discussion is to explore how user experience design (UXD) in digital games can be shaped by applying the principles of Gestalt perceptual organisation theory. Starting from a definition of UXD as the process of building complex, immersive and emotionally engaging user experiences in digital environments, the paper develops the thesis that the effectiveness of this process in games is not limited to user interface design. Although the literature extensively describes the use of Gestalt principles in the context of graphic interface design, their potential as a tool for organising perception within gameplay and the visual environment of a game remains relatively inexhaustible. This paper proposes an extended perspective of UX in computer games as the synergistic effect of three components: gameplay mechanics, narrative and visual structures. In this theoretical framework, Gestalt principles are analysed as universal rules of perceptual organisation that can influence not only the ergonomics of the interface, but also the direction of the player’s attention, interpretation of the game world and understanding of its rules. Particular attention has been paid to games without a classic UI, such as Journey or Inside, which, despite dispensing with conventional UI elements, effectively construct deep user experiences through thoughtful visual and narrative structure. The text is both a review of selected aspects of the literature on UXD and Gestalt theory and an analysis of selected examples of computer games in which principles of perceptual organisation play a key role in the construction of the player experience. The article is cognitive and theoretical and applied, offering a new interpretative framework for the design of user experience in the medium of digital games.

Social innovations allow for the improvement of society’s quality of life or a selected social group by implementing novel solutions addressing the specific issues faced by that group. Despite originating in the 1990s, this is still a relatively new concept. Promoting social innovations can take various forms, such as through social media. Consequently, questions arise regarding how social media can support social mobilization and idea exchange, as well as how they contribute to solving social problems. The aim of this article is to identify the role of social media in the process of social innovation. In pursuit of answers to these questions and to achieve this goal, a literature analysis was conducted, followed by qualitative case studies of designing and testing a social innovation that incorporated social media as a tool to promote knowledge about assisting blind and visually impaired individuals in public communication. The article specifically focuses on TikTok, describing its characteristics, applications in education, and target audience. The conclusions presented indicate that social media play a significant role in the lives of Polish youth. TikTok, being one of the most popular platforms among a portion of Generation Z, has 10.6 million users in Poland, ranking third after Facebook and Instagram. Despite sparking numerous controversies, TikTok should be utilized to promote the correct attitude among youth. Thanks to its attractive content delivery format and ease of video editing, it is accessible to a wide range of creators and audiences.

In the current dynamic environment, museums, instead of deliberating whether they should be audience-oriented, have to consider how to implement this idea to shape positive experiences. Moreover, museums need to adapt their communication methods to suit the current audience, which is diverse in terms of age, to rethink how the value of museums should be communicated. As museums are places where visitors see artifacts but also experience something, the concept of inclusivity and accessibility has gradually garnered much more attention. As they are not the same concepts, it is crucial to analyze them separately. Therefore, the article explores to what extent museums include the issue of inclusivity in their virtual content and the possibility of virtual assistance. Content analysis from official social media profiles and websites was conducted to realize the assumed aim. The study involves museums from two Polish voivodships. Data was collected between August and December 2023. The study revealed differences in how museums address their content and activities to people from different language backgrounds. Some institutions are oriented towards online assistance and language inclusivity, yet in the other, many areas need improvement. In further research, it would be valuable to include the perspectives of museum employees.

Social media marketing (SMM) is a rapidly growing field of marketing, whose role and impact is continually gaining importance. The potential of social media (SM) can be used to build relations with customers and create a brand image. For Generation Z, who grew up in a time of widespread access to technology, activity in virtual spaces, especially SM, is an important part of their day-to-day lives. The aim of this article is to explore the influence of SMM on generation Z consumers. As representatives of this generation are the main target group of SM content, it is important to monitor what kind of reactions it elicits in these young consumers to increase its efficiency. This leads to the question: how does SMM influence consumers from generation Z? This question was the motivation for the study, which used a quantitative approach with a CAWI method using an electronic survey questionnaire. The results showed that content in SM is not a direct purchase motivator for Generation Z and that influencer marketing is not effective. SM is a place where brands can gain recognition and build relationships with customers, while it is important for companies’ communications to be open to customers’ opinions and needs – this approach evokes positive emotions in the audience and allows the brand to build a positive image.

Pet influencers have been an increasingly important element of the online landscape for some time now. Posts published in their name on social media generate huge attention and develop a high numer of followers. In this context, the question arises whether the current definitions of the terms “influencer”and “personal brand” include non-human entities such as animals or virtual influencers? On the one hand, actions taken, for example, by owners on behalf of their pets are aimed at “giving them a voice”. On the other hand, it is not entirely possible, and ultimately the brand created around pets is a kind of resultant of the beliefs and values of the animal’s guardians and what the animal itself seems to convey through its actions and reactions. Based on the analysis of the content of pet influencers on Instagram, this text attempts to determine the models of the brand appropriate for animal profiles in social media. Five of them are distinguished – animals that create “their own corner”on the Internet, animals as alternative voices of their owners, anthropomorphized animals, involved in the area of fashion and random stars. At the present stage, it seems that although such pets can be called influencers, in terms of personal brand, the current definitions should be extended to include non-human entities. Internet activities do not currently allow pets to emancipate and develop independence from human control combined with care.

The Polish media market underwent a significant transformation after 1989, with state media, including Telewizja Polska (TVP), at its core. Over the years, changes in the legal system, audience expectations, and growing competition from commercial stations have influenced TVP’s  operations. This article examines the evolution of public television in Poland, considering cultural and technological changes. Additionally, it includes a case study focusing on TVP Kultura, exemplifying a thematic channel fulfilling the public television mission. Through a literature review and audiovisual analysis, the article attempts to answer how the transformation occurred in the Polish television market and the position of TVP within it. The research aims to identify development strategies and how Telewizja Polska maintains its presence in the media market.

The aim of the study is to assess the possibilities of using influencer parenting in the brand communication activities on the Polish market and it’s impact on the decision-making process of future consumers. The subject of the study was to analyze the use of social media, mainly Instagram in managing the image of the child, as well as cooperation of parenting influencers with campanies. This publication uses one method of qualitative research – a case study of specific brands – with analysis of collaborations undertaken by selected influencers. The study found that parenting influencers relatively often share the image of a child when creating promotional content. The literature used includes scientifics publications, online articles and legal acts. Publications and documents contained a detailed description of selected issues, were also an inspiration for the considerations and research contained in this study.

The aim of this paper is to study is to explore the utilization of protest as a crisis management strategy, using the “Media without choice” protest action of February 10, 2021, as a case study. As part of the protest, media and advertising organizations in Poland suspended their activities for one day in response to the announcement of a draft law imposing a new fee on entities broadcasting advertisements. The research aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the actions of media organizations during the protest. Open-ended interviews and analysis of existing data (including press information and the draft law) were used to collect data. The research results indicate that the chosen form of protest proved to be an effective crisis management tool due to the utilization of the characteristics of the media market and the unprecedented nature of the event. The case study also allowed for the observation that achieving the intended goal was possible thanks to the cooperation and solidarity of media organizations that compete with each other on a daily basis.

The article aims to show the importance of media volunteering as a form of management in the media and media. The analyses focused on discussing the essence of volunteering, identifying characteristics and areas of activity, and then attempted to define the concept of media volunteering based on the criteria adopted: content of the message and level of involvement of the media organisation. Hence, the fundamental questions were: what determines media volunteering and what is its practical dimension. In search of answers to the research questions constructed in this way, analysis of the content of the materials found, netography, analysis of the content of the content were applied. Based on the accumulated knowledge, conclusions were drawn. The publication has a contributory dimension. The idea of writing this article was born as a convention of the ongoing analysis of volunteering in the context of sustainable development.

The development of new media and digital technologies is transforming everyday life, creating a dynamic and diverse culture of innovation. This has become an integral part of our daily existence, revolutionising the way we engage with culture, transforming us from passive recipients to active content creators, and blurring the traditional boundaries between broadcaster and audience, thereby challenging the notion that the broadcaster and audience have fixed roles that cannot intersect. Consequently, a shift in approach to new media as a space for culture and digital technologies for its creation becomes necessary. The role of the audience in culture is changing, linked to their participation and co-creation of cultural content. The issues concerning the audience’s role, its impact on the creation of new works or cultural events, and how new media and technologies are influencing the development of the audience have become the basis for conducting a qualitative review of the literature and focusing on understanding these issues in two areas of cultural activity – performing arts and visual arts (plastic arts), seeking examples where these phenomena can be observed. This review is inherently qualitative and selective, presenting examples that illustrate the phenomena mentioned.

The aim of the conducted research was to analyze the activity of the Polish Ministry of Education and Science on Twitter and to diagnose and then describe the perspective (experiences, reflections, postulates) of Twitter users, thus enabling the analysis and evaluation of activities undertaken in the field of shaping education policy in times of Russian aggression to Ukraine.
The subject of the research were entries and comments posted on the Twitter platform on the account of the Polish Ministry of Education and Science in Poland placed in the time period from February 24, 2022 (the first day of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine) to June 1, 2022 (celebration related to Children’s Day). The collected data were analyzed in the MAXQDA program in accordance with the prepared – described in detail in the article – code key. As part of the research, a total of 259 posts and 2,339 comments were analyzed. It turned out that Twitter users are reluctant to create recommendations (3% of all entries), while the vast majority of comments contain negative opinions and experiences related to education policy. The analysis also showed a worrying trend towards an increasing number of hate speech comments. Users often used the Twitter platform to mock politicians, but also made statements directed against the Ukrainian people.
Based on the conducted research, it is extremely difficult to describe the activities undertaken in the field of education policy by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science. It should be noted that the analyzed entries in most cases are only very short messages, often referring only to visits or speeches by politicians. At the same time, it is worth emphasizing that comments posted by users rarely enter into substantive polemics, because they are usually only a vent for very negative emotions.

This paper aims to highlight various aspects of the design, development, and evaluation processes of immersive XR experiences. It focuses on the creative and expressive aspects of virtual environments (VEs), following the design and implementation processes of artistic VEs as conducted by the under- graduate students of the Department of Digital Arts and Cinema at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA) and the Department of Digital Arts at the University of Malta (UoM), in the course of three laboratory classes of Digital Artistic Creation and Immersive Experience Design, during the academic years 2020–2021 and 2022–2023. Medium-related challenges are discussed in relation to the design and implementation of user interaction, 3D content creation, 3D composition and social engagement in VEs. Furthermore, theoretical approaches of storytelling within VEs and the narrative design process of artistic VEs are discussed. Selected case studies from the students’ virtual artworks are analysed in relation to the applied narrative types and structures. As a further elaboration on the evaluation of XR experiences, a CAVE system is analysed in terms of various characteristics that may affect the quality of the experience.

This article discusses how a digital film scouting for Virtual Production (VP) affects the process of creating diverse audiovisual works, what criteria should be taken into account when choosing a location, what techniques can be used to make the best use of its potential, and how film locations fit into the broader context of the film. For this purpose, various examples and case studies will be presented to better illustrate the impact of location on the process of creating and producing an audiovisual work.

This paper continues the discussion on advanced jurisprudence, outlined in Algorithms, Ethics and Justice (Hadzi, 2022), where restorative justice was proposed for the mitigation of artificial intelligence (AI) crimes. Algorithms, Ethics and Justice proposed an alternative approach to the current legal system by looking into restorative justice for AI crimes, and how the ethics of care could be applied to AI technologies. The paper signifies an expanded version of Hadzi’s contribution to the Digital Research in Humanities and Art Conference (Hadzi, 2023), focusing on the notion of cyber offenses in extended reality (XR), given the rise of the metaverse (Anderson, Rainie, 2022; Chohan, 2022), and the future scenario of bio-metrical data of EEG capable headsets (Graham, 2022) being misused by rogue companies and/or criminals (Jaber, 2022; Nair et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2022). The authors Begin by questioning the cyberspace – including the emerging metaverse – as public sphere, i.e. a social space in which democracy is being enacted to explore open justice in extended realities (XR), and then by continuing the discussion around the right to be forgotten and the freedom of the press versus privacy, through a comparative analysis between the legal situation in the EU and that of the USA. The paper concludes by warning against excessive state control while attempting to project a desirable scenario of multiple digital public spheres.

The article describes the practice of implementing e-learning in Norway and Iceland using Oslo Metropolitan University, Reykjavik University and the University of Iceland as examples. The interest in this problem came from the fact that the Nordic countries are leaders in online learning and I had the opportunity to teach at the universities analyzed. Having close contact with the way of teaching in Norway and Iceland, I asked whether some elements of teaching from the analyzed Nordic countries could be implemented in Poland. Thus, the aim of the article is to introduce the basics of the specifics of teaching at the selected universities and to consider whether the proven methods can be implemented in Poland. The basis of the article was therefore participatory observation, and the results of work with Norwegian and Icelandic students prove that Nordic methods of work can be – at least to some extend – transferred to the Polish educational market (not only in higher education, but also, for example, in corporate e-learning).

The objective of the article is an attempt to identify the most important topics shaping the media industryin the second decade of the 21st century, which can be identified with the digitization phase in the development of the industry. The thematic analysis covered 591 publications that appeared in three leading scientific journals in the field of media management and media economics, i.e. “Journal of Media Economics”, “International Journal on Media Management” and “Journal of Media Business Studies”. The results of the conducted analysis were compared with the topics indicated by leading researchers in this area in leading publications defining media management and media economics, i.e. Handbook of Media Management and Economics. Differences can be observed between the topics indicated by experts as trends in the development of the industry and those dealt with by researchers publishing in scientific journals. This is important from the point of view of defining media management and media economics and further development of this field.

Numerous “free speech” platforms have been launched in recent years as a form of protest against content moderation practices on mainstream social media. This paper asks the question of how the issue of these emerging right-wing alternative social media is discursively constructed, taking as an example the Polish conservative media debate over the American service Parler and its Polish equivalent Albicla. Taking a critically discursive approach, the article provides an analysis of the discursive strategies applied, and critically embeds the findings in the broader socio-political context, as well as in the alternative media theory. The results show that, drawing on the wartime rhetoric and numerous references to Poland’s non-democratic past, the discourse creates a populist narrative of identity conflict between two opposing groups: “them” – hostile “leftists” seeking to impose a radical, progressive social order and “us” – oppressed protectors of freedom and common-sense values. The study additionally indicates that the issue is also utilised for the purposes of rivalry between domestic right-wing factions. Furthermore, the data contains frequent reference to issues of political economy and thus, intriguingly, overlaps to some extent with left-wing media critique, in that both agree on the necessity of contesting a monopolised media market and developing alternative means of communication.

The use of the XR production technologies has expanded recently in the film industry and heavily influenced the film production process. This paper aims therefore to explore the differences between diverse XR production workflows. The analysis provides criteria for workflow paths of traditional approach to film production and XR production flow, including workflow structure, skills, education, and equipment. Defined XR techniques are discussed for educational purposes. Its illustrations are three case studies of cinematic VR production, computer-generated VR production and Virtual Production. They are the basis for workflow comparison and discussion on artistic decisions and production challenges for film related Higher Education Institutions (HEI) students and scholars.

The paper explores the potential and determinants for the virtual reality usage in education at the higher education level. The article starts with the analysis of the evolving university’s role. In this context, generational changes determining the VR usage in tertiary education are also discussed. Then the features of virtual reality and related terms are explained to make a basis for discussing VR as a learning aid of the 21st century. The paper closes with the case study analysis of immersive VR usage in higher education and further research recommendations.

In this paper, we have reviewed selected issues related to the metaverse concept, taking into account selected social, technological, and legal aspects. We focused on reviewing the newest literature on the metaverse topic published in the years 2020–2023. The database was gained through Google Scholar search, in order to check if any specific publishers or research areas are dominant among results provided by this search engine. The qualitative content analysis of the literature within the scope of technology, social sciences, and law, revealed the most promising and most threatening aspects of metaverse development and dissemination.

The main aim of the article is to discuss XR in marketing in the context of phygital category. Five examples from 2016–2022 have been selected to find the answers for proposed research questions: Q1. What is the impact of XR on marketing? Q2. What are the similarities and differences between the analyzed XR marketing projects? Q3. What is the importance of XR in the context of phygital? Q4. Is the combination of physical and digital elements crucial in helping the audience to get accustomed to immersive media? According to Stake this case study has collective character. Selected cases represent different sectors (sport, tourism and fashion) and approaches to XR in marketing. This collective case study was based on desk research, as well as ethnography and autoethnography elements.

The article presents different ways of reporting the Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022 by three American TV stations: CNN, PBS, and Fox News. Our study covered and categorized Facebook posts published between February 24th and May 31st. The analysis revealed three main themes around which reports about the war have been focused: the United States, Ukraine, and Russia, each one was treated differently by each station. The article shows and discusses the differences between them. The article also presents the overall context of discussing the war in Ukraine, which, right after it started, consisted of three main perspectives: 1) reports from the battlefield; 2) words and actions of Biden, Zelensky, and Putin; and 3) sanctions on Russia.

The study depicts ways used in CNN news portal to portray Russian aggression of Ukraine in 2022, on the example of “Russia-Ukraine News” headlines, published in September 2022. Using both quantitative and qualitative analysis, author revealed most common means of portraying the war, as well as sources most often referred to. Additionally, the study covers categorization of news provided by CNN themselves.

The Current, a broadcasting service, which is a part of Minnesota Public Radio organization, has launched a special online radio stream called Purple Current in 2018. Based in Minneapolis, it focuses on the life and legacy of Prince, emphasizing his inspirations, influence, culture in which he grew up and recorded. While Purple Current can be seen as a reactive venture after musician’s death in 2016, the stream is much more complex cultural project, especially given very specific cultural environment of Twin Cities. The research aims to analyze Purple Current radio stream as a cultural text, using the perspective of music geography and American studies, and through studying the discourse it presents – its mission, programming, music, image-building via Twitter, and statements by its founders – to understand its purpose and deeper social functions. The study shows that Purple Current is much more complex venture to be considered simply an homage to an important cultural figure as Prince. It integrates local community, exposes listeners to historically neglected minority culture of Black Minneapolitans, while being involved in the processes of popularization, education, and image-building. This results in a project, which is relevant and valid culturally, socially, politically, or even historically.

The article explores the evolution of media image of Canada’s prime minister, Justin Trudeau. In particular it takes interest in how Trudeau’s impactful use of traditional and social online media helped popularize and convey his positive portrayal to wider audiences, which at peak of Trudeau’s popularity amounted to a phenomenon called ‘Trudeaumania’. The article evaluates the effects and political implications of Trudeau’s media activity on his political career and posture, but also on the global reputation of Canada.

The changing world of digital media has had a huge impact on museum marketing strategies. To- day, it is virtually impossible to knowingly build the image of an institution without the use of social media. The analysis of the content posted on social media of Polish national museums will allow to define the nature of the relations built by these organizations with the social environment. However, another aspect of the presence of social media in museums is no less important: it is not only about information, marketing or image issues; social media are an important element of a consistent cre- ation of museums’ identity. A strong sense of self-identity is essential for museums not only to survive but also to thrive in an increasingly demanding world.

The aim of the article is to analyze the Information Security Strategy of Ukraine in the context of the current documents on that matter. The document presents exogenous and endogenous threats to the information environment of the Ukrainian state and proposes measures to combat them: protection of the information space, ensuring effective strategic communication of Ukraine, development of media education, shaping Ukrainian civic identity, and information reintegration of Ukrainian citizens living in the temporarily occupied territories. The actions taken by the Ukrainian society after the aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine on February 24, 2022 prove that the implementation of strategic documents on information security is highly effective.

A crisis situation – which the COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly is – becomes an opportunity to shift the perspective and propose or even enforce new management solutions. The intensification of museum activities in the virtual world forces the need to ask again questions about audience segmentation, motivation and interaction (Noehrer et al. 2021). Although public cultural institutions (including museums) see the need for conducting audience research, in practice, they focus on counting attendance (Ćwikła et al. 2020). In addition, they are focusing on recipients visiting the buildings of the institution. Therefore, this article aims to answer the question of whether public museums in Poland monitor attendance during online events, on social media and on the website, and if so, what data are taken into account? Based on the interviews and questionnaires, I also tried to find out what are the difficulties in counting audience online. Finally, I make recommendations, including the need to create a measurement system in which different weights will be assigned to different types of audience engagement, including “active” indicators.

The aim of this paper is to explore how scientists create their image, based on the example of academic teachers working at Polish research universities. Academic teachers are co-creators of the image of the higher education. They are also indirectly responsible for the image of science, the field of study, the scientific discipline they represent, its reception and importance for society. The issue of creating the image of scientists needs to be deepened in the field of scientific literature. The analysis provides a perspective of humanistic management, which main topic are areas directly related to human aspects in managing organizations. The aim of the study was to find an answer to the question of how scientists create their image, as well as to other specific questions. There were qualitative methods used – interviews, as well as quantitative – questionnaires. The research indicated that scientists focus on creating their image by conducting regular scientific research, providing access to their publications, popularizing knowledge and science and developing a network of contacts. For these purposes, they most often use the internet and social media. Their presence in the media is usually used to confirm media agenda. Threats posed by the image shaping of scientists include the creation of pressure and the possibility of experiencing negative comments and criticism.

With media being one of the first sectors of the information economy to be fully (i.e. with respect to its design, production, distribution, and consumption) digitized, an era of its management has come to an end. Existing boundaries between different media types have collapsed, as well as all limitations about time and space of media dissemination. However, this seemingly limitless expansion of media markets and media overabundance has come across a new barrier, which is that of human/consumers’attention needed for media consumption. Given shortening attention spans (as documented by empirical research), attention is increasingly perceived as the most valuable resource for the media sector and new strategies for attracting, retaining and sustaining attention must be devised and managed. Managing attention is now becoming the new core of media management.

Social media have become one of the most important sources of information, especially for the young generation of users. The article presents the results of research conducted at the beginning of 2021 among 311 representatives of the Generation Z. The survey method was applied using the CAWI online questionnaire technique. Based on the conducted research, the type of information sought in social media was determined, indicating also the most useful, i.e. accessible and credible media, regarding the time of the pandemic. Predominantly, the respondents searched for information related to the number of infections in Poland, quarantine procedures and infection rate around the world. In the opinion of respondents, the Internet, in particular, Twitter and Facebook, is more useful than traditional media.

The article is devoted to the issue of mothers returning to work, after being on parental leave due to the birth of a child. The theoretical part presents the specifics of the Instagram social network, which was used by women who have children, as well as the results of secondary research on searching for the source of origin and work. The research part presents the results of the analysis of the content communicated on Instagram by mothers returning to work. The results of the research show that for many ‘instamothers’online activity is a substitute for social relation, and makes them willing to share their observations also regarding the topic of returning to work. Moreover, the analysis of the posts showed that some mothers perceive motherhood as a limitation in shaping their professional career, while other mothers are convinced that it is their work that limits them in fulfilling the role of mother.

Given the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused global social and economic disruptions, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression, and therefore the lack of reliable information on the situation related to the spread of the virus, Polish authorities in government news releases, through social campaigns, reached for social media. The article aimed to identify and analyze selected media tools used in government communication during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, as well as an attempt to assess this type of communication. The text uses methods such as case study, desk research, and media content analysis. The following research questions were posed: how did the Polish government try to inform the public opinion about the dangers of the pandemic? What content was the government communicating to the Poles through social campaigns regarding the pandemic? What was the reaction of Polish society to crisis government communication? What picture is emerging from the crisis government communication using social media in Poland during the pandemic, and what are the conclusions of this? Research has shown that the crisis communication of the Polish government sparked a discussion of a confused society on social media. At the same time, it showed the inability of the Polish government to use social media to communicate with society in a life- and health-threatening situation. The article joins the discussion on the methods and quality of government communication in Poland during the greatest crisis of the 21st century.

This article will discuss the topic of cyberstalking, which currently does not have a clear legal definition, neither scientific nor linguistic. Nowadays, various behaviors may be referred to as cyberstalking, which undoubtedly does not make it easier for law enforcement authorities to catch potential perpetrators. The text will analyze the behavior of a Polish TikToker nicknamed Diskorolka in terms of criminal liability for cyberstalking. Using primarily the dogmatic-legal method, i.e. through the interpretation of legal acts and jurisprudence of the authors’criminal law, analyzes in the text of the behavior. In the article, the author will also refer to statistics on cyberstalking.

The starting point for the research presented in the article, the authors made the statement by Mary Parker Follett that the conflict is not a problem in the operation of an organization, because it creates a significant difference in social potential, but the lack of a solution to a given conflict can destroy any organization, including the state. The purpose of this article is to identify an agreement as an effective form of management. The authors traced the origins and effects of various social agreements over the centuries. They analyzed in detail the Polish agreement which went down in history as the Round Table. One of the authors of this text, Zbigniew Bujak, was a participant in these deliberations, so the authors made the ethnography and autoethnography of the organization one of the research tools. As a result of the conducted research, they identified the most important determinants that determine the effectiveness of an agreement or its lack. The authors indicated that an agreement is a sine qua non condition for effective management, regardless of the form and size of the organization.

Developing a coherent and comprehensive brand of a country is of vital importance for a destination in the contemporary global world. There seems to be a recognizable gap in the literature regarding the application of visual signs practiced in country branding. The subject of the study: The research identifies the logos of the European Union countries used in place branding. The purpose of the study is the exploration of the logo content from the senders’ perspective, i.e., the structures and organizations responsible for the country branding. There are many reasons why logos are used in place branding practice. The authors decided to focus on the logo as a form of controlled and projected message communicated via media and ICT. Cognitive gap: The research conducted so far has focused on the reception of logos by the recipients. The presented research attempts to examine the visual message contained in logos from the senders’ perspective. Research methods and data collection techniques: The content analysis method was used to study the visual identity of the countries. The authors collected logos and scrutinised them using Beyrow and Vogt as well as Mollerup’s taxonomy. The results of the study illustrate how governmental institutions, which are responsible for country branding, portray countries using visual identity on the Internet, social media, and their own media.

The online tools of communication have an impact on cultural diplomacy, which enables the governments to include potential partners into the participation in culture and at the same time to win them for their foreign policy goals. The objective of this article is to check the hypothesis saying that social media has become relevant in the foreign ministries’ external communication. The authors conduct a case study, based on cultural diplomacy events, called “years and seasons of culture”, aimed by the selected European countries at Russia in 2013–2016. The authors assume that the inclusion of social media into the toolkit of cultural diplomacy means a relevant change in the media use in foreign policy. While studying the cases of Austrian, Dutch, German, Polish and British cultural diplomacy the authors check, if they can be analyzed as media events. The authors implemented institutional approach, quantitative network and qualitative content analysis. The research didn’t confirm that cultural diplomacy events might be seen as media events. Although the Russian-Ukrainian conflict defined the relevant context for the studied cases, it was hardly reflected in their visibility. Social media didn’t play any significant role in the promotion of the events in the chosen researched period either.

The purpose of the article is to present the importance, the function of program quality in public media, as well as the influence of “quality” on the creation of strategy and success of stations. The first part of the paper is devoted to the analysis of the literature on the subject, thanks to which the significant meaning of quality in this measure was shown. The second part presents the application of the media quality forces triangle model to the research. Consequently, the analysis of the results of the surveys conducted with this method in 2015 and 2021 is presented. This research shows the differential influence of the factors that were introduced in the survey on the basis of quality descriptors. The respondents came from two groups: media professionals and students. In their opinion, qualified staff and station creators have the greatest influence on the two-seeing quality, in second place is the knowledge of the audience market, and in third place were the factors that create the station’s financing. Moreover, the results of the study show interesting differences in opinions among the surveyed groups over several years.

The article deals with the issues of hate speech and other forms of verbal aggression on the Internet as well as the possibility of their automatic detection. The paper discusses the studies confirming the partial effectiveness of text mining methods in the automatic detection of hate speech on social media. Hate speech is related to verbal aggression resulting from belonging to a group (national, racial, religious, etc.) and has become a significant problem in the social and economic context. Automatic detection significantly support the management of online news websites and social media due to the moderation of the received content. Moreover, eliminating online hate speech reduces its negative social and economic effects. The linguistic and cultural specificity of the hate speech are the problem, and the gap so far is solving the problem in Polish conditions. The study used the Tweeter database. Then, methods such as artificial neural networks, naïve Bayes classifier and support vector machine were used. The obtained results confirm the thesis about the possibility of using text mining methods in the process of reducing hate speech, but at the moment the described methods do not allow for full automation of the elimination of such content. The issue was presented in the article primarily in the context of the significance and scale of the problem and the possibility of solving it, and less from the point of view of the technical details.

The impact of digitization on our lives is constantly growing. Benefits resulting from automation, data analysis, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning are increasingly more visible in everyday life. However, they give rise to previously unknown ethical and social problems. Many of them have already been described in literature. A new concept of Corporate Digital Responsibility (CDR), drawing on Corporate Social Responsibility, aims at developing precise guidelines and good practices, which will influence responsible business activity in the digital world. The purpose of this article is to present the sole concept of CDR and to ground it in the context of the media, which constitute an important part of the economy relying on new technologies.

The purpose of the analysis presented in the article is to confirm the thesis that the time of the coronavirus pandemic was an opportunity for brands to establish close relations with the environment. The brands showed their non-commercial sense of existence and organized or supported the CSR campaign, which positively influenced their image. A positive example of communication activities carried out by the 4F brand was analyzed in the article. The author analyzed the content of the Facebook profile of the 4F brand in the period from March 14 to May 4, the time when stationary stores were closed by ordinance of the Minister. The analysis of comments under Facebook posts showed that the activities carried out had a positive impact on the brand’s reception and involved its surroundings in aid campaigns. Therefore, the thesis proved to be true.

The article presents a new phenomenon among the activities of investigative journalists, which consists of exposing financial and tax crimes as a part of international cooperation of reporters and editorial offices. Large I-Teams, the activities of which are usually coordinated by international or national journalistic organizations, using data from confidential informants or existing regulations on access to public information, expose the practice of hiding huge sums of money from tax services by influential public figures. The innovative nature of these activities is a precedent in the history of muckraking. The following methods were used in the study: analysis and criticism of the literature in the field of international journalistic investigations, as well as analysis of sources and comparative analysis.

The article presents the results of a research, which was carried out in the last month of the parliamentary election campaign in 2019. In this research, the processes of communication conducted by candidates for deputies, Mateusz Morawiecki and Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska, representing two rival parties (PiS and KO), were analysed – both candidates were simultaneously appointed as potential presidents of the Council of Ministers. The research was carried out using the qualitative method, taking into account the content of the profiles of both candidates on Facebook. Research results are part of the stream of analyzes, devoted to the importance of social media during election campaigns, as well as in the processes of political communication conducted by politicians.

Blockchain is a revolutionary technology, which has the potential to fundamentally change many areas of activities, including scientific research and scholarly communication, together with the publishing industry. This paper focuses on the blockchain’s potential to transform scholarly communication and research in general. It highlights, how blockchain can touch many critical aspects of scholarly communication, including transparency, trust, reproducibility and credit. Moreover, blockchain could change the future role of every stakeholder, and it could have an important role in all research processes, not only scholarly communication. The paper shows that blockchain technology has the potential to solve some of the most prominent issues the scholarly communication is currently facing, such as issues around costs, trust and credibility, openness, and universal accessibility to scholarly information. The research presents basic information about blockchain technology. Based on the literature, an attempt was made to create a model, how to use this technology as a disruptive innovation in scholarly communication.

The paper addresses the issue of the main types of dehumanization in the Polish right-wing portals (wPolityce, DoRzeczy, Republika) and the conceptualization of hypotheses concerning the relationship between framing and the content of comments on the Vice-President of the European Commission, Frans Timmermans. The premise of the paper is that an article and its comments form a specific entity and in tandem constitute its essence (global sense) together. In the literature review, some types of dehumanization were distinguished: animalization, biologization, objectification, subhumanization, demonization. An insectization was added as an extremely hateful form of de-humanization. Then the role of political hate speech and selected forms of dehumanization in the portals was determined by specially prepared indicators. Comments in the right-wing identity portals like wPolityce and Republika are specific with the noticeable role of insectization and demonization. Subsequently, the dehumanization comments in right-wing portals were compared with the comments on TVPInfo and Gazeta.pl. The latters, in comparison to right-wing portals, turned out to be similar when it comes to dehumanization as such and political hate speech, but contained a limited number of dehumanization forms. Frames based on conflict were consistently used in all the portals. However, the right-wing portals were distinguished by a much greater role of moral frames, which, combined with expressive linguistic forms, constituted strong frames.

The article discusses the perception studies of experts commenting political events on television. The aim of the study was to determine to what extent the expert hypothesis works in the era of multimodal communication and information noise. In addition, an attempt was made to identify elements of viewers’ attention management, such as: attractors and visual distractors, and to determine the importance of emblems of expertise in qualifying people who speak to this group. Two research techniques were used in the study: eye tracking and surveys, which allowed for comprehensive analysis of multimodal message. Research shows that in the case of such messages, viewers usually use the face-caption-face scheme, with the face being the attractor for both groups – a single person and a crowd. The elements of the background turned out to be distractors, which can be of great importance in the perception of expert statements, since in the media we recently tend to place the expert outside, in a dynamic surrounding. At the same time, the analysis showed that expert emblems, e.g. title or clothing, are an indicator of the speaker’s belonging to this group. Despite of this, expert statements were considered by the respondents to be aggressive, non-substantive and not adding anything to their knowledge of politics, which supports the recognition of Tom Nichols’s thesis about the death of experts and their expertise, and at the same time about the inadequacy of the hypothesis referring to experts in the age of multimodal media.

The production of audiovisual forms is organisationally and economically complicated. The issues “inside” audiovisual work, as well as the huge costs of production and distribution, or the potential income from their dissemination in various fields of exploitation, may cause conflicts between authors, producers, and users. That is the reason why balancing these interests requires a rational intervention of the legislator. The aim of the considerations is to find an answer to the question about an audiovisual producer and their legal position in the light of legal acts and practice. There are very few opinions on this subject and the article aims to fill the existing cognitive gap. The research problem is presented by law regulations, using the formal and dogmatic method.

Twitter is becoming an increasingly popular tool used for political communication, especially in election campaigns. It is also an important element of image creation. Due to its functionalities, it allows for quick, low-cost reaching of recipients. As part of the article, over 130,000 entries from the period of the 2019 European Parliament election campaign in Poland were subject to quantitative analysis. The activity of 397 people running from six national election committees was analyzed. Every second candidate applying for a mandate as an MEP used this service. The article is an attempt to answer whether and to what extent popularity on Twitter translated into the electoral result.

This article offers a quantitative analysis of social campaigns showing naked bodies, with the focus on what social problems are portrayed with the use of nudity and whether the images of nudity are of a direct or indirect character. Other questions posed in this article are whether nudity has a gender, what does it symbolize and what associations does it generates in the recipient. My research shows that nudity (primarily female nudity) is deployed in campaigns of a wide thematic array and is endowed with various meanings.

The article attempts to map and systematise the changes and reactions triggered by the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in media marketing (MM) of VOD platforms operating in Poland. The aim of the authors is to capture general trends and regularities that appear in the industry practices, as well as to indicate, firstly, the most meaningful elements of MM (the product offer, distribution, price, and marketing communication), and secondly – to identify the VOD platforms that excelled in these changes. The paper, using the content analysis method, is the first to present a cross-sectional research perspective on the MM-VOD-COVID-19 line, aiming not only to initially estimate the actual media modifications caused by the pandemic, but also to classify them in order to lay the foundation for further research in case this type of situation recurs.

Word of mouth is one of the most important factors that affect customers when making purchas­es and making purchasing decisions. The growing number of its new forms and the increasing­ly complex nature, caused a lot of ambiguities and difficulties both in conducting research on this phenomenon and in the implementation of effective marketing activities. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to organize the most important concepts and concepts related to WOM communi­cation, based on current global research results. The chapter identifies and defines the most impor­tant concepts related to WOM, including traditional WOM, eWOM and sWOM. Furthermore, the main differences between them are identified. Finally, the necessary directions for further research in this area were indicated.

The Bauer publishing house has gained the position of the largest press publisher in Poland thanks to the creation of an extensive portfolio of magazines aimed at various groups of recipients. The pub­lishing strategy based on a low copy price and efficient marketing ensured high sales revenues and relatively high independence from advertising revenues. Despite the decline in the readership of the printed press, the publishing house did not make any efforts to digitally transform its magazines and develop its activities on the Internet. Only in the face of the coronavirus pandemic, it created e-edi­tions and websites of a few titles. However, the recent business decisions of the German owner in­dicate that instead of investing in digital change and waiting for its effects, it is more willing to quit the traditional media markets.

The importance of the press in a democratic state is beyond doubt. This requires that freedom of press expression be guaranteed. However, this is not an absolute freedom and is subject to restric­tions. In particular, the journalist must remember that “The press is under an obligation to truly present the discussed phenomena” (Article 6 par. 1 of the Press Law). However, understanding this principle too literally may raise reasonable doubts. The result of a journalist’s cognitive conduct – even with the utmost care – may turn out to be untrue. It would therefore be unreasonable to hold a journalist accountable according to an absolute criterion of the veracity of the facts. It is therefore appropriate to consider the regulation referred to here as a directional standard, the performance of which should be assessed particularly carefully in the context of the implementation of the statuto­ry obligations imposed on the press (journalist).

Friendship, a mutual and profound relationship, permeates history of human culture and occurs in all social situations, including professional and informal human activities. In organizations, it devel­ops through processes of communication and generates a communication culture of kindness and support. Organizational friendship enhances work engagement and satisfaction, as well as helps to promote individual ends. This article investigates the more vital significance of friendship in alter­native organizations. Such organizations, operating at the margins of the currently dominant profit-oriented business model, offer a plethora of insights of possible structures and practices. Our ethno­graphic qualitative research shows the implications of workplace friendship as organizing principle. It helps to make organizations more humane, and redressed the moral imbalance, so prevalent in contemporary organizing and management. This has important implications for any kind of com­munication, creating social awareness around important themes related to management and organ­izations. Patterns of friendship are meaningful for organizing and organizations and their most vi­tal significance concerns the area of social communication.

Risk management is an extremely important domain of management, conditioning the develop­ment of enterprises and business continuity, as well as developing and maintaining a competitive position. The main purpose of this text is to identify and categorize the risk management objec­tives adopted in Polish enterprises in the media sector listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). The aim of empirical research was achieved through the use of triangulation of research meth­ods. The following methods were used in the research process: the method of analyzing the con­tent of source documents of the studied group of enterprises, the logic classification method and the comparative method. The main research findings indicate that: the overriding goal of risk man­agement in the surveyed companies formulating them in a hierarchical system is in most cases en­suring compliance with the applicable requirements of external and internal origin, and the specif­ic objectives (being components of the overarching goal) are mainly determined by the specificity of the media sector. The obtained research results refer to both the theory and practice of risk manage­ment among enterprises representing the media sector and may serve as a source of knowledge for the stakeholders of companies being listed entities, which constitutes the added value of this work.

The paper aims to systematise the modifications within the concept of integrated marketing com­munication, resulting from the usage of social media in the companies’ communication practic­es. Based on the literature review, the current challenges of integrating social media into market­ing communication were identified. They were structured into three groups of tactical, strategic and ethical challenges. These challenges are related to both, the practical issues of marketing communi­cation through the evolving social media and the theoretical discussion on the conceptual frame­work of integrated marketing communication.

This paper’s is to present the importance of the level of public perception of TV program, with particular focus on television genres which contribute to creating the competitive advantage of the station. This study used primary and secondary sources. The original research involved a survey. The survey was conducted at the turn of 2018 and 2019 on a sample of 1249 adult Polish TV view­ers. The secondary sources included: telemetry audience measurement reports and reports pub­lished by the major TV broadcasters in Poland. The programming of Polish television broadcasters is increasingly market-oriented, both when it comes to commercial and public broadcasters. Films, TV serials, sports broadcasts, entertainment shows and news programs are the key formats which attract satisfying audiences and create competitive advantage. The findings have implications for both the TV stations creating the broadcasting schedules for subsequent seasons and for advertisers making decisions about allocating their media budgets.

The main purpose of this study is to explore the role of media as a vehicle for social memory in building social identity. The concept of social memory used by historians and others is to explore the connection between social identity and historical memory. In this research, the authors ex­plore the role of media in the formation of social memory. The first part of the article explores the term of social memory in the light of literature. In the second part, the authors discussed the role of media in the formation of social memory on the example of Air Commodore Władysław Turowicz, a Polish Pakistani Engineer who was known as “The Rocket-Missile Man of Pakistan”. The research­ers present the social memories of the Polish Godfather of Pakistan’s Space and Missile programs in the light of Pakistani electronic media. The authors have explored the role of Polish Engineer Władysław Turowicz in SUPARCO, his personal and professional life that has been widely discussed in Pakistani electronic media vs mere mention in Polish media. From the knowledge perspective, this research highlights some of the forgotten memories of Turowicz.

Moving theatre operations to the Internet during the COVID-19 pandemic constituted a substan­tial organisational challenge, mostly due to the nature of theatrical events itself, which is based on the direct interaction between actors and the audience. Theatres were forced to swiftly implement various solutions in order to adapt and preserve their existing relationships with their public, and at best to establish new ones, but also to create new working conditions for artists and the rest of the staff. The article presents the results of the study on establishing the audience on the Internet by Polish theatres from March to August 2020. The study was carried out with the method of netnog­raphy. The aim of the study was not only to explore the strategies used but also to emphasise the is­sue of the digital maturity of cultural organisations, to signal an excess of culture that exists on-line, and to show various patterns of participation in culture in new conditions. Moreover, the study has shed some light on the most crucial research gaps that can become the basis for further scientific in­vestigation in the context of adjusting the ways in which cultural institutions operate to unexpected shifts in the external environment.

The authors examine the adequacy of Polish regulations on the protection of the image to the chal­lenges to prevent stigmatization of people who come into contact with COVID-19 and the special role of the media. In authors opinion there is a social responsibility of media to protect image, as a part of the human privacy. The aim of this study is emphasising the particular role of media to re­duce the risk of stigmatization and social exclusion. There are no publication on this subject what can mean also the lack of protection. The article fills the existing cognitive gap. The research prob­lem is presented by showing adequate law regulations, judgements and literature, using the formal – dogmatic method and also law-empiric one. The authors give some law recommendation to protect human image in media during pandemic times. Those clues could minimize the stigmatization and social exclusion of those who come into contact with COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic affects the media market, including the advertising strategies of most companies. Brands have to revise their messages and adapt them to the changing needs of consum­ers. The aim of this article is to identify the linguistic and visual techniques of persuasion used in TV commercials during the “national quarantine.” To achieve the research goal, the advertising messag­es were analyzed both in terms of image and sound used in the commercial. In presented research the examined TV spots were transcribed and divided into consecutive shots. The way of using these techniques was discussed on the example of advertisements for three critical industries during the pandemic: discount stores (Biedronka, Carrefour, Lidl), telecommunication companies (T-Mobile, Plus) and banks (ING Bank Śląski, Millennium). The conducted analysis shows that brands changed the advertising production process (handheld shots, usage of video conferencing tools, ads filmed at home) and adjusted their strategies to consumer expectations (focusing on safety and belonging­ness needs).

Argument/objective: In view of the growing negative phenomenon of hate speech in the social media, targeted informational and educational activities in the public sphere seem important and necessary, for the common good and in the common interest, as a reminder of respect for the other person and respect for his or her rights. The aim of the article is to identify and analyse the selected project in terms of the occurrence, spread and scale of the hate speech phenomenon in social media and to try to evaluate this type of communication. Research methods, research questions: The text uses methods such as case study, desk research and media content analysis. The following research questions were posed: how does the broadly understood civil society, and in principle its representatives, try to oppose hate speech? For what purpose are social projects against hate speech created and implemented? Do social projects against hate speech show the scale of this phenomenon, its horror and immorality? What image of Poles, including Polish Internet users (and in the case of a selected YouTube project) emerges from them? and how do they exchange views on the subject and what conclusions do they draw from this? Results and conclusions: Research has shown that when modern society, which is largely civic, starts to rebel against injustice, lack of respect for others, or socially unacceptable behaviour, including hate speech, it reaches for tools of opposition, among others. Projects such as these are born in this way: Incubator of Ideas, #StopMowieNienawiści, or the title one, analysed: Grażyna Żarko. Catholic Voice on the Internet. This non-commercial, over two months long project, and at the same time a media, Internet provocation carried out in the form of a Polish vlog, showed not only the enormous scale of the problem of “verbal violence”of Polish Internet users on the example of YouTube, but also the lack of preventive actions and responsibility, or rather criminal consequences, for example, incurred for this type of conduct. Cognitive value: The article is part of the discussion on the way and quality of communication of Polish society, with particular emphasis on hate speech, through new media.

The purpose of the article is to present the introduced legal solutions regulating the functioning and management of the media system in Germany, which came into force under the influence of changes in political communication. A case study is presented examples of hate speech in the discourse of the party of the new right-wing populism –Alternative for Germany (Alternative fur Deutschland, AfD). The party uses rhetoric which until now has been marginal in the German media and since the refugee crisis it has become an increasingly common form of expression. The analysis was conducted against the backdrop of events that influenced the Bundestags to adopted Law improving law enforcement in social networks (Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Rechtsdurchsetzung in sozialen Netzwerken, Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz, NetzDG). The analysis leads to the conclusions that the new right-wing populism changed the style of communication on the German political scene, which is not without influence on the decisions making by the legislator to introduce specific legal provisions regulating the management and framework of discourse in the social media in this state.

Presentation of the methods of staying in touch with journalists that are preferred by media relations specialists is the aim of the paper. The opinion survey dedicated to this issue was carried out in 2020 among all spokespersons for the municipalities forming the statutory separated Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis (Metropolis GZM). It was found that personalized communication tools such as e.g. personal e-mail (40%) or telephone conversations (22%) are most commonly used. Obtained results were compared with the results of analysis with 94% share of Silesian police officers authorized to provide information to the media. An assessment of social reach of disinformation and verification of perception of the effectiveness of publishing the corrections, as a way of responding to distortions in press materials, were also subject of the study.

The study includes an attempt to synthesize the basic trends of political bias of 14 relevant media entities appearing on the Polish media market in a context of their readership and viewership. Searching for an intersubjectively consistent analytical perspective, the authors use critical and comparative analysis of the results of empirical research contained in the literature of the subject, as well as the content of specialized institutional reports, with a respect to the methods of critique of sources. Due to the processual nature of the development of the media market in Poland, some of the results of empirical research cited goes back to year 2010 but the vast majority concerns year 2015 and the next ones. In the introduction, the authors refer to the universal agreement of researchers of the quality of Polish public debate regarding its critical assessment. The first section of the article contains a description of the methodological assumptions made. The next three contain an attempt to synthesize the basic bias trends of relevant media titles within each of the three segments of media activity: [1] the press sector of nationwide dailies; [2] the weekly sector of opinion-forming magazines; and [3] the 24-hour news television sector. The last part of the study contains conclusions and reference to the research results of the political parallelism concept.

The article assumes that during communism time in Poland, especially during the period of increased television development in the Gomułka era (the 60s), there were no political, socio-communicative and cultural conditions for the development of the culture of celebrity and the related phenomenon of narcissistic attitudes of individuals popular in the media. This thesis is confirmed by the content analysis of the monthly “Ty i Ja”published in 1960–1973, considered to be the first Polish lifestyle magazine, presenting the stars of theater, film etc., but these presentations were far from revealing any narcissist features characteristic of contemporary culture or Western culture at the time.

Demand for novelty is inscribed in the DNA of media and media organizations, especially those that specialize in delivering the latest news. This is a prerequisite for media consumption. The media organizations responsible for delivering new products to recipients, are subject to market laws, compete, achieve an advantage, fight for survival in the turbulent environment of the media and technology –and therefore remain in constant development. According to Joseph A. Schumpeter, development is possible by introducing innovations. Schumpeter’s Theory of Innovation was a research tool for an analysis of the CNN group, specializing in information for 24/7.

The research question posed: can we talk about innovations in the media industry? –indicates some doubt related to the specificity of the media industry. Doubt also arises from the fact that not every novelty is an innovation.

As a result of research, it was discovered that there are innovations in the media industry, but not in all cases of innovation indicated by Schumpeter. Indeed, this is due to the specifics of the media industry. The purpose of the article is to attempt to assess whether there can be innovations in the media industry, according to Schumpeter’s Theory of Innovation; and initiating a discussion on innovation in specific industry, which does not exist without novelty.

The purpose of the article is to characterize current issues related to the occurrence of hate speech in live broadcasts on YouTube. Adding more tools to make the platform more attractive to users also gives new opportunities to spread hateful content. Platform policy must be constantly evolving, and subsequent regulations are widely commented on by both advertisers and users. For live broadcasts, real-time control requires automated solutions that are sometimes fallible.

Social media marketing is becoming the main aspect of strategies implemented by traditional media workers. The aim of the study is an analysis of an impact this kind of internet marketing has on television viewer relationship management, in the form of case study. The author’s intention was to do the qualitative research on the TV production Zakochani po uszy created by TVN, including its promotion through an official profile on the social networking site called Instagram in terms of building relationships with viewers along with holistic and deepened description of analysed phenomena. In the study, the author presents the results of the research based on non-participant observation of the official profile of Zakochani po uszy on Instagram, in-depth interview with a person responsible for public relations of the series, results of the survey along with data analysis, which contains viewership and statistics from analysed profile. These activities enabled solving the research problem phrased as a question: how is the strategy, which is to create strong relations with viewers, formulated and answering detailed research questions posed in the study.

The aim of the study is to examine the impact of information on lockdown connected with COVID-19 on stock indexes. The hypothesis was: it is a strong impact of the lockdown announcement on stock indexes at the time of its announcement or cancelation. Panel event models were used to verify the hypothesis. The study used data from the Thomson Reuters Database for the period from 2.01.2019–10.05.2020. The analysis was based on the papers and reports on COVID-19 and the literature on behavioral finance.

The process of shaping the structure of the Polish printing sector dates back to 1989. The fundamental changes consisting in the elimination of censorship and the abolition of paper rationing enabled the development of printing industry in Poland. Printing industry, including the company owners and managers, managed to overcome the technological gap between the EU and the former Eastern Bloc countries as early as in the 1990s. The beginning of the 21st century was characterized by a high technology level and a competitive advantage, which was based primarily on low labour costs. The analysis of statistical data shows that the sector commands new technologies and large production capacities. On the demand side, however, radical changes are taking place. Printed media reduce their circulation and migrate to digital space. Advertising, so far mainly using printing services, now uses electronic distribution channels with increasing frequency. In addition, the market places ecological requirements and low costs demands. The research conducted among printing companies in 2018 and twice in 2020 shows evidence of the current condition of this sector. Its actual state of affairs has been influenced by the COVID-19 epidemic and the consequences of restrictions introduced in the economy. These studies register the changes proceeding in the Polish printing industry. They reveal the existing overcapacity and the negative impact of the pandemic on the whole printing industry. They also point to the need for profound technological and organisational changes.

The article analyses the hypothetical Fourth Estate (the 4th Power) on the platform of modern, global electronic media. The entry assumption is that the engine of 4th Power is Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand (ASIH), but functioning not on the socio-economic platform, but on the platform of modern, global electronic media. This implied significant research phenomena, because two large scale processes have been spotted on this platform, which fulfil theoretical model of Invisible Hand as proposed by American philosopher Robert Nozick. The rank of success is confirmed by the fact, that nobody yet on socio-economic platform managed to point to real life symptoms of the Invisible Hand self-regulative activity. Platform of global electronic media has a much more IT nature, comparing to the economic/social platform. For this, applying the way of thinking of Nobel-awarded economist Friedrich Hayek, that the mechanism of the Invisible Hand is IT in nature, it has been assumed that it is an unconscious, chaotic, discontinuous, distributed, multi-threaded computational process, not on the platform of digital computers, but on the platform of minds of agents operating in modern media. This allowed us to propose description methodology based on GIS (Geographic Information Systems). The conclusion of the article is that the Fourth Estate inherits and manifests in very well visible way the Invisible Hand self-steering functions, on the media platform and even more. This sheds a whole new light on the problem of media management on a global scale, because state or corporate factors have to reckon with the fact that there is yet another “ruler” of great power. In addition, due to the global nature, in a situation where the Legislative, Judicial and Legislative Powers are distributed and limited to the area of countries or meta-nation structures like European Union, the Fourth Estate is on the best way to take over partial or total control over global media, as well as over local Legislative, Judicial and Executive authorities. This is to some extent confirmation of Robert Nozick hypothesis about “ultra-minimal state”.

The article contains an analysis of contextual models used for propaganda activities carried out in two state television stations – RT and CCTV, in connection with the protests in Hong Kong that have been ongoing since June 2019. The research, referred to in the text, is an analysis of the narrative created in connection with the protests on both televisions in the context relevant to the achievement of propaganda goals by broadcasters. Storytelling built a one-sided picture of events as a tool for persuasion and influence on public opinion using the existing social and political polarization. The research was carried out using the quantitative and qualitative method. The obtained conclusions are part of the research on propaganda and contemporary distribution channels to create alternative images of reality using contextual models by mass media positioning themselves as state broadcasters.

The article presents the results of empirical research regarding the use of the main nationwide television news programs by the potential of the Twitter micro-blog in terms of publicizing the election campaign to the European Parliament in 2019. The main research questions concerned the degree of interest of the editors of public television programs (“Wiadomości” TVP1) and commercial television (“Fakty” TVN) in European elections and the manner in which the campaigns of individual political entities were publicized. The results of the research allowed not only to identify and analyze the communication strategies used by the both editorial boards, but also to deduce about their degree of political bias during the campaign.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the patterns of the 45th President’s use of Twitter for promoting his political agenda. Donald J. Trump used to “tweet” often even before entering politics; in the White House it is his primary instrument of contact with the U.S. society, bypassing the established media channels. A special emphasis was put on the rhetorical characteristics of Trump’s social media communications as well as the identity-building aspect of his Twitter oratory. The research was conducted with the use of the method of quantitative content analysis. Obtained results point out to the Republican as an unconventional political player, employing the possibilities offered by new media in an original yet effective manner.

The subject of the analysis is the sphere of media economization and specifically the problem of quality in journalism. The article tries to show that quality assurance in journalism is a task not only for authors, editorial teams, media companies, it is a social issue. The aim of the article is to indicate the most important dimensions and criteria of quality and to build a theoretical interpretation of quality management adequate to the work of journalists and the functioning of media organizations. The author suggests that the crisis of responsible journalism coincided with the crisis of democracy observed in all media models. In Polish scientific discourse, the subject of quality in journalism is almost absent. This lack is not compensated by considerations devoted to professionalism, professional culture, and even more so to deontology of journalism. The presented article attempts to include the issue of quality in the economic theory of media, indicating areas in which high-quality journalistic products or services create value that increases the competitive advantage.

The two most important strategies of managing user generated content are premoderation and postmoderation. The community rating can be used as a supporting element of the postmoderation system. It has a crucial role in informational portals where the amount of readers and published comments is large, so professional moderators would have problem in finding all comments that should be deleted. In the moderation process the role of Internet users is growing – they not only comment, but also evaluate comments of other users. Here occurs a transition: from user generated content to user moderated content. The aim of presented paper is to indicate a place of the community rating in the system of postmoderation, on the example of chosen Polish informational portals.

The Audiovisual Media Services Directive, 2010/13/UE, due to development of convergence and dig­italization phenomena, has responded to the technological paradigm shift, thereby continuing the late 1980s standard of transfrontier television. The dramatic shift of all aspects of audiovisual sector which has occurred for the last decade, triggered the adoption of its revision on the 14th of Novem­ber, 2018 which creates a media framework for the 21st century. The aim of the article is to point out – within the frame of historical aspects of European media policy, including a digital single mar­ket impact – the wide spectrum of its implications, taking into consideration the dual – cultural and economic – status of audiovisual media services. Hence, the analysis of certain regulatory changes, concerning the following issues, ought to be mentioned: 1) the scope of the audiovisual media no­tion; 2) principles of jurisdiction; 3) independence of national media regulators; 4) promotion of European works; 5) requirements for audiovisual commercial communications; 6) consumer pro­tection. The presentation of the subject in the light of the regulation historical aspects allows to come to the certain conclusions regarding the political, economic, social and cultural feasible results of the mentioned changes and their impact on media organisation and management in the new audiovisual environment. Therefore, the legal approach is justified; the interpretation of the law with the sub­sidiary role of methodological trend of legal hermeneutics are applied.

The undertaken subject is up-to-date. Moreover, it is needed to be notified as the Member States are obliged to implement the directive by the 19th of September, 2020.

The article describes the essence of visual communication and the tools for its design, including the reason for addressing these issues in management sciences. The scientific poster is presented as an example of the use of visual communication presents. The results of research on critical analysis of the literature in the field of management and applied arts, including graphics and related sciences covering issues related to visual communication design, were presented. The research shows that in the literature on scientific posters there are publications which only describe the correct substantive structure, i.e. the content, and when it comes to the issues of visual communication (tools), they are very inaccurate and unreliable, or even misleading.

Risk management currently determines the probability of survival and development of enterpris­es. The main aim of this article is to attempt to map the risk profile of Polish companies in the me­dia sector listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) based on the categorization of risk fac­tors identified by them. Empirical research was carried out on a sample of 15 companies listed on this Stock Exchange. The goal of empirical research was achieved through triangulation of re­search methods and techniques. The main method used in the research procedure was content anal­ysis of source documents of the examined group of enterprises, mainly: annual reports (financial statements, management board reports), capital adequacy reports and other information published mandatory by WSE listed entities. The logical classification method and the comparative method in the closed comparison variant were also used. The main research findings indicate that the risk pro­file of the enterprises studied shows characteristics specific to the media sector that they represent.

In this paper the author has analyzed the phenomenon of investigative journalism in social media on the example of Tomasz Sekielski, which was defined by the author’s term “social media muckraking”. Muckraking, which dates back to the so-called “golden age of journalism” in the United States is one of the most ennobling terms for investigative journalism. The proposed term is the result of observing the increasingly popular practice of using social media in the work of an investigative re­porter also in the context of increasing publicity of the pedophile theme among priests, which was presented in the documentary film Do Not Tell Anyone. Therefore, social media content analysis and case study were used. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the activity of Tomasz Sekielski reflects the nature of the concept of “social media muckraking” which is one of the possibilities of practicing investigative journalism in the era of new technologies.

The proposed paper is going to be an analysis of communication management during local elections campaigns in Poland in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018. The 2002 was chosen as the starting point of the analysis because of the following facts: 1) those were the first direct local elections for mayors/municipality heads; 2) the number of council members was reduced by law all of which heralded an interesting competition. The high turnover rate of candidates for councillors across different regions of Poland in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 local government elections has been attributed in part to the volatility caused by greater media and public interest in council issues. The paper is based on: the theory analysis, qualitative and quantitative research (questionnaires), statistical analysis (questionnaires and reports) and content analysis (selected papers; radio/TV stations; web pages). Surveys were carried out in: 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018. The survey was followed at the region of Lower Silesia. In this paper there is presented detailed data from the study of Dzierżoniów county. There were chosen varied types of communes: periphery and centre of the region. The group of around 2500 respondents was analysed.

This article outlines the results of studies analysing the activity of museums around the world during the period of limited cultural activity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of these unprecedented circumstances, virtually all activities of museums have been transferred to the digital reality of the Internet and premised on the functionalities offered by the new media. Even though the existence of relationships between museums and the media is not a new development, its intensity during the pandemic reached unprecedented levels. Furthermore, during the pandemic, there emerged new types of services offered by museums, and they will likely remain a permanent fixture of their offer. Notably, such a broadened offer significantly increases the educational potential of museums and directly relates to the demand for lifelong learning.

The aim of the study is to examine the impact of the financial crisis caused by COVID-19 on chang­es in outlooks and credit ratings of major rating agencies. The research hypothesis was as follows: the financial crisis caused by COVID-19 negatively affected the change in outlooks and credit ratings of countries. The study used long-term and short-term credit ratings and outlooks collected from the Thomson Reuters / Refinitiv database regarding liabilities expressed in foreign currency and macroeconomic data from the International Monetary Fund databases, for 2010–2021. The analysis was carried out using ordered logit panel models. The presented results showed a weak significant im­pact of the COVID-19 pandemic on credit rating. The agency that changed its notes in connection with this situation is Standard & Poor’s (S&P). However, the attitude responded to the situation un­der investigation. During the crisis, country ratings have become less sensitive to growing debt, which may be dictated by widespread loosening of fiscal policy. The rate of GDP growth has a par­ticular impact during the COVID-19 period in the event of a change of outlook. Rising inflation is particularly dangerous in the age of pandemics. It may be related to monetary policy easing.

The aim of the article is to draw attention to the strength of the local press, a bit paradoxically, by recalling the examples of the activities taken by various bodies against local government press. I assume that if the strength of the local press in influencing on the communities of communes or poviats were not noticed, there would not be any initiatives to defend the so-called independent press, the initiatives which tried to ban the issuing of press by commune, poviat and voivodship self- governments. I compared the analysis of speeches of the Association of Local Newspapers, of the Ombudsman, of the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights and finally of the Kukiz’15 parliamentary club with the latest data of the National Library concerning regional and local magazines which were registered in 2019. It turned out that they constitute nearly half of all new or changing titles submitted to the National Library. Among them there was 50 percent of magazines published by local governments or institutions subordinated to them. The existing projects aimed against self-government publishing activities have not been successful so far. The strength of the local press should not result from the status of its publisher, but from the message that the recipient gets. 

The article refers to issues related to the formation of a culture called narcissism. The author hypothesizes that narcissism is becoming a key tool in describing the condition of postmodern man. In the article, the author answers the question whether and why we can talk about the development of a culture of narcissism and what are its determinants. A definition of narcissism in the socio-cultural sense is proposed.

The main objective of this study was to present the concept of storytelling as a modern, unconventional and creative tool for creating an advertising message on the example of the Allegro brand. The authors made a comparative analysis of two selected Allegro advertising spots, which are part of the campaign “What are you looking for?”. Based on the Freytag model, the compatibility of the advertising message structure with the concept of storytelling was examined. The campaign’s market effects were also described to assess the values the use of storytelling in an advertising message. Literature studies, desk research, media content analysis and case study with comparative analysis were used to achieve the research goal.

Currently, social media are increasingly used by enterprises to achieve various goals, including those related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The article analyzes the occurrence of social media and CSR issues in peer-reviewed scientific publications. The following research questions were formulated: 1) Is there a research gap in the thematic area? 2) Is there a trend when it comes to publication time on a given topic? 3) Which scientific journals publish articles on social media and CSR? 4), Which countries do authors undertaking social media and CSR issues mostly come from? 5) What research interests are pursued by authors of articles related to social media and CSR issues? The basic research method was a systematic review of literature. The selection of the analyzed texts was based on EBSCO, ProQuest, JSTOR and Google Scholar databases. Bibliometric and contextual analysis have enabled the following conclusions to be drawn: 1) the issues of social media and CSR are present in peer-reviewed scientific publications, 2) a small number of publications is associated with a relatively short period of time in which publications appeared, but an upward trend can be observed, 3) the authors who undertake the analyzed issues come from various countries, mostly from the USA 5) Social media and CSR are the subject of research in numerous research areas. Following a systematic literature review, proposals for future research directions were also formulated. 

The authors proposed a method of quantitative measurement of the phenomenon of filter bubbles in Google search engine. Firstly, the topic was taken up because of the lack of such a method in the academic world and the proposal of a competitor to Google, DuckDuckGo. Secondly, because of the social consequences of the phenomenon of filter bubbles raised by activists and researchers. The aim was to test the used methodology of quantitative measurement of the phenomenon of information bubbles and to refine it. A pilot survey was conducted on a homogeneous group in an experimental scheme. It consisted in comparing sets of search results (SSR) in the normal mode of a  web browser, logged into a Google account with SSR in the private (incognito) mode logged out of that account. One political search term was used – “Paweł Adamowicz”. The SSR was treated as a sequence of characters, a string, and compared in two web browser’s modes using the optimal string alignment distance method. The open sourced data and code allow readers to trace and reproduce the analyses made. The results do not indicate that the differences in the SSR are influenced neither by the world view in terms of liberalism/conservatism nor by the attitude to control the privacy of the Internet user. The influence was noted for the degree of personalization of the SSR in the normal web browser mode. 

The increasing mediation of the didactic process encourages reflection on the new quality of academic education. The expansion of technology has forced the using of new forms of education, also carried out in non-school space. Educational platforms are good environment for implementing  education in a remote formula. One example of such a platform is Virtual Campus UMCS. The aim of the article was to verify students’ expectations regarding the design, course and ways of implementing the didactic process in teaching implemented via the Virtual Campus platform. It was analyzed how students of UMCS use the platform and examine level of their satisfaction with the classes conducted in the remote mode. The author proposed several improvements regarding the enrichment of Virtual Campus UMCS about additional functions. The recommendations can translate into the attractiveness of the teaching process and deserve to be included in the design of the next version of the system. The research technique was survey research. 

The subject of research are activities of television stations based on the adaptation of entertainment formats. An example of musical talent shows was used here as the most transparent shows of this type. The main goal is to show: dehumanized mechanisms and their effects in the form of overproduction of talents and viewer’s opinions on this topic. The author looks for a solution that could prevent or mitigate this process (as a result of television activities within the production of formats). He finds the recipe in lean management philosophy. The key reflection of the text is the question about behind-the-scenes “life” as well as the motives and stages of such productions. The project was based on a review of literature and empirical research (quantitative and qualitative) in the form of: a survey, case study, in-depth and expert interview. 

Real-time marketing is a phenomenon that is increasingly used in marketing activities of companies. Brands strive to establish and maintain close relations with their target group by referring to many issues, including popular natural phenomena or pop culture. In this article, the author analyzes real-time marketing activities of the IKEA and Żywiec brands on the social networking site called Facebook in the years 2014–2019. The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of published posts in terms of their graphic layout, shared messages as well as descriptions. The author also presented issues that were used by Żywiec and IKEA to implement real-time marketing activities.

The article is a contribution to the understanding of not only the organisational and social phenomenon of Solidarity in Poland in the years 1980-81, but also of its media image. The research presented in the article was based on the analysis of three case studies. The author took active part in each of them. The studied cases concern the region of Opole Silesia and pertain to one of the first strikes that took place in this part of the country in that time; a radio programme in which for the first time in the Polish People’s Republic, a local historian reminds about the significance of Poland regaining independence in 1918 and the issues concerning the general strike which was to take place in March 1918, according to the then chairperson of the Regional Board of Solidarity in Opole Silesia. The analysis of the three cases performed against the backdrop of the events that took place in that time leads the author to refl ect that there are moments in the existence of nations, but also in the structures within which they function, when the attitude of the people who participate in them becomes highly important.

The discourse of public space has been brutalizing for years. The lack of social reactions, including media, which can be a sign of a kind of acceptance of the phenomenon, as well as a low level of legal responsibility, means that the communication of entities (companies, political parties and other organizations) in the social space goes far beyond the norms understood as the cultural construction of messages and creating a dialogue to implement the mission and goals of the entity. Therefore, it becomes important to determine how you can manage crisis communication to stabilize the entity’s situation. It is worth referring to the typology of crisis management in the social media space of W.T. Coombs assumes three levels of attribution of the subject’s responsibility, namely: the subject is a victim of a crisis, the subject has caused the crisis unknowingly and the subject has caused the crisis knowingly. In such a defined environment, the specificity of the hate should also be taken into account due to its subject, the subject of the hate and the author, and properly anticipate the effects of the hate in the context of managing the crisis situation of the entity, which will allow to choose the appropriate strategy of actions. Finally, it is necessary to indicate ways of reacting to the hate by the entities affected by it in the sphere of prevention and possible actions in the event of a hate crisis.

The subject of consideration is the problem of falsification of audiovisual materials, referred to as deepfake. In this publication, I analyze literature on the problem, as well as draw the genesis and technological aspects of deepfake movies. Reflections on the issue discussed have been enriched with specific examples of films that have been published on the Internet to date. The article is an attempt to answer the question about the real threats associated with the existence of deepfakes and the possibilities of protection against them. An important aspect is the question about the security of every modern Internet user (in the context of data posted on social media), as well as the security of entire societies and nations. The publication highlights the threats associated with the spread of fake news and deepfakes in the online sphere in the context of off-line security

The article provides an overview of the available film research methods to strengthen film production management for children aged 4 to 6 years. It diagnoses the limitations of currently used methods and identifies new opportunities related to the development of tools in the field of neuroscience, in particular oculography (eyetracking). The subject of the study is a film for children as a medium of social communication of a wide range. For the purposes of the study, the methods of film research for children used so far were analysed, current needs related to market development were diagnosed and the possibilities of using new tools to measure customer satisfaction were indicated.

The aim of the article is to systematize knowledge about YouTube within the frames of social communication and media sciences. The review of literature showed problems of a terminological nature. Researchers do not agree on how to define and what terms to use to describe YouTube. The site is sometimes classifi ed as a video sharing site or digital archive. Many authors making deeper divisions within social media do not classify this site as a social networking site, although – as demonstrated in this article – it has the vast majority of the constitutive features attributed to social networking sites in the scientific literature.

This popular science article focuses on digital nomadism and its relation to lifestyle and career management. The study includes a review of literature related to those issues. The growing amount of both scientific and amateur publications about digital nomadism makes researching this phenomenon not only interesting but means it can also become a valuable academic topic. This article seeks to discover if the way literature presents digital nomadism shows any characteristics that would allow to classify it as a career management style and a lifestyle. The qualities of digital nomadism observed during the literature review that make it possible for the phenomenon to be considered both a lifestyle and a career management style were also analyzed in conjunction with a number of digital nomads’ opinions gained during holding interviews with them. The conducted research was based on the interpretivist paradigm.

The internet is a natural environment for school children. Some of the messages through it are aggression and verbal violence. The aim of the article is to show the phenomenon of aggression and verbal violence on the Internet towards school children and adolescents. The subject of the research contained in the article are school children and adolescents as recipients and victims of hate speech on the Internet. Research problems are questions about the level of online threats to schoolchildren, how the Polish education system prevents this and how it protects children from these threats. In search of answers to these questions, the author used published research data, showing the activity of children on the Internet, He also reviewed the basics of teaching in terms of preparing students to avoid hate speech on the internet.

The basic research methods are document examination and method of analysis and logical construction. The research shows two key conclusions as answers to research problems. First of all, the level of threat to school children and youth by aggression and verbal violence is significant, because every third teenager was a victim of violence or verbal aggression on the Internet. Secondly, the Polish education system did not protect students from these threats. Schools did not teach children proper behavior on the internet.

The research aims to identify the level and the character of the participation of medical doctors and their perception of advantages and disadvantages of their activity in social media from the perspective of the process of building positive professional image. The method of subject literature review and the results of an online surveys conducted among 81 medical doctors have been applied in the article. Virtually all the survey participants (98,8%) admitted having a profile in social media with Facebook being the most popular one (83,3% of profiles). Only a small proportion of the respondents declare the professional character of their activity in social media, mostly taking place on LinkedIn (15,0%). The doctors considered restrictions on privacy (61,7%) and subjecting private life to assessments (53,1%) as the biggest disadvantage of the presence in social media. The advantages included the promotion of medical knowledge and preventive medicine (81,5%) and the possibility of creating positive professional image among prospective patients and in the medical society environment (77,8%) with 85,7% of respondents considering Facebook as the best medium to achieve the above.

In response to the changing television market, media organizations create strategic solutions to affect the format trading system that has been stable so far. For two decades, a model of format trade has allowed finding balance in the conceptual frame set by the opposition: adaptation versus creation, broadcasters versus production companies, global versus local conditions, business and cultural values.

The purpose of the article is to preliminarily describe how these strategic and operational activities undertaken by global organisations disturb this balance. Taking control of format production by subsidiaries of foreign capital, new distribution channels may result in a smaller share of broadcasters in creation, universalization of formats lacking local accents, weakening the brand of entities identified on local markets.

Linking values of brand communities are the subject of the analysis. Various types of consumption communities are not a new phenomenon, however, the development of communication technologies in recent two decades has significantly impacted on the number and character of such groups. Relationship between brands and brand communities has become interesting research field due to growing importance of such groups in consumers’ lives as well as their marketing potential. Recent studies highlight the role of values in emerging and functioning of brand communities. The purpose of this case study analysis is to examine the relationship between strategic brand values and linking values of brand community on the example of IKEA and IKEAhackers community. This case confirms earlier hypotheses that brand communities are autonomous, and brand strategic values are neither automatically nor uncritically accepted by the community as linking values of the community. Such groups may accept the values proposed by the brand managers, however, they may also  reinterpret them, reject, recognize as irrelevant or consider different values as linking values of brand community.

The study reported in this article portrays production of news in three news agencies: Swedish TT, Italian ANSA and the worldwide Reuters. It is a study of organizing rather than of journalism, and it reveals two accelerating phenomena: cybernetization (machines play a more and more central role in news production) and cyborgization (people rely more and more on machines). As usual, however, technological developments lead to many unexpected consequences and complications. 

This paper addresses the place of Poland’s public television network, Telewizja Polska (TVP) within the country’s media system. The role of journalists is an important element of public media. In an author view Poland’s public media as part of a system of polarised pluralism, as described in Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini’s classification. The main aspect of this research is that of TVP’s transformation in its approach to technology. Journalists who started working in the 1990s have different attitudes from younger staff to the network’s public objectives. They are usually less competent in new media and less concerned about technological convergence and social media. The research involved unstructured interviews with TVP journalists.

The condition for the existence of independent local press is its economic self-sufficiency. An analysis of the financial statements of private local weekly publishers shows that their financial condition has deteriorated signifi cantly in recent years. This was mainly due to the decline in print press readership and the outflow of advertisers to the Internet. Revenues from issue sales and advertising revenue in 2018 decreased by an average of 1/3 compared to 2010. The reduction in publishing costs slightly improved the financial results of the owners of local weeklies. Their profits decreased on average by 150%, which for most meant incurring losses on operations. The deteriorating financial condition of publishers threatens a reduction of the quality of the local press, recduction of the number of titles or further concentration of ownership in this media segment. 

The article describes the phenomenon of patostreaming which is present in the Polish Internet. The authors applied the desk research method and the analysis of media content. The authors explain what is characteristic of patostreaming and how it was created. There is an analysis of media content published by the most recognizable patostreamers: Gural, Rafatus, Daniel Magical and Rafonix. There is a defi nition of the most important concepts related to the discussed problem, as well as the classification of patostreaming content. The second part of the paper analyses the phenomenon from the legal point of view, taking into account the issues of legal liability of persons submitting content, persons viewing content, as well as platforms providing access to this material. The authors also discussed legal diffi culties related to solving the patostreaming problem.

The article describes the phenomenon of patostreaming which is present in the Polish Internet. The authors applied the desk research method and the analysis of media content. The authors explain what is characteristic of patostreaming and how it was created. An analysis of media content has been published by the most recognizable patostreamers: Gural, Rafatus, Daniel Magical and Rafonix. A definition of the most important concepts related to the discussed problem, as well as the classification of patostreaming content, have been included. The second part of the paper analyses the phenomenon from the legal point of view, taking the issues of legal liability of persons submitting content, persons viewing content, as well as platforms providing access to this material into account. The authors also discussed the legal diffi culties related to solving the patostreaming problem.

The main aim of the article is identification of the attitudes towards the processes of identification and verification of fake news in the environment of digital media. The subject of the research refers to the users’ attitudes towards fake news. As indicated by the research, the attitudes towards fake news are not unambiguous. About 2/3 of the respondents claim that they are not able to distinguish fake news from true information; only every twelfth respondent declares that they know tools for verification of information, although the research survey has been carried out among students of media management, journalism and marketing – students who deal with information in social media.

This article presents the results of the research of the current state, tendencies and developments of the modern corporate media and the peculiarities of their use of innovations in communications. The theoretical part is based on the study of the knowledge base through a general review, critical analysis, systematization and generalization. Practical part contains analysis of statistical data and descriptive analysis of samples of corporate media.

The overall state of the industry in corporate publishing in Ukraine is investigated. The data on projects presented during the last fi ve years for the Association of Corporate Media, Ukraine is analyzed. Features and prospects of development of printed and digital communication channels are considered. The innovative approaches used by companies when using corporate media are analyzed, the main trends of their development are formulated.

A statement can be made that innovation signifi cantly transforms the status, content and forms of corporate media. In particular, with the reduction of printed publications, the company ’s active development of social networking websites, online video, mobile applications, chat bots, other digital channels and communication tools are envisaged. Given the current state of corporate media it is possible to predict their further growth and deeper integration in social and business processes. More and more companies from different industries will use this communication tool to build a comprehensive dialogue with the audience, create an image, promote the market for goods or services, and enhance corporate culture and employee motivation.

The subject of the paper is filter bubble and awareness of its mechanism among junior high school students. The article attempts to answer the question about how many representatives of the Z Generation (in this case junior high school students) are familiar with the issue of personalizing content on the Web, how they perceive it and whether they can manage information on the web to minimize the negative consequences of filter bubble and efficiently manage information on the Internet. 15 in-depth interviews were conducted. Th e results show that young people notice the effects of a filter bubble, but they do not always know the mechanisms of its. The respondents do not prevent content personalization, it is not always perceived by them negatively. People who actively create content on the Web have the best knowledge about filter bubble mechanism. The space of communication platforms such as Facebook is for a Z Generation natural information management environment. Social media tools are eagerly chosen, and it is oft en the only tool used for the information management purposes. 

The article points to the dual nature of additivity in children’s entertainment formats taking the form of active and passive in the process of creating, shaping and consuming of content. The study concerns underage show participants and people influencing their decisions and fate in the program show production staff , family, as well as indirectly viewers. The starting point was reflection on the extent to which additivity in this type of show is manifested and what consequences it brings participation of children in entertainment formats, where they are subject to competition on an equal footing with adults? To conduct a thorough analysis of the phenomenon, several research methods were used: audio-visual analysis, case study with in-depth interviews and participatory observation. The study highlights the treatment of minors in product categories, in media organizations, specifically in children’s entertainment formats.

Many recent publications hold a dark view of contemporary business administration and its context. The current state of capitalism and corporate management is described as zombie (Harman, 2009), ghostly(Roy, 2014) or, in the most benign appraisal, sick but not dying (Tomlinson, 2010).  At the same time, business schools, textbooks and popular management books remain wedded to a reductive view of social interactions, drawing inspiration as well as authority from a century of socioeconomic triumph as well as from the rigid definitions of management relations as handed down by the founding figures of the discipline. Drawing inspiration from Walter Benjamin’s (1969) refiguring of Charles Baudelaire’s flâneur, we revisit the haunted spaces of popular management books, using the situationist method of dérive to invoke the ghosts of foundational thinkers for  inspiration and, possibly, exorcism. The aim of this excursion is to propose strategies for communication about some old ideas of management which still can be regarded as vital, even though the contemporary forms may have become morbid (Fleming, 2017). 

The aim of this article is to broaden the current knowledge about changes in the profession of a journalist caused by the digitization and convergence of the media. The authors carried out surveys among journalists, exploring issues related to their opinion on professionalization, the process of changes in the media as well as opportunities and threats indicated by new media.

Rzeczpospolita is a daily newspaper that went through a difficult time to regain its freedom and independence. Established as an independent newspaper in 1920, it was closed in the early 1930s, and later in the last months of the war it was reactivated by a communist activist. At the beginning of the 1950s it ceased to appear again, and it was re-established in 1980 and operated under the auspices of the communist authorities. Rzeczpospolita started its journey towards regaining its freedom together with Poland at the end of the 1980s. Freedom is inseparable from the identity that distinguishes the social group and claims its existence. This article – an ethnographic case study of the Rzeczpospolita daily newspaper – presents the identity of the organisation and its construction researched in 2001. The period of changes in Rzeczpospolita and the creation of a new identity was a key time for the future of the newspaper. The identity from 2001 proves that despite the absence of the leadership of Dariusz Fikus, who had carried out the transformation in the newspaper (he died in 1996), his work was continued, and the newspaper consistently followed the path appointed by him and his team. The current activity of the newspaper, its identity, image and reputation are the aftermath of activities undertaken by Dariusz Fikus and his people. This article presents their extraordinary faith as well as difficult and devoted work that resulted in great changes.

Lately, crowdfunding has emerged as an alternative source of raising needed money for different types of projects. This paper provides an overview of crowdfunding topic. It characterizes the main concept, shows its types as well as describes the benefi ts and risks that comes with raising money with the help of the people and Internet. The aim of the article is to show how crowdfunding can contribute to the growth of innovation in the country, especially based on the FinTech industry. The paper outlines the size of transactions value in the crowdfunding market and predicts reasonable growth for the next 5 years.

At present, when there are so many news media platforms, the use of media consists in building personal, specific repertoire. These repertoires are a combination of many factors, including the available reception platforms, the geographical and social coverage of the media, the interests and needs of users. In this article I try to answer the question of how, in a very competitive media market, media users, by building their own individual media repertoires as a source of the news needed in everyday life and treated as a resource of democracy, use public radio. Through qualitative in-depth interviews with audiences of different social and demographic profiles in 8 European countries and Israel, the perception of the role of the news and current affaire of public radio organisations and understanding of their remit was examined.

The popularity of using e-learning in higher education in Poland is insufficient. The lecturers have doubts about the effectiveness of this way of teaching. In this article, the author presents examples of conducting classes in the blended learning formula along with the results of surveys, conducted among PhD students learning specialist English in the remote formula. Education in the social sciences is based on the practice orientation, transfer of specific skills, working in groups (eg editorial), discovering creativity through case studies. However, it is necessary to strengthen the trust in online learning, as well as to learn compulsory and verify learning on a regular basis. The basis is proper motivation of students to study and regularity of work using the elements of remote teaching.

Many young Internet users equate freedom of speech with the freedom to access content disseminated on the web - treating both concepts as synonyms.

Internet piracy undoubtedly has serious consequences for the economy. It is the example of sophisticated methods of violating intellectual property rights. It causes financial losses in music, publishing and media sectors and film industry. Accurate assessment of the losses is difficult. A lot of web users support pirates, thus becoming a part of their profitable business. Prosecution of the subjects illegally distributing and storing pieces is sometimes extremely complicated. It is so due to difficulties in identifying perpetrators and jurisdictional problems. Digital technologies which occur on the internet are easily adopted before any adequate laws are introduced, and the existing copyright laws stem from the experience of the era of analog technology. Current lawmakers try to create norms and rules which would befit the constantly changing digital reality and they are still one step behind.

During the economization of culture and the culturisation of the economy, creativity in the advertising industry has become a myth. The subject of this dissertation is a “discoursive oversweetening” resulting from the desire to raise the prestige of the so-called creative sector. The dissertation confronts mythical stories with the opinions presented by employees of Polish advertising agencies in accordance with the paradigm of radical humanism.

The empirical part of the dissertation includes fourteen individual in-depth interviews with selected employees of the advertising industry. The collected research material allows to reveal problems, blockades and shortcomings in the aspect of behavior and pro-creative and pro-innovative attitudes. By immersing research in the perspective of Critical Management Studies, a holistic analysis of the phenomenon of creativity in the advertising industry will be carried out.

The public broadcaster RAI (Radiotelevisione italiana), in its parliamentary campaign in 2018, was to be the guarantor of the electoral success of the Italian centre-left. However, this was not the case. The Democratic Party (Partito Democratico) lost the elections. The decision of the then Prime Minister Matteo Renzi to strengthen political control over the RAI before the upcoming elections was wrong. The model of government television criticised by the opposition proved to be dysfunctional. The restriction of the autonomy and the consequent reduction in the credibility of the public broadcaster RAI gave the Italian opposition an argument to change its electoral strategy and to transfer the campaign to the network, which determined its final outcome. In the 2018 parliamentary campaign in Italy, RAI stopped serving as a forum for public debate, thus ending the stage of its domination as a medium in the process of political communication during the Second Republic.  

In the modern world mass media stimulate and create social reality. It is with their significant participation that the socialization of the young generation takes place. As the researchers point out, they often teach better than school and interact more effectively than traditional educational environments. A lot of subject literature is devoted to the analysis of the impact of mass media, mostly negative, on the recipients. This text will present the implementation of media functions on the example of the All-Poland Charity Action “Help the Children Survive Winter”. It is an initiative that,thanks to the strength and power of mass media, has evolved over the course of 25 years from local ad hoc collection of gifts into a nationwide program to help the youngest in need.

High educational hopes were put into the appearance of each and every medium. The history of media development in the 20th century is also the history of high educational hopes and spectacular failures. It seems that at least some major links of these processes are repeated in the development of most important technologies for transmission of information. Many scholars (e.g. Neil Selwyn from Monash University) believe that critical approach provides accurate diagnosis of failures in educational technology applications. Historical perspective, on the other hand, allows for seeing the whole of certain processes and eliminating the phenomena that are negative from the researcher’s standpoint, e.g. excessive enthusiasm that accompanied the introduction of new technologies. This kind of “emotional smog” largely disappears if we accept historical perspective. Critical and historical analysis of the use of technology in education may give the opportunity for its effective use and avoiding traps into which radio, television, and the Internet fell during the 1990s.  

The article proposes a reflection on the experience of British Broadcasting Corporation in promoting media literacy which is defined as “the ability to access, understand and create communications in a variety of contexts”. While discussing the issue of media literacy in Poland, one is prompted to refer to the experience of public broadcasters in countries regarded as leaders in pursuing its objectives. The BBC seems to be a natural choice due to its leading position in the digital revolution of the British media system and its public mission to promote education and reading. The article presents an overview of selected projects committed to the promotion of media literacy among various social groups. The authors seek an answer to the following questions: 1) are these projects in line with the strategy for media literacy formulated by the BBC in 2013? and 2) what conditions would need to be fulfilled if such projects were to be implemented in Poland?

The subject of the contribution is the importance of media education for the future of mass media. The reason for considering this relationship are changes in the media reception. The nature of these changes and the threats posed to the media illustrate the results of research on new patterns of media consumption. The key research question is what and how it can help the media to overcome new challenges. In searching for the answer to this question, research findings and reports on the changing preferences of media recipients and literature studies on the essence of media education were used. The first allowed the identification of the most important threats to the media, the second indicated the special role of media education in counteracting the negative effects of changes. The main areas of interest of media education are: education about the media, education through the media, education for the media. The most important for the future of mass media is the area of education for media, which focuses on the theory and practice of the media. As an integral part of edagogy that deals with the whole-life development of man and his environment, he is to prepare for proper understanding and active use of the media, as well as to support the training of specialists to work in them. Both practical and practical actions have been proposed for the implementation of these two tasks.  

In the times of the image culture, an extremely important element of media education is the dissemination of knowledge about the specifics and determinants of visual communication in the media, especially those inspired by public relations tools. The world of influencers, youtubers and video bloggers is often the environment for the dominant reception of media messages among kids and young adults, especially those with smartphones. The paper aims to outline areas in which knowledge about imaging has its application in the area of media education, and to provide examples of PR activities shaping the reception in these fields. Visual media education should develop the visual literacy of recipients including knowledge on PR visual activities. Through the intentional and creative use of visual competencies, the recipient can better communicate with others. At the same time, the awareness of the participation of PR tools in media content is related to social attitudes of children and young people, especially to the consumption and market behaviours.   

OSN (Online Social Networks), and thus “traditional” social media, are characterized by a centralized architecture. Therefore, all user data is stored logically in the servers of the service provider. This leads to many cases of abuse, such as monetization of users’ data, violations of the security and privacy of individuals. The search for alternative solutions combined with the development of information technology has led to the creation of a new type of social media that distinguishes the decentralized structure. DOSN (Decentralized Online Social Networks) are created using P2P technology, a Web-based network or with a Blockchain protocol. Decentralized portals use additional encryption tools and cryptography, so they can ensure better control of users’ privacy and increase their autonomy. The aim of this article is to present DOSN as sites providing better mechanisms to protect the privacy and security of users than social media with centralized architecture.  

Making decisions about the purchase of products are often suggested by the information provided by bloggers, as well as their opinions, suggestions, or advice. Increasingly, this is done without the traditional forms of advertising. This article describes questions related to building trust to bloggers in social media and issues related to creating relations between bloggers and their recipients. The aim of the paper was to examine how bloggers become popular sellers of various products. The author tries to find answers to the following questions: What are the tools and techniques for building trust between bloggers and recipients? How the selection of the techniques is changing over time? Which of them are the most effective? To achieve the goal, two blogs were analyzed, the authors of which became sellers of selected products. The presented analysis allows to better understand how the processes of establishing relationships, building trust, and possibly influencing the shopping decisions of Internet users are observed in the Internet space.  

Some media organizations are present on stock exchanges that determine their market value. In this way, the Alphabet conglomeration created by Google and Google as the most important part of it has been valued by the New York Stock Exchange for over $500 billion. The value of Google’s brand, Millward Brown, was valued at $229 billion. Most media are, however, out-of-stock, and setting a market value is important to them because of the different transactions they are involved in. Most often they are sold but also shared, indebted, merged, etc. In these transactions, market value is important. Among the various components that make up the value of the media are the so-called intangible assets associated with the name, scale of impact, market position. The theoretical basis for measuring the market value of the media is in the area of interest mainly in media economics, as well as in law, management, marketing, accounting and finance. Four main valuation methods have been developed: cost, market, income, mixed. The most well-known in Poland are the rules for the valuation of the press titles of two scientists Tadeusz Kowalski and Jan Kania and free tools for valuing websites. The demand for valuation will be increasing, and thus the development of their scientific basis. The main research directions, followed by the expected recommendations for valuation practice, are connected with the essence of mass communication, with the changes that take place in it, with the characteristics of the various types of media.

Business ethics are more than just words used to enhance the image of a corporation; they are the very foundation of success. Business ethics should be applied at the very moment of management.
Due to humanistic management, human is always a goal of every acting. The ethics of a business have the power to help or harm people. Business ethics are important because if an enterprise lacks ethics, the employees, the customers, and everyone else involved with the company can be harmed. This article summarises the findings from a study of practicing managers: Ted Turner and Rupert Murdoch, which explored experiences of and views on decision making about actual ethical issues in organizations. The analysis covers issues such as history of Ted Turner System and News Corp. organizations, developing mission, vision and value, strategy formulation, dilemma of a profitability, ethical and social responsibility and influence and role of manager in media organization. Postulating to instill ethics into decision making, creating vision and strategy in media management seems to be very universal.
 

The paper is an analysis of the impact of human resources policy on information management in the main news broadcast of the first channel of the Polish Television. This article introduces the reader to the issue of human resources policy in the public media with the background of personal changes in the Polish Television after the change of power as a result of the parliamentary elections in 2015 and the impact of these changes on the way that political news are structured. In the empirical part, selected materials presented in Wiadomości, before and after the personnel reconstruction in Polish Television were examined. Using the Case Study as one of the basic ways of conducting qualitative research in humanistic management and the analysis of the content of audiovisual materials, the following events were analyzed: 11.01.2015 – XXIII Finale of the Wielka Orkiestra Świątecznej Pomocy; 12. and 19.12.2015 – crisis around the Constitutional Court and demonstrations of the KOD (Komitet Obrony Demokracji/the Committee for the Defence of Democracy); 13.12.2016 – manifestations of the KOD on the 35th anniversary of the impose of martial law; 15.01.2017 – XXV Finale of the Wielka Orkiestra Świątecznej Pomocy. The research conducted in an objective and free of author’s interpretation way, leaves the reader with the opportunity of an individual reflection on changes in the ways that selected materials were presented.

The aim of this study is an attempt to answer the question as to whether Facebook, the leading social networking site, is a blessing or a curse of the Internet. Apart from the literature and the author’s own knowledge, results from a study on the degree of satisfaction of respondents from the use of Facebook were also referred to.
The pros and cons of Facebook were presented. During February–May 2015 the author’s own survey on the Internet was conducted. This survey was targeted at Facebook users in Poland. Nonprobability methods: a convenient selection and then snowball sampling were used. Because the sample was not representative, it did not give rise to statistical inferences about the population of Facebook users. However, it allowed the formulation of assumptions about the trend.
Three spheres of Facebook: functionality, layout and security were evaluated. Respondents attributed the weight of the individual characteristics of each sphere, and then they assessed the degree of satisfaction from these characteristics. For this purpose, a Likert scale was used. The degree of satisfaction with the website’s services was examined by constructing a customer satisfaction index.