The article analyses the hypothetical Fourth Estate (the 4th Power) on the platform of modern, global electronic media. The entry assumption is that the engine of 4th Power is Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand (ASIH), but functioning not on the socio-economic platform, but on the platform of modern, global electronic media. This implied significant research phenomena, because two large scale processes have been spotted on this platform, which fulfil theoretical model of Invisible Hand as proposed by American philosopher Robert Nozick. The rank of success is confirmed by the fact, that nobody yet on socio-economic platform managed to point to real life symptoms of the Invisible Hand self-regulative activity. Platform of global electronic media has a much more IT nature, comparing to the economic/social platform. For this, applying the way of thinking of Nobel-awarded economist Friedrich Hayek, that the mechanism of the Invisible Hand is IT in nature, it has been assumed that it is an unconscious, chaotic, discontinuous, distributed, multi-threaded computational process, not on the platform of digital computers, but on the platform of minds of agents operating in modern media. This allowed us to propose description methodology based on GIS (Geographic Information Systems). The conclusion of the article is that the Fourth Estate inherits and manifests in very well visible way the Invisible Hand self-steering functions, on the media platform and even more. This sheds a whole new light on the problem of media management on a global scale, because state or corporate factors have to reckon with the fact that there is yet another “ruler” of great power. In addition, due to the global nature, in a situation where the Legislative, Judicial and Legislative Powers are distributed and limited to the area of countries or meta-nation structures like European Union, the Fourth Estate is on the best way to take over partial or total control over global media, as well as over local Legislative, Judicial and Executive authorities. This is to some extent confirmation of Robert Nozick hypothesis about “ultra-minimal state”.

The article contains an analysis of contextual models used for propaganda activities carried out in two state television stations – RT and CCTV, in connection with the protests in Hong Kong that have been ongoing since June 2019. The research, referred to in the text, is an analysis of the narrative created in connection with the protests on both televisions in the context relevant to the achievement of propaganda goals by broadcasters. Storytelling built a one-sided picture of events as a tool for persuasion and influence on public opinion using the existing social and political polarization. The research was carried out using the quantitative and qualitative method. The obtained conclusions are part of the research on propaganda and contemporary distribution channels to create alternative images of reality using contextual models by mass media positioning themselves as state broadcasters.

The article presents the results of empirical research regarding the use of the main nationwide television news programs by the potential of the Twitter micro-blog in terms of publicizing the election campaign to the European Parliament in 2019. The main research questions concerned the degree of interest of the editors of public television programs (“Wiadomości” TVP1) and commercial television (“Fakty” TVN) in European elections and the manner in which the campaigns of individual political entities were publicized. The results of the research allowed not only to identify and analyze the communication strategies used by the both editorial boards, but also to deduce about their degree of political bias during the campaign.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the patterns of the 45th President’s use of Twitter for promoting his political agenda. Donald J. Trump used to “tweet” often even before entering politics; in the White House it is his primary instrument of contact with the U.S. society, bypassing the established media channels. A special emphasis was put on the rhetorical characteristics of Trump’s social media communications as well as the identity-building aspect of his Twitter oratory. The research was conducted with the use of the method of quantitative content analysis. Obtained results point out to the Republican as an unconventional political player, employing the possibilities offered by new media in an original yet effective manner.

The subject of the analysis is the sphere of media economization and specifically the problem of quality in journalism. The article tries to show that quality assurance in journalism is a task not only for authors, editorial teams, media companies, it is a social issue. The aim of the article is to indicate the most important dimensions and criteria of quality and to build a theoretical interpretation of quality management adequate to the work of journalists and the functioning of media organizations. The author suggests that the crisis of responsible journalism coincided with the crisis of democracy observed in all media models. In Polish scientific discourse, the subject of quality in journalism is almost absent. This lack is not compensated by considerations devoted to professionalism, professional culture, and even more so to deontology of journalism. The presented article attempts to include the issue of quality in the economic theory of media, indicating areas in which high-quality journalistic products or services create value that increases the competitive advantage.

The two most important strategies of managing user generated content are premoderation and postmoderation. The community rating can be used as a supporting element of the postmoderation system. It has a crucial role in informational portals where the amount of readers and published comments is large, so professional moderators would have problem in finding all comments that should be deleted. In the moderation process the role of Internet users is growing – they not only comment, but also evaluate comments of other users. Here occurs a transition: from user generated content to user moderated content. The aim of presented paper is to indicate a place of the community rating in the system of postmoderation, on the example of chosen Polish informational portals.

The Audiovisual Media Services Directive, 2010/13/UE, due to development of convergence and dig­italization phenomena, has responded to the technological paradigm shift, thereby continuing the late 1980s standard of transfrontier television. The dramatic shift of all aspects of audiovisual sector which has occurred for the last decade, triggered the adoption of its revision on the 14th of Novem­ber, 2018 which creates a media framework for the 21st century. The aim of the article is to point out – within the frame of historical aspects of European media policy, including a digital single mar­ket impact – the wide spectrum of its implications, taking into consideration the dual – cultural and economic – status of audiovisual media services. Hence, the analysis of certain regulatory changes, concerning the following issues, ought to be mentioned: 1) the scope of the audiovisual media no­tion; 2) principles of jurisdiction; 3) independence of national media regulators; 4) promotion of European works; 5) requirements for audiovisual commercial communications; 6) consumer pro­tection. The presentation of the subject in the light of the regulation historical aspects allows to come to the certain conclusions regarding the political, economic, social and cultural feasible results of the mentioned changes and their impact on media organisation and management in the new audiovisual environment. Therefore, the legal approach is justified; the interpretation of the law with the sub­sidiary role of methodological trend of legal hermeneutics are applied.

The undertaken subject is up-to-date. Moreover, it is needed to be notified as the Member States are obliged to implement the directive by the 19th of September, 2020.

The article describes the essence of visual communication and the tools for its design, including the reason for addressing these issues in management sciences. The scientific poster is presented as an example of the use of visual communication presents. The results of research on critical analysis of the literature in the field of management and applied arts, including graphics and related sciences covering issues related to visual communication design, were presented. The research shows that in the literature on scientific posters there are publications which only describe the correct substantive structure, i.e. the content, and when it comes to the issues of visual communication (tools), they are very inaccurate and unreliable, or even misleading.

Risk management currently determines the probability of survival and development of enterpris­es. The main aim of this article is to attempt to map the risk profile of Polish companies in the me­dia sector listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) based on the categorization of risk fac­tors identified by them. Empirical research was carried out on a sample of 15 companies listed on this Stock Exchange. The goal of empirical research was achieved through triangulation of re­search methods and techniques. The main method used in the research procedure was content anal­ysis of source documents of the examined group of enterprises, mainly: annual reports (financial statements, management board reports), capital adequacy reports and other information published mandatory by WSE listed entities. The logical classification method and the comparative method in the closed comparison variant were also used. The main research findings indicate that the risk pro­file of the enterprises studied shows characteristics specific to the media sector that they represent.

In this paper the author has analyzed the phenomenon of investigative journalism in social media on the example of Tomasz Sekielski, which was defined by the author’s term “social media muckraking”. Muckraking, which dates back to the so-called “golden age of journalism” in the United States is one of the most ennobling terms for investigative journalism. The proposed term is the result of observing the increasingly popular practice of using social media in the work of an investigative re­porter also in the context of increasing publicity of the pedophile theme among priests, which was presented in the documentary film Do Not Tell Anyone. Therefore, social media content analysis and case study were used. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the activity of Tomasz Sekielski reflects the nature of the concept of “social media muckraking” which is one of the possibilities of practicing investigative journalism in the era of new technologies.

The proposed paper is going to be an analysis of communication management during local elections campaigns in Poland in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018. The 2002 was chosen as the starting point of the analysis because of the following facts: 1) those were the first direct local elections for mayors/municipality heads; 2) the number of council members was reduced by law all of which heralded an interesting competition. The high turnover rate of candidates for councillors across different regions of Poland in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 local government elections has been attributed in part to the volatility caused by greater media and public interest in council issues. The paper is based on: the theory analysis, qualitative and quantitative research (questionnaires), statistical analysis (questionnaires and reports) and content analysis (selected papers; radio/TV stations; web pages). Surveys were carried out in: 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018. The survey was followed at the region of Lower Silesia. In this paper there is presented detailed data from the study of Dzierżoniów county. There were chosen varied types of communes: periphery and centre of the region. The group of around 2500 respondents was analysed.

* The research was followed due to the MSCA Horizon 2020 funds.

This article outlines the results of studies analysing the activity of museums around the world during the period of limited cultural activity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of these unprecedented circumstances, virtually all activities of museums have been transferred to the digital reality of the Internet and premised on the functionalities offered by the new media. Even though the existence of relationships between museums and the media is not a new development, its intensity during the pandemic reached unprecedented levels. Furthermore, during the pandemic, there emerged new types of services offered by museums, and they will likely remain a permanent fixture of their offer. Notably, such a broadened offer significantly increases the educational potential of museums and directly relates to the demand for lifelong learning.

The aim of the study is to examine the impact of the financial crisis caused by COVID-19 on chang­es in outlooks and credit ratings of major rating agencies. The research hypothesis was as follows: the financial crisis caused by COVID-19 negatively affected the change in outlooks and credit ratings of countries. The study used long-term and short-term credit ratings and outlooks collected from the Thomson Reuters / Refinitiv database regarding liabilities expressed in foreign currency and macroeconomic data from the International Monetary Fund databases, for 2010–2021. The analysis was carried out using ordered logit panel models. The presented results showed a weak significant im­pact of the COVID-19 pandemic on credit rating. The agency that changed its notes in connection with this situation is Standard & Poor’s (S&P). However, the attitude responded to the situation un­der investigation. During the crisis, country ratings have become less sensitive to growing debt, which may be dictated by widespread loosening of fiscal policy. The rate of GDP growth has a par­ticular impact during the COVID-19 period in the event of a change of outlook. Rising inflation is particularly dangerous in the age of pandemics. It may be related to monetary policy easing.