Research on the use of new technologies in migration processes (digital migration studies) has been conducted in various contexts. One of them is communication, which – for people in mobility – remains of particular importance. The use of technology in communication can supports establishing / maintaining relationships with members of both the society of origin and the host society, becoming an element of the transnational migratory habitus. The aim of the article is to present the issues of using technology in migrant communication, taking into account the context of social migratory networks, in which, also in the virtual sphere, we can identify weak and strong ties (bridges and bonds) that constitute social migration capital. The information presented in the article refers to the results of the quantitative study carried out as part of own research in 2018 among Ukrainian students in Lublin.

The year 2015 was the apogee of the immigration crisis in the world, including Europe. In this year the number of illegal border crossings in the European Union rose to 1 822 337 in comparison with 282 962 in 2014. The decisions taken at that time on the EU forum on the implementation of the relocation and resettlement mechanism caused a sharp political dispute. This dispute gave rise to various arguments for and against the adopted solutions, including binding designed mechanisms with the issue of internal security of host countries. This article assumes that any crisis situation involves threats to the internal security of the State, and aims to identify facts and data relating to the relationship between internal security and the immigration crisis. The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany is taken as a reference. The main research questions focused on the identification of the extent and structure of threats related to the influx of undesirable people, crime, labour market integration of immigrants, the health situation and the loss of long-term control over migration processes. The method used in the study is the desk research. The analysis shows that, based on the example of the German state, the greatest threats to internal security posed by the immigration crisis concerned issues such as uncontrolled inflows of unwanted persons and crime.

Migration routes from the present Podlaskie region lead to North America and European countries, including those beyond the country’s eastern border. The text presents the most important results of the retrospective study with the inhabitants of the region who migrated internationally in the 1980s. The aim of the study was to add to the present knowledge on international migration from this area and complement its characteristics, as well as to see its results from the long-term perspective. In the study quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. The participants were the inhabitants of the Podlaskie region who in the 1980s experienced migration directly – as migrants, or indirectly – as members of migrants’ families. Results for the migrants are discussed in the text. In addition to indicating the main directions and goals of the international migration, the findings of the study allowed the author to establish that in the analyzed period 7 out of 10 respondents directly experienced international migration, and to confirm the existing assumptions about the domination of temporary over long-term migration at that time. The conclusions are also that migration of the 1980s from the Podlaskie region did not effectively translate into economic development of the region, nevertheless, the possibility of experiencing different realities in the countries beyond the western as well as the eastern Polish borders aroused in the migrants desire and readiness for change.

The article attempts at a juxtaposition of the place the Polish minority in the Vilnius region occupies at present in their co-nationals’ awareness, and the way this community used to be perceived a century ago. Due to apparent dissimilarities between these two groups and two ‘historical moments’ which result also in some methodological disequivalence, the author focuses more on these two objects’ characteristics (including social, political and cultural components) than on the results of the comparison as such. Consequently, the three fields of social life were analysed: (1) political relations between Poland and Lithuania and the way in which they used to be and are understood by Poles; (2) the ethnicity of the Poles from the Vilnius region and the level of attractiveness theyrraise of their co-nationals in Poland; (3) the borderland-like and peripheral character of this region. The considerations were based upon the results of the contemporary sociological research and the relevant literature as well as on historical records.

The article depicts the efforts by the Polish emigre in the Western world to give support to the Polish pro-democratic movement under the communist dictatorship in the 1970s and 1980s. The focus of the text is only one yet important initiative, namely, Aid Poland Fund (Fundusz Pomocy Krajowi). In 1976–1990, the London-based Fund raised more than 280 thousand British pounds – circa 850 thousand British pounds in today’s money – for a Polish opposition. The Fund was a major unit in transnational advocacy networks to foster a democratic transition in Poland before 1989. The scholarship draws from the Cold War historiography that emphasize the actions undertaken to unify the European continent. The author heavily stresses the role of the Fund’s intermediaries on the way to Poland but also places them in the larger context of international politics.

Algerian-based Sahrawi refugee camps were established 46 years ago. From that moment, Sahrawis have continuously migrated within organized mobility projects and individually. The aim of the article is to describe this migration as well as critically analyse the state of research. On the basis of a literature review, I have identified both research gaps and some methodological and analytical tendencies: a lack of reliable statistical data, a focus on easily accessible locations and certain groups of migrants, the problem of relating contemporary migration to nomadic traditions, ahistoricism and a lack of processualism in the description of Sahrawi migration, the problematical question of gender in migration processes and the agency of migrants within refugee regimes. Overall, the article introduces the question of Sahrawi migration within a protracted refugee situation and raises questions for further research.

The article shows how to fill the gap consisting in the lack of research on the attitudes of academic lecturers (other than language instructors), native speakers of the Polish language, towards mistakes made by students for whom Polish is not their mother tongue. The theoretical background is: (1) research conducted in English-language literature within the paradigm of “English as a lingua franca” – in particular with regard to higher education and its internationalization – which problematize the legitimacy of recognizing language patterns used by native speakers as the only or the most important criterion of linguistic competence; (2) the semi-peripheral nature of the higher education system in Poland. Polish academics, as authors of scientific texts, can become beneficiaries of approaches that deviate from orthodoxy regarding the English language in the case of publications in international (usually Anglo-Saxon) journals. Working in a semi-peripheral system, attracting more and more students from abroad (mainly from Ukraine), however, puts them in a different role: an oracle of linguistic correctness in accordance with the standards of academic Polish. The article considers possible scenarios for negotiating these two identities.

The paper aims to present the challenges in the form of practical directions and results of activities undertaken by diplomats serving at the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro as an institution representing the Second Polish Republic’s interests in the largest country in South America.

The article analyses selected archival materials collected in the Archive of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America and available literature. The documents used are in Polish. Some documents were translated from Portuguese.

It was shown that the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro contributed to the strengthening of diplomatic relations between Poland and Brazil in the 1920s. The results of the institution’s activities included consolidating the foundations of economic cooperation between the two countries, including the support of the Brazilian Polish community. Moreover, activities in the field of press inspiration in the host country were carried out.

The proposed analysis of settlement practices is to contribute to the current research on recent international migration. It takes into account the role of important groups that are culturally, ethnically and religiously close to migrants, which itself is innovative and the research will be carried out in locations which, due to their “tradition” of ethnic diversity and the process of “unfinished” urbanization, provide a unique social background for the analysis of factors that may influence the processes of settlement, including: the creation of social anchors, adaptation strategies, integration processes and identity transformations.

The category of “intermediary groups” plays a key role in this project. We are interested in its impact on settlement processes and its theoretical relationship with other concepts used in this proposal. Moreover, we believe that research material collected in the field study will provide us with data that will allow us to construct a typology of settlement practices. We intend to find out whether the category of “intermediary group” is a factor helping us to explain settlement strategies and the development of other important processes related to the phenomenon of migration.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the migration of Spaniards to Poland, a new and poorly researched phenomenon. Unexpectedly, the Spaniards became the third largest group of foreigners from the European Union living in Poland, which was the reason for conducting in-depth interviews with its representatives. Particularly important was the issue of motivation to choose this very destination of migration, as well as the role of the respondents’ earlier perceptions of Poland and Poles in making this decision. The process of updating these perceptions while staying in a new cultural environment was also analyzed, thus adopting the perspective appropriate to the study of intercultural communication. The study showed that Spaniards migrating to Poland are young people with higher education who decide to change their country of residence in order to find a stable job (a goal that in Spain appears almost unattainable to them). The decision-making process to move to a country that can offer attractive opportunities on the labor market is accompanied by numerous negative components of the image of Poland in Spain (including poverty, underdevelopment), which are gradually updated during a stay in a new country.

Purpose: This article aims to present a publishing and bookselling work of Karol Królikowski, one of the polish refugees who came to France after November Uprising. This immigrant was running a Catholic Book Shop in Paris in 1844–1871. The Catholic Book Shop was then called Polish Book Shop.
Design/methodology/approach: The article was written based on the Karol Królikowski correspondence, which was found at foreign libraries and archives. Some more information was also retrieved from refugee’s press, book shops’ catalogues and academic paper.
Findings: Our research discovered that the book selling offer of Królikowski’s book shop, which was initially small, grown into hundreds of book titles, press and journalistic work. The offer was constantly growing because of close contacts with booksellers from Poznań, Krakow, Paris, Berlin, Wrocław, Lipsk. Królikowki published religious literature and work of polish immigrant poets (Adam Mickiewicz, Zygmunt Krasiński and others) and political journalism. It is difficult to work out the exact number of books published at Polish Bookshop but it is very likely that it was more than 100 titles. This institution was a meeting place for Polish immigrants at French capital.

Research on the use of new technologies in migration processes (digital migration studies) has been conducted in various contexts. One of them is communication, which – for people in mobility – remains of particular importance. The use of technology in communication can supports establishing / maintaining relationships with members of both the society of origin and the host society, becoming an element of the transnational migratory habitus. The aim of the article is to present the issues of using technology in migrant communication, taking into account the context of social migratory networks, in which, also in the virtual sphere, we can identify weak and strong ties (bridges and bonds) that constitute social migration capital. The information presented in the article refers to the results of the quantitative study carried out as part of own research in 2018 among Ukrainian students in Lublin.

The year 2015 was the apogee of the immigration crisis in the world, including Europe. In this year the number of illegal border crossings in the European Union rose to 1 822 337 in comparison with 282 962 in 2014. The decisions taken at that time on the EU forum on the implementation of the relocation and resettlement mechanism caused a sharp political dispute. This dispute gave rise to various arguments for and against the adopted solutions, including binding designed mechanisms with the issue of internal security of host countries. This article assumes that any crisis situation involves threats to the internal security of the State, and aims to identify facts and data relating to the relationship between internal security and the immigration crisis. The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany is taken as a reference. The main research questions focused on the identification of the extent and structure of threats related to the influx of undesirable people, crime, labour market integration of immigrants, the health situation and the loss of long-term control over migration processes. The method used in the study is the desk research. The analysis shows that, based on the example of the German state, the greatest threats to internal security posed by the immigration crisis concerned issues such as uncontrolled inflows of unwanted persons and crime.

Migration routes from the present Podlaskie region lead to North America and European countries, including those beyond the country’s eastern border. The text presents the most important results of the retrospective study with the inhabitants of the region who migrated internationally in the 1980s. The aim of the study was to add to the present knowledge on international migration from this area and complement its characteristics, as well as to see its results from the long-term perspective. In the study quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. The participants were the inhabitants of the Podlaskie region who in the 1980s experienced migration directly – as migrants, or indirectly – as members of migrants’ families. Results for the migrants are discussed in the text. In addition to indicating the main directions and goals of the international migration, the findings of the study allowed the author to establish that in the analyzed period 7 out of 10 respondents directly experienced international migration, and to confirm the existing assumptions about the domination of temporary over long-term migration at that time. The conclusions are also that migration of the 1980s from the Podlaskie region did not effectively translate into economic development of the region, nevertheless, the possibility of experiencing different realities in the countries beyond the western as well as the eastern Polish borders aroused in the migrants desire and readiness for change.

The article attempts at a juxtaposition of the place the Polish minority in the Vilnius region occupies at present in their co-nationals’ awareness, and the way this community used to be perceived a century ago. Due to apparent dissimilarities between these two groups and two ‘historical moments’ which result also in some methodological disequivalence, the author focuses more on these two objects’ characteristics (including social, political and cultural components) than on the results of the comparison as such. Consequently, the three fields of social life were analysed: (1) political relations between Poland and Lithuania and the way in which they used to be and are understood by Poles; (2) the ethnicity of the Poles from the Vilnius region and the level of attractiveness theyrraise of their co-nationals in Poland; (3) the borderland-like and peripheral character of this region. The considerations were based upon the results of the contemporary sociological research and the relevant literature as well as on historical records.

The article depicts the efforts by the Polish emigre in the Western world to give support to the Polish pro-democratic movement under the communist dictatorship in the 1970s and 1980s. The focus of the text is only one yet important initiative, namely, Aid Poland Fund (Fundusz Pomocy Krajowi). In 1976–1990, the London-based Fund raised more than 280 thousand British pounds – circa 850 thousand British pounds in today’s money – for a Polish opposition. The Fund was a major unit in transnational advocacy networks to foster a democratic transition in Poland before 1989. The scholarship draws from the Cold War historiography that emphasize the actions undertaken to unify the European continent. The author heavily stresses the role of the Fund’s intermediaries on the way to Poland but also places them in the larger context of international politics.

Algerian-based Sahrawi refugee camps were established 46 years ago. From that moment, Sahrawis have continuously migrated within organized mobility projects and individually. The aim of the article is to describe this migration as well as critically analyse the state of research. On the basis of a literature review, I have identified both research gaps and some methodological and analytical tendencies: a lack of reliable statistical data, a focus on easily accessible locations and certain groups of migrants, the problem of relating contemporary migration to nomadic traditions, ahistoricism and a lack of processualism in the description of Sahrawi migration, the problematical question of gender in migration processes and the agency of migrants within refugee regimes. Overall, the article introduces the question of Sahrawi migration within a protracted refugee situation and raises questions for further research.

The article shows how to fill the gap consisting in the lack of research on the attitudes of academic lecturers (other than language instructors), native speakers of the Polish language, towards mistakes made by students for whom Polish is not their mother tongue. The theoretical background is: (1) research conducted in English-language literature within the paradigm of “English as a lingua franca” – in particular with regard to higher education and its internationalization – which problematize the legitimacy of recognizing language patterns used by native speakers as the only or the most important criterion of linguistic competence; (2) the semi-peripheral nature of the higher education system in Poland. Polish academics, as authors of scientific texts, can become beneficiaries of approaches that deviate from orthodoxy regarding the English language in the case of publications in international (usually Anglo-Saxon) journals. Working in a semi-peripheral system, attracting more and more students from abroad (mainly from Ukraine), however, puts them in a different role: an oracle of linguistic correctness in accordance with the standards of academic Polish. The article considers possible scenarios for negotiating these two identities.

The paper aims to present the challenges in the form of practical directions and results of activities undertaken by diplomats serving at the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro as an institution representing the Second Polish Republic’s interests in the largest country in South America.

The article analyses selected archival materials collected in the Archive of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America and available literature. The documents used are in Polish. Some documents were translated from Portuguese.

It was shown that the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro contributed to the strengthening of diplomatic relations between Poland and Brazil in the 1920s. The results of the institution’s activities included consolidating the foundations of economic cooperation between the two countries, including the support of the Brazilian Polish community. Moreover, activities in the field of press inspiration in the host country were carried out.

The proposed analysis of settlement practices is to contribute to the current research on recent international migration. It takes into account the role of important groups that are culturally, ethnically and religiously close to migrants, which itself is innovative and the research will be carried out in locations which, due to their “tradition” of ethnic diversity and the process of “unfinished” urbanization, provide a unique social background for the analysis of factors that may influence the processes of settlement, including: the creation of social anchors, adaptation strategies, integration processes and identity transformations.

The category of “intermediary groups” plays a key role in this project. We are interested in its impact on settlement processes and its theoretical relationship with other concepts used in this proposal. Moreover, we believe that research material collected in the field study will provide us with data that will allow us to construct a typology of settlement practices. We intend to find out whether the category of “intermediary group” is a factor helping us to explain settlement strategies and the development of other important processes related to the phenomenon of migration.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the migration of Spaniards to Poland, a new and poorly researched phenomenon. Unexpectedly, the Spaniards became the third largest group of foreigners from the European Union living in Poland, which was the reason for conducting in-depth interviews with its representatives. Particularly important was the issue of motivation to choose this very destination of migration, as well as the role of the respondents’ earlier perceptions of Poland and Poles in making this decision. The process of updating these perceptions while staying in a new cultural environment was also analyzed, thus adopting the perspective appropriate to the study of intercultural communication. The study showed that Spaniards migrating to Poland are young people with higher education who decide to change their country of residence in order to find a stable job (a goal that in Spain appears almost unattainable to them). The decision-making process to move to a country that can offer attractive opportunities on the labor market is accompanied by numerous negative components of the image of Poland in Spain (including poverty, underdevelopment), which are gradually updated during a stay in a new country.

Purpose: This article aims to present a publishing and bookselling work of Karol Królikowski, one of the polish refugees who came to France after November Uprising. This immigrant was running a Catholic Book Shop in Paris in 1844–1871. The Catholic Book Shop was then called Polish Book Shop.
Design/methodology/approach: The article was written based on the Karol Królikowski correspondence, which was found at foreign libraries and archives. Some more information was also retrieved from refugee’s press, book shops’ catalogues and academic paper.
Findings: Our research discovered that the book selling offer of Królikowski’s book shop, which was initially small, grown into hundreds of book titles, press and journalistic work. The offer was constantly growing because of close contacts with booksellers from Poznań, Krakow, Paris, Berlin, Wrocław, Lipsk. Królikowki published religious literature and work of polish immigrant poets (Adam Mickiewicz, Zygmunt Krasiński and others) and political journalism. It is difficult to work out the exact number of books published at Polish Bookshop but it is very likely that it was more than 100 titles. This institution was a meeting place for Polish immigrants at French capital.