The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the employment costs and advantages of employing a foreign labour force. The analysis was made based on the dual labour market theory, whereas employers were divided into employers of foreigners in occupations from the primary and secondary labour market.
The analysis was based on 263 semi-structured interviews with employers from the Opolskie Voivodeship (Poland). The respondents were contacted in several ways. Firstly, the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) and then PAPI (Paper & Pen Personal Interview) methods were used. The study showed that there is a significant statistical relationship between the labour market segment in which an employer hires a foreign employee, and the advantages gained by the employer.
On the other hand, the study demonstrated no statistical relations between the labour market segment and the barriers for employing foreigners and their evaluation made by employers.

Due to the fact that highly skilled immigrants are considered to be a source of valuable know-how and knowledge diffusion, the paper focuses on the benefits of international mobility of inventors from the perspective of innovation in the Polish economy, which is measured by the number of inventions. Based on the analysis of international patent applications, it was found that 12% of Poland’s inventive product from 2004–2018 were technical solutions created by foreigners, mainly German citizens, followed by citizens France and the United States of America.

The article aims to analyze children’s literature about refugees that has been published in the Polish market between 2015 and 2018 by using critical discourse analysis. The analysis of eleven publications for younger children focuses on the leading topoi, representations of refugees and discursive formations that appear in the books. Thanks to CDA, it was possible to discover an attitude which had not been directly articulated in the pro-refugee discourse based on the stereotypization of refugees (the figure of a poor refugee), asymmetry of relations or neo-colonialism and rooted in the discourse of “solidarity and compassion” or the discourse of “trouble-free multiculturalism”. The analysis also allowed us to establish the relationship between pro-refugee discourse and anti-refugee one. The analyzed books were all created after the so-called refugee crisis, and as such are interventionist and refer to hate speech since so they contest the anti-refugee discourse.

The article entitled ‘The development of the European Union in the areas of migration, visa and asylum after 2015. Priorities, effects, perspectives’ is a contribution to the public discourse on one of the biggest problems and challenges facing the European Union in the 21st century from a political, economic and social perspective. The (un)controlled influx of refugees to Europe after 2015, which is the result of political destabilization and the unstable socio-economic situation in the region of North Africa and the Middle East, clearly indicates that during the ‘test’, the existing refugee protection system in the European Union did not pass the ‘exam’. In connection with the above, attempts to modify it have been made at the EU level. This article is a presentation of individual solutions (‘Fortress Europe’, ‘Open Door Policy’, ‘Sluice’), as well as an analysis and evaluation of the possibilities of their implementation in the current difficult crisis conditions.

The paper analyzes how the foreign-born employees of universities and research institutions located in Poland and Slovakia benefit from the cultural offer and infrastructure of the cities, where they work. A study, based on individual in-depth interviews (IDI), has discovered four recurring patterns of interaction with urban culture. Based on the subjective reconstruction of the participants’ beliefs expressed in their narratives, two active styles and two passive styles can be distinguished. The active are: “the admiration of a European city”, typical for academics arriving from North America as well as “diaspora life”. The passive are: “instrumental contact with the city”, typical for commuters from neighboring countries states only for work and “fleeting contacts” with basic institutions available in the city due to lack of time, characteristic of academic work that often affects work-life balance.

In the second decade of the 21st century the Stare Juchy municipality is undergoing two parallel processes with respect to spatial mobility: migration abroad, and migration of settlers to Juchy. Those who until now inhabited the locality are leaving for the cities or abroad, mainly to Iceland; at the same time, properties in the region are being acquired by people originating from big cities who have chosen to relocate here, either temporarily or permanently. Both forms of mobility take place on a relatively large scale, in comparison with other parts of the region, leading to significant social and spatial polarization. Two different rural communities take shape, with members differing in habitus and possession of economic, social and cultural capital.
In the article I present the results of a study carried out in 2016–17 on migration processes in the Stare Juchy municipality. The study shows that emigrants and return emigrants are not agents of change in the municipality, while the new residents play an increasingly important role, by investing in local tourism, centers of therapy, initiating a variety of social activities and performing as leaders of civic projects.

One of the main indicators determining the degree of the internationalization of universities in the EU is the number of foreign students. Polish universities, after joining the European community and signing the Bologna Declaration, faced new challenges related to many aspects connected to the admission of new students from different countries, e.g. extension of the educational offer, integration problems. Statistics show that, since 2004, the intensity of educational migrations to Poland has been increasing.
The main purpose of the article is to answer the question of what prompts foreign students to choose Lublin as a place of study. The article consists of three parts in which statistical data on internationalization in Poland (1) and Lublin (2) are presented. The main part of the article (3) presents the presentation of selected results of research conducted as part of the project of the European Eastern University (EEU). The article discusses the most important issues (student opinions) regarding: educational plans; student opinions about the university in Lublin; opinions of Lublin foreign students from the Eastern Partnership Countries about the city of Lublin.
Research carried out among potential students from the Eastern Partnership Countries and young people from the Eastern border already studying in Lublin give a wide spectrum of views on the issue of educational migration to Poland. The analysis of selected opinions of students from the Eastern Partnership countries allows to answer the question of why they chose Lublin as a place of study from among many academic cities in Poland.

The aim of the article is to present a picture of the Polish Diaspora in Harbian which emerges from the Polish press. For the end dates, the year 1931 was chosen – the beginning of annexation of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army, and the end date was the year 1937 – The beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The main sources are the three most important Polish newspapers: published by the association “Gospoda Polska” [Polish Inn] – “Listy Harbińskie” [Letters from Harbin] “Daleki Wschód” [Far East] and edited by Polish, Catholic clerics: “Tygodnik Polski” [Polish Weekly]. The supplementary source is issued in Warsaw: “Kwartalnik Wschód” [Quarterly East], which is closely linked to the first two titles.
In writing about the activities of the local Polish community in Harbin, the Polish press mostly focused on such aspects as: educational and cultural activities, in the case of the “Listy harbińskie”, “Daleki Wschód” and “Kwartalnik Wschód” and religious-cultural issues, in the case of “Tygodnik Polski”. All numbers devoted a considerable amount of space to the charitable activities of the local Polonia. From reading the sources, we can also deduce that both patriotism and piety were important for the members of Harbińska Polonia, as well as openness to other cultures.
However, the press lacks direct mention of the repressions which could have touched the members of the Polish community in Harbin by the occupying authorities of the city.