Traditionally, research on migration studied one-directional flows of people occurring between the country of origin and a single destination country. Few studies go beyond this framework, mainly due to limited access to data. The aim of this article is a broader analysis of multiple migration, i.e. migration sequences, returns and re-emigrations, in particular to next destination countries. This is made possible thanks to the National Polish Bank survey of Polish migrants residing in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Ireland and Germany in 2016. Analysing the results of this survey, we estimate that multiple migrants constitute around 11 % of all Polish migrants. We analyse the profile of Polish multiple migrants, as opposed to other migrants, and we compare the profile of multiple migrants in various countries. We find some similarities in the profiles of multiple migrants in the four countries, however this is not a homogeneous group, probably due to various selection mechanisms operating for the destination countries involved. In addition, we describe the destinations for multiple migrations of Poles and we point to the dominant role of the European Union Member States as destinations.

The aim of the text is to reflect on the absence in Polish migration studies of research on the emigration of members of national / ethnic minorities from Poland in the 1980s, on the example of Ukrainians. The author presents the causes and course of emigration of Polish citizens of Ukrainian nationality in the last decade of the Polish People’s Republic, highlighting the consequences of this migration for the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada, the Ukrainian national minority in Poland and for the migrants themselves. The author undertakes a discussion with literature which defines Polish emigrants of the 1980s to Canada and Western Europe as “Polish emigrants”, pointing out the differences between migration motivations and adaptation strategies of Polish and Ukrainian migrants in the 1980s. The article also discusses the attitudes of Ukrainian emigrants towards the country of origin, the impact of their minority condition in the People’s Republic of Poland on their new identity in their host country as well as lifestyle choices.

This article performs a cross-national analysis of the causes of refugee-related threat perception. We examine the hypotheses that the number of terrorist attacks by Muslim extremists should negatively coincide with positive attitudes toward refugees in a country. Secondly, we assess the relationship between the number of suspects arrested in relation to Muslim terrorist attacks and prejudicial attitudes toward refugees in a host country. In order to answer these hypotheses, we adopted a quantitative approach. Using data from the Pew Research Center Survey of 2016 we analyze the relationship between the number of terrorist attacks and arrests of Muslim extremists and their impact on the perception of the population in ten European countries. The findings suggest that there is no correlation between the number of terrorist attacks, arrests of Muslim extremists and prejudicial attitudes toward refugees. Among countries which experienced most fundamentalist Muslims attacks, the portrait of people sharing the stereotype is more nuanced. Political convictions were found to be the strongest and most common significant predictor, while age, gender and religiosity were significant in some countries only.

The 2015 refugee crisis – as the mass influx of migrants from the Middle East is commonly dubbed – tested the European Union’s ability to react to large-scale humanitarian emergencies. Apart from various organizational, social and political changes that the 2015 refugee crisis has brought to the European Union, it has also marked the growing role of information and communication technology (ICT) in the EU’s asylum and migration policies. Drawing from the critical perspective of international relations and such concepts as securitization of migration, the paper aims to analyse the engagement of ICT by EU institutions and individual Member States during the refugee crisis in 2015.

The paper presents the conceptual and methodological assumptions (research strategies) regarding the project “Space organisation in Polish detention centres for foreigners”. This pioneer research project studies detention centres as a total institution, which so far was outside the area of academic interest. An interdisciplinary, one-year group research project in all six guarded centres for foreigners in Poland involved an original, eclectic concept of studying the organisational culture of total institutions. This concept referred to various theoretical inspirations, such as proxemics, kinesics, symbolic interactionism, morphogenesis theory, the model of patron-client relations, the concept of morality economics, etc.

Foreigners face certain barriers in accessing medical care, though international medical students are in many aspects privileged in this field. The aim of this study is to explore whether these students are facing problems in accessing healthcare. An original survey questionnaire was prepared and distributed online and on paper among students. In total 138 questionnaires were filled out. The results were analyzed using statistical methods. The main barriers faced by students are the lack of knowledge about the healthcare system and language problems. The study shows there is a need to start working on institutional solutions to provide information about access to healthcare and to overcome language barriers in healthcare institutions. 

This article presents the results of a pilot study on Polish migrants’ relations with the Norwegian health services. The study was qualitative in nature – 20 partially structured interviews were conducted with Poles living in Norway for more than two years who had contact with the Norwegian healthcare system. The aim of the study was to identify potential problems arising in the contact of Polish migrants with the Norwegian healthcare provider. The interview questionnaire, built on the basis of the Interview of Cultural Formation (DSM V), was focused on obtaining as rich data as possible in order to identify other factors hindering the use of healthcare than the bilateral deficit of language competence, which was indicated mainly in previous studies. In light of the respondents’ answers, the Norwegian health service received mixed reviews: about as many people were satisfied with its functioning as those who were not. In this study, the issue of trust came to the fore of the interpretation – Polish patients trust a doctor if they meet their cultural expectations (e.g. prescribe an antibiotic or other strong agent, what they would expect from doctors in Poland), a phenomenon we name “conditional trust”. Respondents also mentioned problems in obtaining a referral/accessing specialist doctors in Norway as compared to Poland, which may reflect differences in the system of organization of healthcare. In Norway, GPs have more responsibilities that require competences than in Poland, where a GP is a person referring patients for tests to a specialist if a medical problem arises that s/he cannot solve. Therefore the article is an introduction to research that should be conducted in the future on the relations of Polish migrants with foreign health care systems. The qualitative method used has enabled the presentation of the diverse attitudes of people most interested in the practical applications of conclusions, namely Poles permanently residing in Norway.

Since the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014 and political and economic crisis caused by that situation, Poland has remained the main direction of Ukrainian citizens’ migration (OECD 2018, Jaroszewicz 2018). New immigrants arrive with varied linguistic, legal and social preparation (NBP 2018). Meanwhile, studies of the relationship between the intangible capital of citizens and the development of the economy clearly show the significant role of social and cultural capital in building a steadily developing economy (Czapiński 2008). The work presents the results of research conducted in 2019 on the needs of Ukrainian migrants seeking employment in Poland. An analysis of the content of Ukrainians’ posts on social network platform Facebook and partially structured, in-depth expert interviews have resulted in the construction of a set of five categories of information that immigrants are looking for on the Internet (legal provision and documents, work, place of residence and accommodation, access to services as well as leisure and leisure activities). The study has also identified social media as an important tool of reducing the social capital deficit affecting migrants in the host country.

Public opinion polls in Poland prove that Poles have a reluctant attitude towards Ukrainians. However, these data do not show how these attitudes differentiate according to the respondent’s gender. Official data on mixed marriages indicate that Polish men more often get married to Ukrainians than to other foreigners. It can therefore be assumed that the sex of immigrants is a significant variable affecting the attitude towards foreigners.

Considering the significant influence of the media on shaping attitudes towards immigrants and reproducing ethno-stereotypes, we should look more closely at the representation of women immigrants from Ukraine created and maintained in the public discourse. It can be assumed that the image of women represents the male point of view, treating female migrants as sexual objects and caregivers. Other variables are also important (eg. age, level of education) which form an intersectional image.

The research is focused on the way in which female Ukrainian immigrants are linguistically represented in selected periodicals in 2007 and 2018. The time intervals will allow us to examine the stability of the discourse. Two methods of analyses are applied: content analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). In the final part of the article, I will compare the representation of Polish migrants (based on studies already published) and migrants from Ukraine in the Polish press.

The field of Intercultural Communication has attracted attention of specialists from various disciplines, including such distant fields of research as linguistics and international business studies. Most authors, however, focus on the scope of knowledge and skills in terms of learning objectives. Students’ own perspectives and various conceptions they construct with ascribed meanings, as well as the “architecture” of their learning process remain under-researched. This study provides an example of a replicable analysis of the Intercultural Communication learning process, based on subjects’ perspectives. Most participants of this study are first- and second-generation immigrants. Serious issues present in a multicultural setting based on the perception of the “Other” emerged, with implications for communication, collaboration and potential conflict. Two main transformation patterns were identified in the intercultural learning process, conditioned by mono- and multiculturalism. This study reveals a range within the self-conception transition framework, as well as the deep ontological aspect of the phenomenon. The findings extrapolated into a wider context should contribute to a more conflict-free environment in multicultural societies in general. The phenomenographic approach, variation theory and the threshold concept were applied to explore the semantics, the syntax of the learning process and the critical aspects of the transformative learning experience.

The article presents the impact of World War I on Polish immigrants in Canada, the position of the Polish ethnic group in this country and the efforts of persons of Polish descent in regard to recruitment for the Polish Army in North America. Poles, who were subjects of Germany or the Austro-Hungarian Empire were treated as enemy aliens. Those people were forced to register and report to the police on a regular basis and some of them were interned in labour camps during the war. Some were released from the camps after an intervention of Polish organizations and priests. Soldiers of Polish descent, volunteers and recruits also fought in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces in Europe. Over 20,000 Polish volunteers from the US (including over 200 from Canada) enrolled in a training camp formed in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario on the border with the US. The problems with the organization and functioning of the camp, and opinions on Polish volunteers shaped the attitude of many Canadians towards the Polish diaspora and the newly established Polish state.

This paper presents the case of biculturality (Polish – Christian and Ottoman – Muslim) of Konstanty Borzęcki (1826–1876), a Polish emigrant who fled to Europe after the Greater Poland Uprising in 1848,and who converted to Islam and changed his name to Mustapha Djelaleddin Pasha ( Tur. Mustafa Celâlettin Paşa). He passed to the history of Turkish culture through his theory on the European origins of Turks. His ideological and personal formation of a Polish hero creating Turkish vision of the nation had been influenced by the accumulation of such circumstances as: experience of life in a Polish yeoman agricultural family, theological seminary, disappointment due to the failure of the uprising, leaving the country, conversion to Islam, active role in the Ottoman Army, activities as a journalist and writer on the ideology of the awaking of the Turkish nation. His idea evolved in the activities of his descendants and other activists who were inspired by his work Les Turcs Anciens et Modernes (1869). His theory of Turo-arianism became the fundaments of cultural reforms, especially the change of the alphabet (from Arabic into Latin) of the new Turkish Republic (1928). This research also proposes to break with anachronic terminology like “turning Turk”, in exchange for a term borrowed from Western European publications like “go between” or “cultural broker”. The text also touches the sensitive side of bicultural formation like “weak ties” with the Christian community before his apostasy and with the new Muslim one. Borzecki is presented as a person struggling with double exclusion, in line with the sociological theory of Mark Granovetter defined as weak ties.

Emilia Fiszer (1885–1949) came from a family of booksellers from Łodź. At first, her scientific career was focused primarily on mathematics, natural sciences and philosophy (she obtained a PhD at the Paris-Sorbonne University). However, with time Emilia Fiszer returned to her family book traditions. In the 1930s, she became permanently associated with The Historical and Literary Society and The Polish Library in Paris, where for many years she was the curator of that institution. The purpose of the article is to present the profile of this unknown philosopher and curator.

The article presents the political activity of Polish diaspora in independent Ukraine. It shows the forms of this activity and its results, referring to examples of selected representatives of the Polish minority. The text also highlights the attempt to create an independent political movement of Poles on the Dnieper, as well as the history of activities of the independent Polish political party on the Dnieper River.