Beliefs on Refugees as a Terrorist Threat. The Social Determinants of Refugee-related Stereotypes
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEChoose format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEBeliefs on Refugees as a Terrorist Threat. The Social Determinants of Refugee-related Stereotypes
Publication date: 07.08.2020
Migration Studies – Review of Polish Diaspora, 2020 (XLVI), Vol. 2 (176), pp. 53 - 70
https://doi.org/10.4467/25444972SMPP.20.011.12327Authors
Beliefs on Refugees as a Terrorist Threat. The Social Determinants of Refugee-related Stereotypes
This article performs a cross-national analysis of the causes of refugee-related threat perception. We examine the hypotheses that the number of terrorist attacks by Muslim extremists should negatively coincide with positive attitudes toward refugees in a country. Secondly, we assess the relationship between the number of suspects arrested in relation to Muslim terrorist attacks and prejudicial attitudes toward refugees in a host country. In order to answer these hypotheses, we adopted a quantitative approach. Using data from the Pew Research Center Survey of 2016 we analyze the relationship between the number of terrorist attacks and arrests of Muslim extremists and their impact on the perception of the population in ten European countries. The findings suggest that there is no correlation between the number of terrorist attacks, arrests of Muslim extremists and prejudicial attitudes toward refugees. Among countries which experienced most fundamentalist Muslims attacks, the portrait of people sharing the stereotype is more nuanced. Political convictions were found to be the strongest and most common significant predictor, while age, gender and religiosity were significant in some countries only.
BBC News. Paris attacks: Who were the attackers? 27 April 2016. Available from http://www.bbc. com/news/world-europe-34832512.
Bieńkowski, Maciek, and Aleksandra Świderska. 2017. Postawy wobec imigrantów i uchodźców: Panel Badań Społecznych, Centrum Badań nad Uprzedzeniami: Warsaw.
Blalock, Hubert M. 2014. “Causal Inferences, Closed Populations, and Measures of Association.” American Political Science Review no. 61 (1):130–136. doi: 10.2307/1953880.
Blumer, Herbert. 1958. “Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position.” Pacific Sociological Review no. 1 (1):3–7. doi: 10.2307/1388607.
Böhmelt, Tobias, Vincenzo Bove, and Enzo Nussio. 2019. “Can Terrorism Abroad Influence Migration Attitudes at Home?” American Journal of Political Science.
Boomgaarden, Hajo G., and Claes H. de Vreese. 2007. “Dramatic real-world events and public opinion dynamics: Media coverage and its impact on public reactions to an assassination.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research no. 19 (3):354–366. doi: 10.1093/ijpor/ edm012.
Brown, Aaron. ‘Just wait…’ Islamic State reveals it has smuggled THOUSANDS of extremists into Europe November 18, 2015. Available from https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/555434/ Islamic-State-ISIS-Smuggler-THOUSANDS-Extremists-into-Europe-Refugees.
Choi, Seung-Whan, and Idean Salehyan. 2013. “No Good Deed Goes Unpunished: Refugees, Humanitarian Aid, and Terrorism.” Conflict Management and Peace Science no. 30 (1):53–75. doi: 10.1177/0738894212456951.
Colombo, Monica. 2018. “The Representation of the “European Refugee Crisis” in Italy: Domopolitics, Securitization, and Humanitarian Communication in Political and Media Discourses.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies no. 16 (1–2):161–178. doi: 10.1080/15562948. 2017.1317896.
Cowling, Misha Mei, Joel R Anderson, and Rose Ferguson. 2019. “Prejudice-relevant Correlates of Attitudes toward Refugees: A Meta-analysis.” Journal of Refugee Studies. doi: 10.1093/jrs/ fey062.
Cruz, Erik, Stewart J D’Alessio, and Lisa Stolzenberg. 2019. “Decisions made in terror: Testing the relationship between terrorism and immigration.” Migration Studies. doi: 10.1093/migration/mnz014.
Dixon, Jeffrey C. 2006. “The Ties That Bind and Those That Don’t: Toward Reconciling Group Threat and Contact Theories of Prejudice.” Social Forces no. 84 (4):2179–2204.
Dixon, Jeffrey C., and Michael S. Rosenbaum. 2004. “Nice to Know You? Testing Contact, Cultural, and Group Threat Theories of Anti-Black and Anti-Hispanic Stereotypes*.” Social Science Quarterly no. 85 (2):257–280. doi: doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502003.x.
Finseraas, Henning, Niklas Jakobsson, and Andreas Kotsadam. 2011. “Did the Murder of Theo van Gogh Change Europeans’ Immigration Policy Preferences?” Kyklos no. 64 (3):396–409. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.2011.00512.x.
Finseraas, Henning, and Ola Listhaug. 2013. “It can happen here: the impact of the Mumbai terror attacks on public opinion in Western Europe.” Public Choice no. 156 (1/2):213–228.
Fox, Cybelle. 2004. “The Changing Color of Welfare? How Whites’ Attitudes toward Latinos Influence Support for Welfare.” American Journal of Sociology no. 110 (3):580–625.
Fuller, Richard C., and Richard R. Myers. 1941. “The Natural History of a Social Problem.” American Sociological Review no. 6 (3):320–329. doi: 10.2307/2086189.
Gisjberts, Merove, Peer Scheepers, and Marcel Coenders, eds. 2017. Exclusion of Legal Migrants in Western Europe. Edited by M. Gijsberts and L. Hagendoorn, Nationalism and Exclusion of Migrants: Cross-National Comparisons. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Goździak, Elżbieta M., and Péter Márton. 2018. “Where the Wild Things Are: Fear of Islam and the Anti-Refugee Rhetoric in Hungary and in Poland.” Central and Eastern European Migration Review no. 7:125, p. 151
Gusfield, Joseph R. 1989. “Constructing the Ownership of Social Problems: Fun and Profit in the Welfare State.” Social Problems no. 36 (5):431–441. doi: 10.2307/3096810.
Hansen, Karolina, and Maksymilian Kropinski. 2016. Jakie skojarzenia ze słowem „uchodźca” mają Polacy? Centrum Badań nad Uprzedzeniami: Warsaw.
Hellwig, Timothy, and Abdulkader Sinno. 2017. “Different groups, different threats: public atti-tudes toward immigrants.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies no. 43 (3):339–358. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2016.1202749.
Hitlan, Robert T., Kimberly Carrillo, Michael A. Zárate, and Shelley N. Aikman. 2007. “Attitudes Toward Immigrant Groups and the September 11 Terrorist Attacks.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology no. 13 (2):135–152. doi: 10.1080/10781910701270970.
Hjerm, Mikael. 2007. “Do Numbers Really Count? Group Threat Theory Revisited.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies no. 33 (8):1253–1275. doi: 10.1080/13691830701614056.
IPSOS. 2019. Global study shows many around the world uncomfortable with levels of immigration. 2016 [cited August 17 2019]. Available from https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/global-study-shows-many-around-world-uncomfortable-levels-immigration.
Jakobsson, Niklas, and Svein Blom. 2014. “Did the 2011 terror attacks in Norway change citizens’ attitudes toward immigrants?” International Journal of Public Opinion Research no. 26 (4):475–486. doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edt036.
Jaskulowski, K. 2019. The Everyday Politics of Migration Crisis in Poland: Between Nationalism, Fear and Empathy: Springer International Publishing.
Karyotis, Georgios. 2012. “Securitization of Migration in Greece: Process, Motives, and Implications.” International Political Sociology no. 6 (4):390–408. doi: 10.1111/ips.12002.
Kitsuse, John I., and Malcolm Spector. 2014. “Toward a Sociology of Social Problems: Social Conditions, Value-Judgments, And Social Problems*.” Social Problems no. 20 (4):407–419. doi: 10.2307/799704.
Krzyżanowski, Michał. 2018. “Discursive Shifts in Ethno-Nationalist Politics: On Politicization and Mediatization of the “Refugee Crisis” in Poland.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies no. 16 (1–2):76–96. doi: 10.1080/15562948.2017.1317897.
Kumpikaitė-Valiūnienė, Vilmantė, Eugene T. Agoh, and Ineta Žičkutė. 2017. “Refugees as a Security Threat: Case of Lithuania.” Public Security and Public Order no. 18.
Kunovich, Robert M. 2004. “Social structural position and prejudice: an exploration of cross-national differences in regression slopes.” Social Science Research no. 33 (1):20–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00037-1.
Lazaridis, Gabriella, and Dimitris Skleparis. 2016. “Securitization of migration and the far right: the case of Greek security professionals.” International Migration no. 54 (2):176–192. doi: 10.1111/imig.12219.
Leder, Andrzej. 2014. Prześniona rewolucja. Ćwiczenie z logiki historycznej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej.
Mandel, Robert. 1997. “Perceived Security Threat and the Global Refugee Crisis.” Armed Forces & Society no. 24 (1):77–103. doi: 10.1177/0095327X9702400104.
McDonald-Gibson, Charlote. How ISIS Threatens Europe February 26,2015. Available from http:// time.com/3720076/isis-europe-migrants/.
McLaren, Lauren M. 2003. “Anti-Immigrant Prejudice in Europe: Contact, Threat Perception, and Preferences for the Exclusion of Migrants*.” Social Forces no. 81 (3):909–936. doi: 10.1353/ sof.2003.0038.
Messyasz, Karolina. 2015. „Postawy polityczne młodzieży polskiej w świetle badań empirycznych.” Władza Sądzenia no. 7 (1).
Milton, Daniel, Megan Spencer, and Michael Findley. 2013. “Radicalism of the Hopeless: Refugee Flows and Transnational Terrorism.” International Interactions no. 39 (5):621–645. doi: 10.1080/03050629.2013.834256.
Nail, Thomas. 2016. “A Tale of Two Crises: Migration and Terrorism after the Paris Attacks.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism no. 16 (1):158–167. doi: doi:10.1111/sena.12168.
Orrenius, Pia, and Madeline Zavodny. “Do Immigrants Threaten US Public Safety?” Journal on Migration and Human Security no. 0 (0):2331502419857083. doi: 10.1177/2331502419857083.
Pottie-Sherman, Yolande, and Rima Wilkes. 2017. “Does Size Really Matter? On the Relationship between Immigrant Group Size and Anti-Immigrant Prejudice.” International Migration Review no. 51 (1):218–250. doi: doi:10.1111/imre.12191.
Quillian, Lincoln. 1995. “Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe.” American Sociological Review no. 60 (4):586–611. doi: 10.2307/2096296.
Randahl, David. Spring 2016. “Refugees and Terrorism.” PAX et BELLUM Journal no. 3:46–55.
Rink, Nathalie, Karen Phalet, and Marc Swyngedouw. 2009. “The Effects of Immigrant Population Size, Unemployment, and Individual Characteristics on Voting for the Vlaams Blok in Flanders 1991–1999.” European Sociological Review no. 25 (4):411–424. doi: 10.1093/esr/ jcn028.
Semyonov, Moshe, Rebeca Raijman, and Anastasia Gorodzeisky. 2006. “The Rise of Anti-foreigner Sentiment in European Societies, 1988–2000.” American Sociological Review no. 71 (3):426– 449. doi: 10.1177/000312240607100304.
Semyonov, Moshe, Rebeca Raijman, and Anastasia Gorodzeisky. 2008. “Foreigners’ Impact on European Societies:Public Views and Perceptions in a Cross-National Comparative Perspective.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology no. 49 (1):5–29. doi: 10.1177/002071520-7088585.
Skleparis, Dimitris. 2017. “‘A Europe without Walls, without Fences, without Borders’: A Desecuritisation of Migration Doomed to Fail.” Political Studies:0032321717729631. doi: 10.1177/0032321717729631.
Strabac, Zan. 2011. “IT IS THE EYES AND NOT THE SIZE THAT MATTER.” European Societies no. 13 (4):559–582. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2010.550631.
The Global Economy.com. Political stability – country rankings 2018. Available from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/wb_political_stability/.
Wagner, Ulrich, Oliver Christ, Thomas F. Pettigrew, Jost Stellmacher, and Carina Wolf. 2006. “Prejudice and Minority Proportion: Contact Instead of Threat Effects.” Social Psychology Quarterly no. 69 (4):380–390.
Weiner, Myron. 1995. The Global Migration Crisis: Challenge to States and to Human Rights: HarperCollins College Publishers.
Wike, Richard, Janell Fetterolf, and Moira Fagan. 2019. Europeans Credit EU With Promoting Peace and Prosperity, but Say Brussels Is Out of Touch With Its Citizens. Pew Research Center 2019 [cited August 24 2019]. Available from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/03/19/europeans-credit-eu-with-promoting-peace-and-prosperity-but-say-brussels-is-out-of-touch-with-its-citizens/.
Wike, Richard, Bruce Stokes, and Katie Simmons. Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs. Pew Research Center 2016. Available from http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeansfearwaveofrefugeeswillmeanmoreterrorismfewerjobs/.
Wilkes, Rima, Neil Guppy, and Lily Farris. 2007. “Right-Wing Parties and Anti-foreigner Sentiment in Europe.” American Sociological Review no. 72 (5):831–840. doi: 10.1177/0003122-40707200509.
Wysieńska-Di Carlo, Kinga ed. 2018. Niechęć wobec imigrantów: rasizm i ksenofobia w Polsce na tle europejskim. Edited by Sztabiński Pawel and Sztabiński Franciszek, Polska-Europa. Wyniki Europejskiego Sondażu Społecznego 2002–2016/17. Warsaw: IFIS PAN.
Information: Migration Studies – Review of Polish Diaspora, 2020 (XLVI), Vol. 2 (176), pp. 53 - 70
Article type: Original article
Titles:
Beliefs on Refugees as a Terrorist Threat. The Social Determinants of Refugee-related Stereotypes
Beliefs on Refugees as a Terrorist Threat. The Social Determinants of Refugee-related Stereotypes
University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland
The American College of Greece, Deree, Gravias 6, Ag. Paraskevi 153 42, Greece
Published at: 07.08.2020
Article status: Open
Licence: CC BY-NC-ND
Percentage share of authors:
Article corrections:
-Publication languages:
EnglishView count: 1685
Number of downloads: 1349