The article presents the problem of Muslim emigration from the Balkan states (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro) and other territories (Bosnia and Herzegovina), which were separated from the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. The process is analyzed in the context of the power takeover by the Christians in these territories, and the  main reasons for the Muslim exodus. These migrations in the Balkans led to a great transformation in the spheres of politics, society, and culture.

The author aims to portray the Great African-American Migration by showing the everyday life of the migrants. Starting from presenting the diff erent ways of migrating North, he later describes conditions in which the migrants lived in the Northern cities, relationships with their non-Black neighbours and with the so-called Old Settlers (meaning African Americans who had lived in the North before the Great Migration), their economic struggle, ways of overcoming the problems, as well as the distinctive culture which the migrants eventually developed, and the ferment which these cultural changes created in the whole American society. The narration is based mostly on the oral histories collected from numerous Northern cities: Albany (New York), Chicago (Illinois), Cincinnati (Ohio), Cleveland (Ohio), Detroit (Michigan), Milwaukee (Wisconsin) and New York (New York).

The aim of this paper is to characterize the generation of Polish veterans of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, who emigrated to the USA and Canada after 1945 in an oral history perspective. The author, using interviews conducted with the veterans, tries to show the motives of emigration to the USA and Canada, the fi rst years of veterans’ life in exile and refl ection that accompanies veterans at the present time. The author of the article tries to recognize and capture the meanings contained in the veterans’ emigre stories,using the oral history workshop on the basis of the analyzed sources.

In 1942, Polish civilians started to fl ock into Iran after two years of deportation in the USSR. Many of them found refuge in diff erent territories in Asia, Africa and the Middle East, where the representatives of the Polish government-in-exile were faced with a huge task of administering thousands of refugees, mostly women and children. The aim of the  present article is to highlight the  impact of diff erent refugee policies on the displaced persons’ everyday life through a comparative analysis of two diff erent Polish refugee centers in East African territories and Lebanon. Factors such as the local political context, social composition, as well as the level of autonomy granted to refugees were also crucial in the immediate post-war period, when the Polish refugees had to choose between repatriation and emigration.

This paper examines the care and protection provided for Polish children living in the Polish centre in Barcelona between 1946 and 1956. The majority of these children originated from the Polish Silesia and the Łódź regions, which had been incorporated into the Reich, and most of them had been kidnapped by the Nazis during the War with the aim of Germanizing them. At the end of the confl ict, they were living in Displaced Persons camps, mainly in Austria, where they were found by offi cers of the 2nd Polish Corps. This text provides an analysis of the care and support these Polish children received in Barcelona, both from the Polish Government-in-exile and from the international community. Particular emphasis is placed on the care provided for these children from the International Refugee Organization (IRO). The role of the Spanish government (at that time under the authoritarian rule of Francisco Franco) in helping these children is also discussed. In addition, the 59 charges of the Polish centre in Barcelona who applied for IRO  assistance in 1950 are analysed on the basis of documents from the IRO archives deposited in Archives Nationales, in France which have been used for the fi rst time in research on this topic.

In Turkey, during the Immediate Postwar Period (between 1945–1951), functioned the international specialization organizations, such as the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGCR) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO). Turkey was a country of minor importance in terms of the number of refugees in this period. According to data from IGCR, in 1946, there were 1221 registered refugees in Turkey. Among them were representatives of diff erent nationalities, such as Poles, Yugoslavs, Albanians, Hungarians, Czechoslovaks, Austrians, Germans and Jews of various ethnicities. Later joined by Bulgarians and other anti-communist activists. The international specialization organizations faced various problems, from lack of money to the lack of cooperation from the Turkish government. IRO activists often complained about the sluggishness of Turkish offi cials. The problematic is important as an exemplifi cation of the question of the protection of refugees by the International Community.

When Geneva Agreements dividing Vietnam were reached in the early morning hours of 21 July 1954, the Article 14(d) of those accords was considered to be a minor, technical one. It guaranteed free movement of people between opposite sides’ zones, so they could move to the half of Vietnam they preferred. The authorities in both the South and the North didn’t expect more than several tens of thousands of people. Instead, the South was fl ooded with a vast wave of refugees, numbering in hundreds of thousands. Geneva Conference also established the International Commission for Supervision and Control, composed of India, Canada and Poland, to oversee the implementation of the Geneva Accords in Indochina. One of its most important tasks was to supervise the aforementioned free movement of people. In this article, I would like to show how internal diff erences between the countries making the ICSC aff ected the supervision of Article 14(d), particularly in respect of activities of communist side, which actively tried to prevent people from leaving North Vietnam.

In this paper I explore the infl uence of the state’s approach to foreigners (migrant or nonmigrant) on the rule of law within the receiving country, limiting my considerations to the problem of protecting the right to privacy. My key argument is that normalizing infringement on the privacy of foreigners, for example due to a certain recurrent ‘state of  emergency’, leads to weakening of the execution of privacy protection by means of ground-level regulations. I begin by analyzing the diff erence between the right to privacy and privacy laws, and proceed to make this diff erence clearer by analyzing the foundations of privacy protection in two distinct legal systems, i.e. that of Poland and the USA. Then, I present the similarities and diff erences in treating the foreigners and the citizens of a country using the example of mass surveillance. These observations lead to proposing an answer to the following question: why are foreigners treated diff erently in the context of privacy? Finally, I describe the nature of the aforementioned ‘state of emergency’ and  get into more detail on the relationship between security and privacy infringement. The key point of this paper will be made by describing the process of weakening the citizens’ privacy protection by using the regulations and technology developed for the sake of alleviating the ‘state of emergency’ related to the foreigners.

According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, as of January 2017, there were 52.893 Polish people residing in Spain. Even though the Polish minority has been present in Spain since the 16th century, the community started to grow in the 1980s due to the infl ux of economic immigrants. In 2004, there were more than 800 children who had at least one parent of Polish origin. It can be said that those children belong to the second generation of Polish migrants. The Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM) has been adapted to measure the acculturation of children and adolescents. It assumes that people undertake diff erent acculturation strategies in diff erent spheres of life. These spheres were divided into central and peripheral. This model also allows to distinguish real and ideal plane of acculturation. The comparative studies (Lopez-Rodriguez et al., 2014) conducted with a group of young people in Spain and Italy show that children and adolescents prefer to preserve their own culture in the central spheres, while adapting the culture of the host country in the peripheral spheres. The main research question of my paper is: What strategies of cultural adaptation according to the RAEM Model undertaken in peripheral spheres do children and youth of Polish origin mention in their narrations? Twelve people participated in the pilot study. One subgroup consisted of fi ve children aged 10 to 15, who attend classes in a Polish school. Their parents constituted another subgroup. Four children had both parents of Polish descent, one child came from a mixed-race family: Spanish-Polish. As part of the study, 11 semi-in-depth interviews were conducted. The starting point of each conversation was a set list of questions based on the RAEM model, which each researcher could develop depending on the threads introduced by the examined person. The qualitative data collected in the pilot study of this group of Polish child immigrants show some preliminary results. It is diffi cult to assess the strategies undertaken by teenage immigrants in particular spheres. Firstly, the narrations of children about the adaptation strategies partly coincided with the Spanish-Italian quantitative ones, saying that in the peripheral spheres children adopt the culture of the host country. On the other hand, the behaviors described by young people can be understood as undertaking integration strategies because they go to Spanish schools and take part in Polish ‘Saturday’ classes, and maintain contact with both Spanish people and the Poles who live in Poland. In the sphere of peer relations, children narrate the diff erences between the real and the ideal planes. In the real plane, children say that they do not keep in touch with children from Polish ¨Saturday¨ schools outside the school building, but in the ideal plane, they would like to be able to meet with them outside the school context. Parents and their acculturation strategies may have an impact on children’s behaviors. To test this, in further studies, the acculturation strategies undertaken by parents should be additionally covered. Moreover, the factors which aff ect the undertaking of particular integration strategies should be found.