FRAGMENT

Teresa Walas: Witam wszystkich gotowych do rozmowy o krytyce feministycznej, jej obrzeżach oraz różnych współtowarzyszących jej zjawiskach. Nasze spotkanie inspiruje i jest jego implicitną, jeśli tak można powiedzieć, bohaterką książka Krystyny Kłosińskiej Feministyczna krytyka literacka. Wprawdzie książki tej nie będziemy tutaj bezpośrednio omawiać, ale ona, jak powiedziałam, w jakiejś mierze dyskusję tę sprowokowała i na pewno będziemy się do niej w toku naszej rozmowy odwoływać. Nie mogę wszakże powściągnąć pragnienia, by – korzystając z tego, że rozpoczynam tę rozmowę – wyrazić zdumienie i podziw, że można napisać taką książkę. Jej przedmiot przypomina gigantyczny krzew koralowca, a autorka stara się opisać dzieje jego rozrastania się wzwyż i wszerz, stosując zmienną ogniskową, by uchwycić dynamikę całości i mikroruchy, których wytworem są niewielkie lokalne krystalizacje poszczególnych gałązek. Jest to taniec, nie tyle może na polu minowym, ile na nieustająco falującym gruncie. Heroiczne, można powiedzieć, przedsięwzięcie historiograficzne. Ale to uwaga a parte. Teraz chciałabym zaproponować porządek, czy raczej ramy naszej rozmowy, które oczywiście mogą ulec zmianie w zależności od zainteresowań tu obecnych.
Pierwsza rzecz, którą warto wziąć pod uwagę, to duże projekty krytyki feministycznej i ich losy. W jakiej mierze udało się je zrealizować bądź co sprawiło, że realizacja się nie powiodła? Takim rozległym projektem była niewątpliwie feministyczna historia literatury, jego zaś węższym i bardziej realistycznym wariantem – historia literatury kobiet. Dalej – kwestia podmiotowości, tak istotna dla myśli humanistycznej drugiej połowy ubiegłego wieku, a zreinterpretowana i, rzec można, na nowo rozjątrzona przez feminizm. Dalej – problem estetyki kobiecej, kiedyś tak żywy, z biegiem czasu tracący na atrakcyjności. Słynna écriture féminine i próby stworzenia poetyki pisarstwa kobiecego – fortunne czy niefortunne? Podobnie: poszukiwanie wyznaczników czy parametrów lektury kobiecej – skuteczne czy porzucone? To jeden blok pytań, które wydają mi się warte uwagi. Drugi dotyczyłby spraw ogólniejszych: wskazania, gdzie są w krytyce feministycznej miejsca problematyczne, punkty słabe, założenia budzące najwięcej wątpliwości.

Post Scriptum

The text constitutes an attempt to provide an answer to the question: “What uses can literary studies derive from feminism and what pitfalls can be expected in connection with it?” Right at the very beginning, the authoress distinguishes between the concept of “feminism” and that of “feministic literary criticism” and subsequently she mentions the most important inspirations derived by literary studies from the feminist movement. While enumerating the benefits and advantages which flow from these inspirations, she also warns against some negative consequences of the ideological pressure exerted by feminism on literary studies.

THE SLOW BLACKENING OF MIRRORS
While writing about her attitude towards feminist criticism and gender studies, the authoress emphasizes the possibility of referring to the sphere of individual experience which permits her to write about literature, without relinquishing her own subjectivity. Presenting the biographies and creative output of the authoresses as well as the life stories of the heroines described in their works from the point of view of the category of experience, has refreshed the language of Polish literature studies, which has so far been dominated by structural and historical methodology; at the same time, it has made room for self-expression or else “self-creation” of the researcher and for breaking the barriers between science and life in a critical text.
The authoress confesses that today the problem of self-creation and the role of her own experience in the process of reading and interpreting literary texts is no longer so important to her. The subject has ceased to act like a mirror for the analyzed text; the unavoidable process of the “blackening of the mirror” has been initiated. Yet the practice of feminist criticism teaches one that critical and academic texts are always somehow entangled in the biography of the writer. The ability to understand this truth allows one to better understand oneself and others.
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FEMINIST CRITICISM IS POSSIBLE
The bibliography of Polish academic feminist criticism is so vast that it would seem to require an equally extensive monograph as the one which Krystyna Kłosińska devoted to world criticism. Kłosińska’s book entitled Feministyczna krytyka literacka /Feminist Literary Criticism/ was arranged in such a way as to point to the most important debates, including that of dialogism and the flourishing of discourses. In such a presentation, one perceive the attitude of both authoresses to the most important theoretical conceptions; the reading practices and the new matrixes created in their consequence as well as the new trails to be followed. Attempts to place the gender discourse in a wider context of literature studies have been undertaken in Poland already before,
usually with the view of shedding light on the foreign tradition. In her article, the authoress describes these attempts, pointing fi rstly to the historical-literary revendications undertaken primarily in the academic space, and secondly: the gender criticism of culture reviving the extra-academic discourse.

CONTEMPORARY FEMINISTIC CRITICISM: ANOTHER STATE OF MATTER
The article recapitulates briefly the history and achievements of Polish feministic criticism in the course of the last two decades, so as to analyze its present condition and immediate future perspectives against this background. According to the authoress, after the period of considerable successes and evident research autonomy, the academic identity of this branch of literary studies, became somewhat obliterated. Feministic criticism operates today as a participant of various alliances and methodological constellations, among others, together with the reflection from under the sign of gender or queer; it also appears together with post-colonial or eco-critical thought, as well as with post-humanism, new historicism or cultural materialism. And although the ease with which it enters into alliances with other cultural discourses in literature studies, obliterates somewhat its formerly sharp and prominent contours, at the same time it provides it with energy which is necessary to exist and generate new projects; at the same time, special emphasis is attached to feministic studies of Polish literature

HISTORY OF WOMEN’S LITERATURE – AN UNFINISHED PROJECT
The text poses some questions concerning the future of the feminist history of literature in the context of contemporary transformations in the fi eld of “academic knowledge production”, as well as the rhetoric and politics of the women’s movement. Moreover, it draws attention to the emancipatory character of the early feminist literary projects relating to the recovery of women’s past and also problematizes the present-day notion of women’s “sister community”. The analysis of family metaphors often used in discussions concerning “mother heritage” in the 70s, points to differences between second- and third-wave understanding of the category of “belonging somewhere”. Looking at those arguable places in feminist criticism (e.g. Showalter, Gubar, Gilbert and Moi) allows one to notice changes in the way feminist scholars perceive the literary past. Finding a new critical language to describe the pluralistic and multidimensional nature of women’s literary tradition seems to constitute the biggest challenge to contemporary feminist studies.

WARSAW-NEW YORK. ELIZA ORZESZKOWA’S DWA BIEGUNY AND EDITH WHARTON’S THE AGE OF INNOCENCE
The article proposes a comparative reading of two feminine novels: Dwa bieguny by Eliza Orzeszkowa, written in 1893, and The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton from 1920. In both novels one can see not only the surprising similarities at the level of plot, but also a strong presence of the author. Article points to the convergence in the biographies of the two novelists, and compares the situation of women writers in Poland and America at the turn of the nineteenth century.

BODY AND LAUGHTER IN GABRIELA ZAPOLSKA’S MORALNOŚĆ PANI DULSKIEJ /THE MORALITY OF MRS. DULSKA/ AND POLISH GENDER STEREOTYPES 
Gabriela Zapolska’s play Moralność pani Dulskiej (1906, The Morality of Mrs. Dulska) is undoubtedly one of her best works and one of the best comedies written in Polish. Its interest lies in the way in which the author satirizes moral philistinism by reversing gender roles in a middle class family. The presentation shows how gender related issues are used in the play to underscore the point that philistine morality is not gender specific, and it analyzes the way in which comic effects are achieved against conventional stereotypes. It then compares the text of the play with two more recent performances, both TV fi lms (one by Andrzej Wajda, and the other by Tomasz Zygadło), in which Zapolska’s originality becomes re-conventionalized in accordance with patriarchal stereotypes. In both instances patriarchal gender expectations are reintroduced and reinforced, but with the loss of the humour of the play in Wajda’s production, and a shift to the more traditional, anti-feminine comedy in Zygadło’s version.

FILM THEORY AND FILM ANALYSIS FROM A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE 
The article points to a feminist approach to the cinema and filmmaking which has been elaborated and evaluated ever since the early 1970s. Its aim is to present a huge variety of theoretical reflections on cinema which give voice to feminist, gender or queer methodology and interpretations. By emphasizing the question of women’s expression cinema, I am trying to show how diverse and differentiated the feminist fi lm theory can be, in terms of its issue, way of argumentation and theoretical contexts.

FROM METAPHOR TO DELUSION (AN ATTEMPT TO WRITE A PATHOGRAPHY OF TADEUSZ PEIPER) 
The presentation constitutes an exhaustive review of Jarosław Fazan’s book devoted to the writings of Tadeusz Peiper. Andrzej Leder puts forth a hypothesis that Jarosław Fazan’s innovativeness consists above all in an attempt to present the literary output “marked by psychosis” as a trace of mutually superimposed sum total of various conditions, permitting a reconstruction of a very special position of the writing subject. At the same time it is with this innovative concept that the most controversial moments are associated. To put it simply, they are the outcome of the role which the language of psychiatry plays in the work. This language and way of thinking associated with it, which is deeply rooted in the modernist project – and even according to Foucault’s diagnosis, funding this project in the “humanistic” or “existential” version, does not favor an avant-garde critical deconstruction of ultra-modern subjectivity. The entirety of the review constitutes a systematic discussion of the successive parts of Jarosław Fazan’s book and an attempt to prove the above-mentioned hypothesis. The author of the review underscores with recognition a subtle and careful analysis of the writings whose effect is a dissertation about the “pope of the avant-garde”. At the same time, in many places the author enters into a debate with Jarosław Fazan, concerning issues that are important for contemporary humanist studies, such as an evaluation of a modernist project as a whole, or the place of psychoanalytical theory in the interpretation of a literary work.

THE DYNAMICS OF LIFE AND THE STATICS OF SOCIAL INSTRUMENTS (LENA MAGNONE “KONOPNICKA. MIRRORS AND SYMPTOMS”) 
In her dissertation Magnone carries out a reinterpretation of Konopnicka’s writings in the light of feminist theories and post-Freudian psychoanalysis. The researcher focuses on the reception of the poetess’s work, so as to reject the existing directions of interpretation, as she notices in them symptoms of a male striving to dominate the discourse and a fear of a disturbing feminine perspective. She regards the social context, the influence of critics and the moves of Konopnicka herself as mirrors which limit the poetess, which conceal the truth about her life, which distort and imprison. Whereas the truth is liberated only thanks to what has been denied or ousted – the poetess’ complicated relations with her daughters and the twenty-year stay abroad caused by it; it is only
the latter that put Konopnicka closer to the discovery of the truth about herself. Yet the authoress of the article points that the interpretation which is suggested by the Warsaw scholar constitutes a kind of mirror and limitation, for Magnone requires that Konopnicka’s entire non-feminist literary output should be rejected and that her writings should be interpreted in a way contrary to her own declarations

HYBRID OR RESUMPTION OF LIFE (H. KIRCHNER, NAŁKOWSKA ALBO ŻYCIE PISANE)  
By reaching out for a metaphor derived from the sphere of fi ne arts – “sepia sketch”, in her monumental biography of Zofia Nałkowska, Hanna Kirchner encompasses the life of the authoress of Granica within a delicate and unclear framework, though one which is drawn with a bold line. The impossibility of a direct transposition of one’s life into a written text, produced a shiny, multi-aspect “multi-portrait”. A few dozen chapters make up a fascinating story which though focused on a reconstruction of the authoress’s biogram, it transgresses considerably the task which is traditionally ascribed to biography.

MY SURPRISES  
Moje zdziwienia /My Surprises/ is a column authored by Henryk Markiewicz, professor emeritus of the Jagiellonian University, and one of the most outstanding Polish historians and theoreticians of literature. In his articles which have been appearing in the “Wielogłos” magazine since the year 2008, Professor Markiewicz discusses critically certain publications devoted to literary studies, comments on the current events associated with academic life, engages in polemics and poses questions addressing them to the authors of academic papers and popularizing articles; he unceasingly demands respect for the standards of academic professionalism, competence, diligence and responsibility for the expressed views and opinions