Every individual has a range of choices for their life path. It is largely dependent on family, environment, value system and a very important area for every individual - education. It is education that opens a window onto the world, helps us find our place, achieve success, but above all, education is an opportunity for an equal start in adult life for everyone, regardless of background, wealth or place of residence. This is particularly important in the case of people with disabilities who, as full members of society, constantly have to prove that they have the same rights, that they can and want to fulfil the same responsibilities. However, this is not always possible due to the full accessibility barriers that still exist. These also apply to public buildings and services, including education. Measures taken in recent years have significantly improved architectural and digital accessibility. This is also noticeable in higher education, which is increasingly inclusive. However, this support should be extended to assist students with disabilities in their transition to the labour market, so that the inclusion process also takes place after the end of education. It is the educational and career counselling process that responds to the needs of students with disabilities, where they not only receive support, but also have the opportunity to plan their individual career path according to their predispositions, abilities and limitations. The essence of everyone’s life is to flourish, to have new goals. A vocational counsellor focusing on the desirable aspects of the psychological and social functioning of a student with a disability not only participates in his/her vocational activation, but also levels the playing field on the open labour market.

The article is devoted to deepening students’ knowledge about the needs of people with disabilities. Its aim is to present the implementation of the project of the National Center for Research and Development entitled Universal Fields - Universal Society, implemented at the Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, which focused on introducing mandatory classes in the field of accessibility and universal design into the study programs of selected fields.

The article presents solutions implemented into the University’s teaching, in the form of traditional lectures, exercises, but also innovative workshops with people with special needs, simulations using specialized equipment and simulators, as well as study visits. The authors of this text also included the results of the classes and the opinions of students participating in them, pointing to the need to create an environment, services and products consistent with the assumptions of universal design.

In the time of dynamic socio-cultural, economic and technological changes, human functioning in the work environment becomes an important individual and social problem.

The dynamics of the work environment force the individual to quickly adapt to the changing situation, which often causes serious adaptation difficulties. The complexity and ambiguity of the modern world of work result in dysfunctional or pathological phenomena in the work environment, which significantly affect professional career and personal development. The study presents, against the background of statistics, the most common pathological phenomena in the work environment that negatively affect the work process and the employee himself, undermining his dignity and sense of security.

In contemporary society, work stands as one of the crucial elements of life, posing numerous challenges to both employees and the organizations they work for. Work has evolved beyond merely being a means to earn a living; it increasingly involves building a career, pursuing one’s calling, or fulfilling personal aspirations.

An emerging threat faced by modern workers is occupational burnout. This topic holds significant societal importance due to its impact on the individual employee and the functioning of the organization they are part of. Occupational burnout affects not only the employee, influencing their professional and personal life, but also the company they work for. Moreover, burnout is more commonly observed among workers whose professions are mismatched with their interests, talents, psychophysical conditions, and health. Therefore, the proper selection of a profession, where an individual spends more than half of their life, becomes paramount.

This article aims to present the role and value of student work placements as seen from the perspective of both the student and the employer in terms of desirable and useful competencies for employment. This illustrative article examines the role played by student work placements in building students’ practical skills. It emphasises the fundamental importance of placements as a link between theoretical learning and concrete practical skills. The presentation of these perspectives also makes it possible to outline an area for deepening cooperation between the university and employers.

The tests performed were diagnostic in nature. The research group consisted of 207 high school students, 121 girls and 86 boys. The empirical analysis allowed us to learn about the time devoted to physical activity among young people aged 14 to 18 years in comparison to WHO guidelines. During the study, the problem of students’ subjective opinion on selected external factors that may influence the level of activity was also diagnosed. Additionally, students shared their observations about who motivates them to take up physical activity and what goals determine them to undertake such activities.

The aim of the above considerations was to demonstrate how crucial the well-being of the younger generation is as a social asset a form of capital. Drawing upon the relevant literature and available research, the role of educational environments in shaping the well-being of the younger generation was elucidated. The concept of well-being was explicated within the scope of various theoretical frame­works and linked to pedagogical concepts, such as education and environment, which are integral components of a young individual’s functioning. It is within the environment that the most crucial life processes of an individual occur, particularly the establishment of peer and social relationships. This ability cannot fully develop without proper psychosocial functioning – without self-awareness and an understanding of the role of others in one’s life. Well-being is an indispensable resource for building relationships with oneself and other social connections. The foundation of this resource lies in the ability to name, differentiate, and express emotions as a neurobiological basis for the need to establish relationships. In this article, mental well-being has been presented as a crucial asset for the future, a competence that will enable the construction and strengthening of this social capital.

The issues of activation measures for senior citizens is an interesting topic in an ageing society. Older age usually affects a person’s limitation of movement. The activation measures undertaken counteract these trends. A study of a group of 109 participants in the activation measures organised by the support centres showed the forms and motivations for this participation. The research showed in which activation activities seniors participate most often and what motivates residents to undertake these activities.

The article is empirical and addresses the issue of addiction to broadly understood stimulants, in particular alcohol, cigarettes or e-cigarettes, and drugs. The aim of this study was to find out the frequency and motivation for using stimulants by students of Polish universities. The presented article is a report on the results of research conducted on a group of 82 female and 36 male students. The conducted empirical analysis allowed for the diagnosis of the study participants’ behavior related to the consumption of stimulants. The issues raised in the article include: the moment of first consumption of a given drug, the frequency and motivation for consuming stimulants, as well as students’ awareness of potential addiction and the abuse of drugs without medical indications. Appropriate conclusions were formulated and explained in the discussion, along with the potential reasons for such and not different responses of the study participants.

The presented article contains information on assistance activities for refugees. The situation after the outbreak of the war in Ukraine on February 24, 2022 made Poles help refugees. There have been so many refugees in Poland since the end of World War II. The information presents assistance activities implemented by the state, non-governmental organizations and citizens of Poland. The aim of this study is to determine the role of the implemented forms of assistance in Poland in the process of supporting refugees. The purposes of the article used the method of document examination and the method of own observation, which allowed the formulation of certain conclusions. First, refugees do not have sufficient access to care and education facilities for their children. Secondly, the group of migrants from Ukraine does not have adequate medical facilities and permanent psychological support. Thirdly, the important issue is the insufficient financing of assistance activities for Polish citizens who actively engaged in helping another person, all forms of support provided by them were paid from their own household budget.

Secularism and religion should be studied, written about, and taught critically. In a world divided into a growing number of religious factions, secularism has been supposed by many to be an answer to the fact of religious plurality. The logic of secularism is that by conducting our affairs without reference to God we can avoid religious division and deal with each other on a common basis. In the American context, it is often suggested that secularism is not only conceptually wise, but is mandated by our Constitution. Advocates of secularism also advance the idea that secularism is rationally superior to religious alternatives in the sense that it hews more closely to the path of science and empirical rationality. It is the contention of this article that all of the above notions about secularism are misguided and that at least some religious societies, particularly Christian ones, are capable of success­fully accounting for pluralism without oppressive hegemony, and, in fact, have an incentive to do so. The analysis of secularism centers specifically on how it evolved in the West, to what degree the framers of the American Constitution set out either a secular or Christian America (or avoided the question entirely), whether secular­ism can successfully claim to be a neutral method of running a society, and whether secularism really deserves a reputation as a running mate of scientific rationality.

This article is empirical and addresses an important issue regarding crisis intervention in the context of the professional work of a doctor in various hospital wards. The aim of the diagnostic project was to find out the opinions of medical students in Poland on the above subject. The presented article is a report on the results of research in a group of 31 female and 19 male students. The conducted empirical analysis made it possible to diagnose issues related to the occurrence of crises in patients and the doctor, and more specifically: knowledge of terminology – crisis intervention, usefulness of intervention techniques in the doctor’s work, personal difficulties of students in contact with the patient in various personal crises (domestic violence, rape, diagnosis of cancer or HIV infection, loss of a child, suicide of a person close to the patient, addictions), fears related to falling into a specific crisis by future doctors (professional burnout, workaholism, depression, family crisis, professional stress and potential drugs), the usefulness of optional classes on crisis intervention at Polish universities and activities to assist students in solving their crises.

The article shows the difficulties and problems that social workers encounter in their daily work duties. In the first part, the author outlines the theoretical foundations of the research, characterizing a social worker in terms of personality traits. This is the basis on which social workers can effectively cope with their duties in dynamically changing reality. A social worker is a profession that has a great responsibility for overcoming other people’s crisis. That is why it is invaluable in the face of civilization threats such as a pandemic. The second part of the article presents own research, the purpose of which was to find out about the opinions of social workers about their work in a pandemic time. Both advantages and disadvantages of working in the discussed period are presented.

The issue of determining payment for services provided in social welfare homes is extremely complex and sometimes problematic. This article will discuss the basic issues related to this issue. The group of persons obliged to pay a fee for a resident’s stay in a social welfare home will be analyzed, along with regulations on determining the amount of the fee and the mode of concretizing the obligation. The latest changes involving the institution of exemption from the fee will also be discussed. The purpose of the article is to present the process of determining the fee for the stay of a resident of a social welfare home, together with an indication of solutions whose application serves the interests of all parties to the proceedings.

Unemployment as a process in the subjective dimension is associated with changes in human existence. In the study I indicate that the most important negative effect of unemployment is the destruction of the value space of the unemployed. Dignity, freedom and responsibility are particularly at risk. Threats also concern social values that are realized in human work.

The aim of this article is to characterize the professional situation of women in Kraków and Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It discusses data from censuses, data on women’s employment, issues of women’s education in Galicia and particular professions: teachers, domestic servants, workers and services. Work was a necessity, not the fulfillment of one’s own interests or ambitions, unmarried women worked more often, getting married meant giving up professional work. Working conditions for domestic servants were very hard, and wages were lower in industry.

The article focuses on presenting the scope of activities and tasks of senior policy. The first part of the article presents the most important documents of an international nature that shaped senior policy on the world stage. Then discussed the two most important documents that shape the Polish senior policy. In the next part of the article, in order to illustrate specific solutions, the activities of the city of Opole in the context of active senior citizen policy were shown.

Nowadays, labor markets, not only in Poland but also around the world, are undergoing constant transformation. The transitions taking place in this regard depend on many factors. In addition to demographic changes, one of them is changes in the attitudes toward labor force participation of people with various disabilities, including those on the autism spectrum. The emerging trends outline a process of positive changes. In the last ten years, an increase in the employment rates of people with disabilities can be observed as in 2019 compared to 2018, they increased by 0.6 percentage points to 26.8%. Furthermore, the results of the Badanie Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności (BAEL, meaning Labor Force Survey) showed that the labor force participation rate of working-age people with disabilities increased by 0.5 percentage points in 2019 compared to the previous year, being an increase of 2.9 percentage points compared to 2015 (https://niepelnosprawni.gov. pl/p,80,rynek-pracy).

People with disabilities are among us and would like to function equally with everyone else. The state should guarantee the full realization of all human rights and fundamental freedom of all disabled people,4 including the deaf. This is ensured by the Act on Sign Language and Other Means of Communication adopted on August 19, 2011,5 thanks to which deaf people should have an easy contact with officials. The Government Program AVAILABILITY PLUS is an extension of the provisions of the Act. Its purpose is to provide free access to goods, services and the possibility of participation in social and public life for people with special needs.6 It assumes the improvement of- among others- architectural, digital, communication and organizational accessibility. However, the question should be asked: Are statutory and program provisions actually implemented? If yes, then to what extent? This article describes how individual public institutions (banks, police, emergency, fire brigade, city hall, social security institution, public schools) implement the Act on Sign language and other means of communication. From the last part of the article entitled „Collision with reality”, you can find out what is the real situation of deaf who use public administration facilities (for various reasons), and how selected public institutions function keeping in mind the good of deaf people.

The article is empirical in nature and addresses the issue of the importance of the impact of interpersonal communication on the activities of a given workplace. The aim of this study was to find out the opinions of students from Polish academic universities on the above subject. The presented article is a report on the results of research carried out in a group of 62 female and 45 male students. The conducted empirical analysis made it possible to diagnose the knowledge and opinions of students on: the definition of the concept of interpersonal communication, both the features and functions of interpersonal communication in the context of the effective functioning of each enterprise, the most effective communication channels in a given workplace, as well as new technologies to improve communication between employees. Relevant conclusions were formulated and explained in the discussion, along with the potential reasons for such and no other responses of the study participants.

The Municipal Police of Krakow, in cooperation with Krakow City Council’s members, organises and conducts self-defence courses dedicated to different groups of participants. The analysis of surveys indicates that course participation had a positive influence on those taking part, on their sense of security and self-confidence. For social workers it can be a motivating factor to take part in subsequent editions of the courses and in developing their skills in this field. Social workers are vulnerable to agressive behaviour when on duty. Research shows that they are not prepared to act in such circumstances. They indicate that among training courses they are being offerred, self-defence and crisis management courses are scarce. Initiatives described in this paper that are actioned by the Municipal Police of Krakow and members of Krakow City Council can inspire their counterparts in other regions including decision makers to organise similar events. This may translate into improved sense of security among citizens, public sector workers and social workers in particular.

The subject of the analysis is to show the legal and systemic conditions of social assistance in the Polish state at the local government level. It will show the evolution of the social functions of the state and contemporary legal regulations. The place and role of local government administration in performing tasks in the field of social policy, especially on the basis of the Act of 2004, was indicated. Two basic research methods were used: institutional-legal and historicaldescriptive analysis, and to a lesser extent also a comparative method. The main research question is; how the legal conditions in the Polish state evolved, with particular emphasis on local administration.

The legislator in Art. 61 of the Act on Social Assistance, established a catalog of entities obliged to bear the costs of an inhabitant’s stay in the Nursing Home. The resident himself was indicated among those obliged to do so, and then family members, i.e. the spouse and ascendants before the descendants, as well as the commune from which the person was referred to this facility. The administration body conducts proceedings to determine the amount of the fee, and the legal title to bear it remains the concluded contract or administrative decision. This specific dualism raises important concerns in the practice of applying the law, which are indicated by administrative courts in their judgments. This article is an attempt to analyze the views from the jurisprudence.

The scope of tasks of the Municipal Social Welfare Centre in Kraków (Miejski Ośrodek Pomocy Społecznej w Krakowie) and the Municipal Police of Kraków (Straż Miejska Miasta Krakowa), both being local government institutions, enforces their close cooperation that ensures an effective execution of their goals by undertaking actions especially concerning the homeless. Threats from individuals, that are often of physical violence kind, that social workers are often unprepared to face, are inseparably incorporated in the specific nature of social work. To improve their safety and comfort of work, social workers aware of potential dangers ought to peruse opportunities offered by local departments of the Municipal Police operating in their remit. It is advisable that social workers know, however superficially, the statutory roles and responsibilities of the Municipal Police. To facilitate a seamless performance of their tasks by conducting them with all possible safety measures, social workers may request an assistance of the Municipal Police unit while on duty.

The article is empirical in nature and addresses the issue of the situation of people with disabilities on the labor market in Poland. The aim of this study was to find out the opinions of students from Polish academic universities on the above subject. The presented article is a report on the results of the research carried out in a group of 98 female and 27 male students. The conducted empirical analysis made it possible to diagnose the knowledge and opinions of students on: types of disabilities that may cause the greatest difficulties when looking for employment, contact with people with disabilities in the workplace, workplaces where, according to students’ opinion, they can look for a job, the most common barriers faced by such people in the workplace, the most important ways of intervening in supporting employment of people with disabilities. Relevant conclusions were formulated and explained in the discussion, along with the potential reasons for such and no other responses of the study participants.

We present the forgotten theory of neighborhood services developed by Jules Gazon. Gazon’s concept is known to some humanist economists in Poland, although it has not been included in the broader debate on the shape and meaning of social employment policy in the 21st century. From a European perspective, Jules Gazon has outlined the direction and defined the conditions under which a certain program of activities can be implemented, which could be called a “solidarity model of the social economy”. It is a project for the organization of the social employment system that combines professional activation, employment policy and welfare protection of the state. According to Gazon’s initial assumptions, neither traditional forms of social welfare nor free-market laissezfaire provide an ethically satisfactory solution to the problem of unemployment and the related problems of social exclusion or economic inequalities. The argument is based on the methodical analysis of the documentation of many macroeconomic studies, which – apart from traditional measures of changes in the economic situation – also refer to new conditions caused by the processes of capital flow globalization, technological progress and local conditions of labor markets, i.e. the scope of interventionism or the developed standard of living of citizens of individual countries. The key to a different way of thinking about the labor market is the idea that the subject of this market is not a commodity, as in the case of the goods and services market, but precisely a (holistically understood) human being, whose role cannot be reduced to the operation of a simple market mechanism.

The aim of the presented article is to show the role of different forms and types of activity of elderly people in the aspect of emerging crises of old age. The article has a review character. The presented content focuses on the needs that can be satisfied through activity in old age, discusses the problems and crises of elderly people, which on the one hand can discourage them from getting older.It discusses the problems and crises of the elderly, which, on the one hand, can discourage people from becoming active, on the other, act as a motivating factor for change.

The time of the pandemic is an unknown reality that we all have to face. Remote education does not only affect the state of our knowledge. School is a place where peers meet every day to build their social relationships. For most students, education is primarily the lack of systematic learning, which results in school backlogs. Lack of direct relationships with peers and teachers is associated with a decrease in self-worth. For children on the autism spectrum, both the daily routine and the predictability of what will happen play an important and important issue in their development, education and proper functioning in society. Throwing out of the established rhythm of life evokes fear, frustration, and disturbs the sense of security. Classes conducted through a computer screen are a big challenge for a parent who has to become a teacher overnight, working with his child at home on the basis of the lesson material provided.

The text of this paper shows that mass media not only record the information, data or cultural phenomena available but they play an important role in transmitting information. They not only receive but also interpret the received information and even manipulate information. In this way they create a distorted picture of the world around us. Mass media can play both positive and negative roles in transmitting their message, serving truth or lies. By remaining dependent on their owners, they can spread some anti-values by manipulating people, thus contributing to the emergence of a modern form of slavery. Therefore, if they pose a threat to universally recognized positive values it becomes necessary to develop methods and tools effective for critical assessment of their roles. It becomes very important in the context of young learners, who need to be prepared for receiving the right way the transmitted information.

The research was conducted in 2020 and showed that the period of the pandemic will generally have a negative impact on the student’s community. Among students negative emotional states appeared that weakened the psyche of the respondents, and in some cases there was even a nervous breakdown and suicidal thoughts. The students lost their self-esteem, some were touched by a sense of psychological harm and suffering. Among students there were fears about the future and a real threat to the loss of one’s own health and that of relatives. Mental and physical fatigue of students, the impression of slowing down the passage of time and limitations in interpersonal contacts forced changes in the daily rhythm of the day and even corrections in their life plans. The pandemic situation also significantly reduced the pace and motivation to learn and the emergence of such conditions as loss of interests, decreased concentration, difficulty remembering. It may seem disturbing that already in the second wave of the pandemic, as many as 29% of coronersceptics were among the students who studied there. The positive phenomena were that the period of isolation contributed to drawing attention to the quality and quantity of interpersonal contacts and their proper appreciation, and the fact that the extremely burdensome situation did not result in resorting to stimulants and drugs in order to improve well-being.

This article is empirical and addresses an important issue concerning ethical dilemmas in the context of professional work of a doctor in various hospital departments. The aim of the implemented diagnostic project was to find out the opinions of medical students in Poland on the above subject. The presented article is a report on the results of research in a group of 85 female students and 58 male students. The conducted empirical analysis made it possible to diagnose issues related to the ethical dilemmas of a physician, namely: abortion, euthanasia, the presence of doctors in drug advertisements, invasive tests, persistent therapy towards patients in a morally difficult situation, treatment in prisons, receiving gifts from patients and the frequency of the occurrence of unethical situations from the patient’s point of view. Relevant conclusions were formulated and explained in the discussion, based on the provisions of the Code of Medical Ethics.

Searching for ethical fundaments and principles of human’s economic activity, almost all popes refer to the evolutionistic justification in their papers. Almost all popes, raising a question in their encyclicals, accept so-called formal capitalism conditions, these are: private property, free market and individual entrepreneurship, not submitting any manipulations of a nation. However, the main characteristic feature for these popes is that they all agree with so-called formal capitalism conditions, but they justify them from different perspectives. They use other arguments for justifying human entrepreneurship or human freedom in an economics field, not differing from referring to formal conditions. And however, dozens of years divide all these popes - because they lived in different times and eras - and that single voice, which they use in their pontificate histories, reflects on full agreement and social education continuity of the Church as for social issues, entrepreneurship development and its functioning according to Catholic principles.

Social work utility can be considered a value helpful in achieving principles and objectives set forthe social assistance system in contemporary society. The concept of empowerment, on the other hand, interpreted in a spirit of individuals’ self-determination and social sensitivity, reminds us that lack of social recognition deprives individuals of subjectivity and self-determination. The paper points out interrelations between utility and empowermentin the field of social work, which can contribute to identification of the ethical dimension of social issues and help address and deal with social problems both in the overall context of the entire social assistance system and in local settings with respect for individual freedom. This occurs when utility is defined in a spirit of usefulness and practical application associated with action for the good of others, while the concept of empowerment insists that social work practice should not lose sight of the subjectivity of individuals and social groups in the context of their self-determination and self-direction.

In this paper we will first define the dilemmas and describe the process of their their formation. We will describe dilemmas in history through six ethical value and ethical orientations. We will outline the ethical problems of social workers as they are included in the Code of Ethics of the Society of Social Workers oft he Czech Republic. In the next part of we will deal with the dilemmas of contemporary social work. We will define eighteen dilemmas and statefore each of them how they may eventually be reflected in work with the Roma ethnic group. The author’s personal experiences as well as the experiences of social workers will be presented. In this paper we suggest different options for dealing with dilemmas.

The syndrome of burnout is called a disease of the 21st century. There is no one general, international definition of this phenomenon. The causes can be found in the individual, interpersonal and organizational sphere. Burnout syndrome has negative consequences not only for the individual, but also for his family and friends. The subject of the research in the article below are the causes and effects of burnout among people working in the profession service.

This article decscribes the situation of social movements, foundations and groups that have set themselves the goal of taking care of the environment in the city as well as providing their members with organic food, from local farmers, in the time of a pandemic. It describes the results of research carried out at the turn of August and September 2020 in Cracow. The respondents were members of groups such as the Krakowski Alarm Smogowy, Fundacja Otwarty Plan, Wawelska Kooperatywa Spożywcza and Akcja Ratunkowa dla Krakowa. It addresses the impact of isolation on the functioning of the above-mentioned social movements, foundations and groups. Moreover, it deals with the subject of communitas ties and the durability of groups based on this type of social ties. A significant part of the article is also devoted to forecasts and assumptions as to how life in cities may change and what impact the crisis in the service industry has on the city itself.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the means of work aimed at pedagogical and psychological assistance to children, teachers. The SAP program is aimed at preventing early school leaving, juvenile deviant behavior and managers as managers influencing child development.

The article highlights the relationship between the communication style and the degree of conflictuality at the young age. There are presented the experimental data regarding the communication style, the degree of conflictuality expressed by young people, the results obtained regarding the relationship between the degree of conflictuality and the communication style of the young people. The experimental approach and the results of the research showed that there is an interdependence relation between the communication style and the degree of conflictuality at the young age, and the high level of the assertive communication interrelates with the low level of conflictuality manifested by the young people, while the aggressive communication style relates at the level of strong and medium intensity with the high level of conflictuality.

Towards the end of the twentieth century in education appeared three functional concepts, which are based on the participatory approach to research: action research, participatory research, participatory-action research. It seems that these types of research would be of great use to teachers in the classroom. Several educational policy documents stipulate the idea of lifelong learning. Starting with 1996, the European Year of Lifelong Learning, the Lifelong Learning Strategy is formulated, which talks about the need to develop the professional potential of each person and the teaching / learning methods. But professional development is an ongoing process and requires a huge effort from teachers and the whole community. At the same time, teachers are always concerned with finding solutions to overcome students’ learning problems, avoid school failure, reduce functional illiteracy, etc. In this article we propose some suggestions for the development of literacy and research skills in students, which we consider more important in the instructional process. We would like to mention that there is currently an increasing emphasis on transdisciplinary or integrated training. Only through a constructive collaboration with colleagues from all school subjects will we be able to carry out valuable research and change the precarious situation in the direction of obtaining performance. In the 21st century, the teacher appears as an agent of change, which implies that he will be the basic element of educational reforms.

Information technologies have already radically transformed the communications and information technology sectors, trade, media, and the education sector, especially education, which is on the top priority. Digital technologies will radically change the way data is sent and retrieved, will allow immediate and real-time feedback from students, will facilitate access to education through distance learning, will allow new service providers to enter traditional markets education. Thus, a diligent and well planned implementation of cyber security, as well as information security of information networks of educational institutions will provide a definite competitive advantage in the information environment.

In the context of a dynamic information environment prone to large-scale cyber-attacks, in which cybercriminals are using increasingly advanced methods to implement attack vectors that are undetectable and difficult to neutralize, this scientific study is designed to protect data and security of your institutions as well as to ensure the confidentiality of your students and teachers.

Whether we are talking about large or small educational institutions, this study provides a series of recommendations on the secure use of social networks with a minimum set of measures needed to prevent cyber-attacks as well as reduce the damage caused in case of attacks. At the same time, it will examine the best practices in the online environment, effectively analyze the privacy settings of mobile devices and present some top tips for the secure use of social networks.

The study aims to comply with the following minimum set of measures in order to prevent cyber-attacks in educational institutions, and reduce the damage caused in the event of attacks.

This article reviews a number of theoretical and scientific approaches in respect to specifics of value orientation formation and manifestation in adolescents and youth. The study of value orientations was carried out by review of the scientific positions on describing the process of values formation in ontogenesis, the need of implication in different human activities for development of value orientation in childhood, the impact of the broad range of factors that shape the value orientations, the correlation of values with structural elements of the personality etc. The experimental study initially undertaken in 2015 and repeated in 2019 reflects the specifics of the value orientations dynamics in adolescents and young people within the pre-university and university levels of education system. The content shows up-to-date nature of the research and outlines prospects for further priority in investigative area.

Social work in Germany became a topic in the 19th century when the leading principles of the welfare system were introduced by the state. Today social workers are essential for the welfare state by working with clients and organizing social care in a variety of institutions run by the state or on a private basis. In their work with clients social workers fulfil their roles by prevention, closeness to everyday life, decentralization and integration. Social workers are educated at universities and universities of applied sciences. According to social workers working conditions are not the best but with an increasing staff shortage they are in a good position to negotiate better working conditions with their employers.

This article describes the life situation, feelings and needs of siblings of children who have been diagnosed with a chronic disease, which is rarely discussed in the literature.
The definition of chronic disease was described, in a special way based on terminology in the colloquial, medical, psychological and sociological terms. In addition, it describes situations and experiences in families in which a chronic disease occurs, with particular emphasis on siblings of sick children. A significant part of the article deals with the needs of the sisters and brothers of children suffering from long-term, serious somatic diseases.
In conclusion, the author emphasizes the role of parents in shaping the right responses to cope with difficult situations and meet the needs of their children, both the sick and their siblings.

Nowadays, the issue of the health of the aging society is becoming more and more important. We are beginning to appreciate the importance of physical activities in relation to the health condition of society. There is a significant number of diverse forms of activities addressed to seniors. One of them is tourism, which is the most common form of recreation, in particular – physical recreation. In the article, I present theoretical aspects of the importance of recreation and tourism for the health of seniors.

Nowadays it is emphasized that the human does not have any barriers to moving from place to place. People often emigrate from one country to another for economic reason. They want to acquire quickly the material resources and dower own family. Unfortunately, many times he does not recognize that his departure has certain consequences. In a special way they affect the child, who is referred to as the euro-orphan. When they are left alone and even abandoned by their guardians, they seek to fill the void of parental love in their own way.

Violence is a common phenomenon that occurs in family homes and schools. It comes in many forms and types and is also associated with aggressive behavior. Regulations on violence in the family are contained in the Act of 29 July 2005 on the prevention of violence in the family. A special form of protection and assistance to victims is the „Blue Cards“ procedure. School violence is a phenomenon that should be tackled first by teachers and educators working in schools. Prevention of violence at school is divided into three stages.

The article aims to discuss a very important topic, which is the 500+ benefit contained in the Act of 11 February 2016 on the provision of state aid in raising children. The above Act sets out the conditions for acquiring the right to parental benefit and the rules for granting and paying that benefit.
The “Family 500+” program is the financial foundation of family support, which entered into force on April 1, 2016 and contributed to a significant improvement in the financial situation of families, strengthened them and gave due priority. The article also aims to show the irregularity of the service which is 500+. It should be stated that the benefit should be directed directly to children, not to parents who spend money on it, it is not known what things would be a much better solution. I mean access to free public transport, free school meals, free textbooks and the entire school layette.

Focused on Slovak history of pedagogy from the earliest days, school framework within the school system Ratio educationis, where we describe in detail folk schools and Latin schools, and studies at academies and lyceums themselves in individual subchapters.

The article concerns the problem of pedagogical management of the students› ethnic tolerance system. It was noted that at the current stage of society development, in the age of interpenetration of ethnocultures, an important task of education is not only shaping communication tolerance, culture of interethnic communication, but also the education of ethnic tolerance. The article presents the results of the study, the purpose of which was to determine the basic features of ethnic tolerance of adults in the category of people directly involved in the educational process of students at school and after school hours. It has been shown that teachers are not particularly focused on serious, systematic work on shaping the ethnic tolerance of school children, so the implementation of the teacher›s tasks in organizing the process of forming ethnic tolerance of the young generation requires system knowledge and orientation of the teacher himself.

The daily work of social services provided people in need means not only the professionalism of their actions, but also the ability to make crucial decisions in harmony with the ethics of the profession. It is not an easy operation. Despite the high level of professionalism of the social service, sometimes their implementers experience discomfort during in the process of helping. They met the requirements of the employees in their work organization. They fight the procedures and formal administration, they must respect the processes of management, accepted norms, values and principles. Also apply to arbitrarily adopted during the proceedings,  guaranteeing the correct performance of professional activities. Not always this professional involvement gives moral satisfaction. Sometimes professional rules and conscience go in to opposite directions. What if social services have made the correct choice in duty but their choice was consistent with the ethics of the profession? This paper is a presentation of some social interventions that disturb the relationship between the professional to help, and the person in a situation of support and assistance. It is also a reference to the circumstances of designing appropriate relationships in social work.

This article emphasizes the importance of remittances on Moldovan income and economic growth. As a result of the increase in the flow of migrants, remittances have become an important factor in the country‘s GDP (in 2017, 20.6% of GDP). According to the Household Budget Survey the income from remittances directly affects the welfare of Moldovan households. In this study, the dependency of marginalized categories of the population (families with many children, elderly people and rural population) on the remittances of Moldovan migrants is analyzed. In rural areas, remittances account for more than 20% of the average disposable income.

The paper addresses a very important issue of controversial cults and their impact on youth. The first part describes and analyzes youth as an crucial stage in human development, the social situation in which young people grow up. There are also analyzed the most important needs of young people.
The next part of the article presents the basic definitions of sects and discusses the manner of their controversial impact on society and youth. Then, the reasons for the emergence of sects are explained, as well as variables conducive to their possible attractiveness. The issue of susceptibility of children and youth to sects is also explained.
The final part focuses on the effects of assistance offered to young people. It is pointed out that it is necessary to organize and conduct preventive and therapeutic interactions in the context of the work of educators, social workers and psychologists.

The article describes the ways of working with children with autism in an early school age.
The characteristic features of this disorder, which is autism, have been described. Methods included in directives and non-directive forms of work were presented. The author briefly described the most important features of each therapy. In conclusion, she concluded that in the selection of methods of working with children with autism it is necessary to take into account first of all the needs of the child, its capabilities and barriers. In addition, the importance of systematic and intensive therapeutic work as well as the cooperation of specialists and parents have been raised.

The problem of the reading culture of various groups environments and age constantly interests researchers. Especially that the percentage of readers is decreasing. Currently, only 40% of Poles read books. Do technical school students want to read books? What are their reading interests? Do parents encourage them to read?  These questions were asked in surveys conducted among students of Władysław Grabski School of Economics, Tourism and Hotel Management in Lodz, one of the best high schools in this region and in Poland. The theoretical part of this article focuses on the issues of book culture and reading culture in Poland. It is based on the results of research conducted by the National Library in 2017. Presented data emphasis book interests of respondents at the age 15–24. According to the author’s own research, women are intense readers, while men are sporadic or systematic readers. Young readers most often use home libraries or borrow books from their peers. They do not have the habit of using libraries of different types. They read fantasy and crime novels. Unfortunately, parents do not encourage young people to read and do not buy books for them.

Social protection of the population is the key element of social reforms and the main direction of state social policy The aim of this paper is to analyze programs of political parties in Moldavia to find out if the promises of social welfare are fulfill after gaining political power. They proposing solutions for the alleviation of social problems, but when they come to power, they have to cope with the realities characterized by insufficient financial means and therefore the electoral promises are contradictory and are not in line with the achievements.

Due to the social and economic changes in the past few decades a new type of inequality, digital inequality has evolved. This study based on the theory of second-level digital inequalities. I examine the autonomy of use dimension. I use a sample of the members of generation Z who live in Debrecen, Hungary. The aim of this study is to reveal who controls the Internet use of generation Z members and how this control is achieved by the means of qualitative and quantitative methods. Based on the focus group interviews, there have been discovered three kinds of control: parental, sibling and internal.

The best interests principle being one of the Polish family law general clauses consists in respect for child’s subjectivity with special regard to conflict or critical situations in their family. The Polish judicature unanimously indicates that the best interests of the child are superior value requiring extraordinary guarantee from the state. The paper comprises a review of selected court rulings which shape the judicial area the above-mentioned principle is applied in.

Social work is an institutional activity that is based on specific legal principles, certain values and ethical standards. Not all life situations encountered by a social worker can be regulated legally or raise ethical concerns. At every stage of the social worker’s professional activity, there may be a conflict of values because in everyday professional practice the most important role is played by the good of the individual.
Social work theory is based on two codes: legal and ethical, which facilitates decision-making but often causes ethical dilemmas among social workers.

In the field of social work, psychotherapy, psychiatry, pastoral care and pedagogy, supervision becomes more and more important - an independent form of vocational guidance in Germany after World War II. Supervision is seen as a way to reduce stress, as well as to maintain the personality of the employee (helper) and the awake and living customer as a central tool in these professions. The characteristics and application of supervision in German-speaking countries have been clarified and the importance of social work has been discussed. The self-reflexivity, processiveness and emancipation of supervision are emphasized here.

The phenomenon of co-addiction is a social and individual problem of the person affected. Most scientific publications and research refer to the problem of addiction, addicted person and therapy of a person who has an addiction. A deficiency is visible in studies related to co-addicts. The importance of social harmfulness of this issue is often diminished or even overlooked, which can be interpreted as underestimating the effects of co-addicted people, as well as neglecting women - partners, fiancés or wives of alcoholics in the family-oriented help process with the problem of alcohol dependence. An important assumption of this article was to develop a co-dependent profile based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of data collected in the research process, to propose modifications to be made to the aid system in order to streamline the processes under which programs for getting out of codependency are subject.

Support for people leaving penitentiary institutions is a very important means for correct readaptation, good functioning in society and a lack of returns “behind bars”. Units ending the sentence should be made aware of where they can seek the help they need. The support and positive action of the probation officer, family and relatives is extremely important for the return to society to take place correctly and for the individual not to feel stigmatized and excluded.

The penalty of deprivation of liberty is a sanction applicable to the person who committed the offense. Penitentiary isolation is the most severe form of isolation, being a reaction of the state to violation of the norms of law. Such compulsory isolation, the way of protecting the society against an asocial unit is the source of specific features of prison reality, which includes, among others: limiting contacts with relatives, compulsion to be surrounded by strangers, order to observe discipline and order, deprivation (alienation) of various the type of embedded needs (information deprivation, sensory deprivation), loss or limitation of certain activities, e.g. performing certain activities in the area of freedom of movement. Analysis of penitentiary activities, but also the effects of psychosocial imprisonment is the basis for working with the convict. These issues are the subject of an article that can be a support for penitentiary interactions in the aspect of education, therapy or re-socialization.

D. Mackler’s film entitled “Open Dialog. The Alternative Finnish Approach to Healing Psychosis” is based on a series of interviews with creators, practitioners and promoters of the Open Dialog Approach. It presents the main assumptions and therapeutic strategies and techniques used in this method. Open Dialog is based on conducting open therapeutic meetings involving professionals, family members and close relatives within the social network. Open dialogue is guided by the principles of immediate help, social network perspective,flexibility and mobility, responsibility, psychological continuity, tolerance of uncertainty and dialogism. Neuroleptic drugs are used to a small extent. The method is popular in Western Lapland and achieves enormous therapeutic success. There are attempts of implement therapeutic strategies based on the Open Dialogue in some Polish centers. Assumptions of this approach are part of the model of environmental psychiatric care promoted in the National Mental Health Program.

Contemporary debate over the school contains an element of discussion on the lack of proportionality between requirements and freedom, punishment and reward, proximity and distance, spontaneity and rationality. Attention was paid to the role of student’s well-being, his ability to accept successes and failures. There is even a new phenomenon,  hich is the dependence of charges on praise, related to such phenomena as “emotional addiction”, “drug of love”, psychological poisoning “which is associated with a new understanding of punishment in upbringing. A young person, as an addicted to praise, develops an unrestrained need to appreciate, recognize, admire and think positively about oneself. He expresses this in his statements to parents, teachers and peers, seeking positive reinforcement. They become a source of  obsession and stagnation in personal development. Addicted to the praise, the young man is looking for pleasure in themselves, which makes him often unable to care for others and establish a real relationship  ith them. The quality of society not only depends on education, but it also testifies to it. To a very large extent, it depends on its shape whether in the future students will be only efficient tools in the hands of rulers and employers, or whether they will become independent individuals with high intellect, creative and aware of their place in the world.

Nowadays, the place of man in the social world is designated, among others through his professional activity. It determines the place of man in the world of a social group, integrates with the environment in a unitary and group way. At the same time, professional work and social relations emerging from it as well as formal and informal arrangements  re the simplest way to social integration. He shapes human personality, determines the place of man in the world of values, in the material and social world. An important role in understanding work is culture. Hence the need to promote humanization of human work, thus contributing to development. The development that  ccomplishes through work makes it possible for man to achieve a moral personality, which is a multiplication of human’s natural ability to value moral human persons. The article indicates the need to “work on work” so that work not only improves things (work products), but above all, improves the working person, therefore constantly restore human work moral dimension (work as a moral value), and promote attitudes more “to be” than “have”.