The article presents the distribution of the transport and spatial components. The transport component is one of the four elements in the research of transport accessibility of the place. Thanks to the transport component, it is possible to move people and goods from source to destination. The article compares road and public transport  networks in cities that are divided into two parts by a river. Selected cities for analysis are: Göteborg, Rostock, Szczecin and Riga. In each of these cities it is possible to travel from the left bank to the right bank, both by individual transport (car) and public transport (bus and tram or trolleybus). The analysis will be based on the road network with OpenStreetMaps and the public transport network. An additional element helpful in the analysis is the spatial component (land use), which is in the form of a 1km2 (GRID) with data on the population for 2006 and 2011. The use of GRID data allows you to compare the population density in diff erent years in each city. Thanks to that, it is possible to identify problem areas and places where there may be worse access. Relations between the location of sources (population) and the public transport network are an important issue from the point of view of justice in access to services.

The subjects of the research is tram network in Katowice conurbation. This conurbation is a big polycentric region where condition of the tram transport operation is diff erent than in big monocentric agglomeration. The article assumes  if the spatial arrangement of the conurbation is polycentric, then polycentric is also a structure of tram network. It was hypothesized that in a tram network are several smaller subnetworks. They are mostly predisposed to the implementation of local transportation needs. Therefore, tram transport has only little impact in integration between parts of conurbation. Based on historical factors and topological properties of network it was divided to smaller subnets. Subnets diff er in terms of infrastructure. Accessibility to tram service was examined using landscape ecology ideas – “patch-corridor-matrix.” Areas well served and excluded from service were indicated. Analyzed was also arrangement of tram lines and frequence of courses – with emphasis on connections between another subnets. The hypothesis were confi rmed, but the studies showed that the role of tramway communication is spatially diverse. Some parts of conurbation are well integrated and in another parts – trams realize

The aim of the article is to analyze the possibilities of eff ective implementation of the Szczecin Metropolitan Railway (SKM) concept, primarily in relation to the reactivation of the Szczecin - Police railway connection. This connection, as the only one, is currently not open. The main conditions that must be met in order to make this connection eff ective and bring  the desired eff ects in the form of taking over passengers by rail transport were indicated. The results obtained indicate that the reactivation of the Police - Szczecin rail connection has a good chance of creating a competitive off er to those currently in operation. However, it is necessary to meet certain conditions regarding driving time,  frequency of courses, ticket prices and the location of stops on the route.

It is a huge challenge to provide the opportunities for development and to give residents of areas the fastest possible access to large urban centers today. European policy is focusing on ecological solutions, which increases the importance of transport systems, that are friendly to the environment. All of the above aspects are connected by  well-organized rail transport. It aff ects for the spatial development of the area, the mobility of residents and also it attracts new investments. At the same time, it is less harmful to the environment from widespread car transport. The article shows the socio-economic potential of restoring the line between Tuchola and Koronowo and proposes most eff ective use this inactive local railway. The re-functioning of this railway line for the passenger, freight and seasonal transport would be an important element in the development of the forgotten area and a great chance to improve the quality of life of the region’s inhabitants. In addition, the restoration of local railway lines is compatible with the principle of sustainable development. This fact creates more possibilities about obtain external founds for investmens in ecological transport means.

The growing role of rail transport is a contribution to research on regional rail transport within individual voivodships. In the context of personal transfers, the actual transport accessibility based on the real connections system becomes extremely important. The research area is the Opolskie Voivodeship. The author on the basis of inter-connection links: the number of direct connections, the number of connections with transfers, the number of transfers and travel time, has analyzed the regional connections network. Nodes are stations with at least three active personal directions and local activity centers – municipal capitals. The total number of nodes was 51. The analysis showed a signifi cant polarization of the transport off er (on average, 10 pairs of connections depart from each node) and the threat of defragmenting the network to local systems (Kluczbork and Opole). The Brzeg–Opole–Strzelce Opolskie route has been recognized as the main route of communication, which should be the skeleton of the regional transport system. The positive aspects of the functioning of the transport system, author included: low number of transfers necessary for inter-node travel. Most displacements between nodes are possible with one change. In the aspect of network connections (direct connections), the average rank of the node was 7 (that is, with every node in the network, on average, each node had a direct connection). The network has a large number of nodes with low connections. In addition, the author calculated the betweenesses and closeness indicators, which emphasized the role of the most important nodes: Opole, Kluczbork, and Nysa. Local networks play an important role in network systems, which allow linking two networks (eg. Opole–Kluczbork). The possibility of transport development includes the support of links to the main transport corridor and the system of railway feeder lines.