Issue 3 (141) 2014

2014

Publication date: 01.2015

Licence: None

Editorial team

Volume Associate Editor Artur Patek

Volume Editors Artur Patek, Jarema Słowiak

Issue reviewer Krzysztof Ślusarek

Editors Roman Baron (Praga), Olga Gorbaczewa (Mińsk), Rafał Kosiński (Białystok), Mihailo Popović(Wiedeń), Darius Staliunas (Wilno)

Issue content

Obraz stosunków bizantyńsko-frankijskich w listach władców merowińskich do justyniana i. Część 2: „tytulatura”

Mateusz Bętkowski

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 599-617

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.028.2756

The article is the second part of the study of diplomatic relations between Merovingian kings and the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century. The sources comprise three preserved letters from Frank rulers to Emperor Justinian I (527–565). The subject of the analysis is the titulature used in the correspondence. The diplomatic protocol can provide precise information about the relations between the two countries. Various opinions have been formulated on the subject of the titulature of the above-mentioned letters, treating them either as an expression of dependence of Franks on the empire, or as a provocative manifest of their independence. Those titles which refer to family relationships (pater, filius) are supposed to confirm the theory that the concept of the “family of dynasties” was used as an instrument of Byzantine domination. The following analysis points out that those theses should be approached with caution. The titulature seems to express the recognition of the honorary superiority of Byzantium yet without renouncing political independence by the Frank rulers.

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Drugi Salomon i „mądry król”. „Teologia władzy” i praktyka władania cesarza Karola IV (zm. 1378)

Eva Schlotheuber

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 619-639

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.029.2757

Charles IV introduced himself as the wise ruler. This self-identification allowed to build a considerable integration power. The position of the king, ruling over the estates, corresponded to the function of the highest judge, which was the apex of Charles’s vision of power. He based his position on judicial power bestowed upon him by God and on voluntary submission to canon law. The king used public references to the virtues of humility and gentleness as a political principle. In order to gain the acceptance of such a role of the king, he referred to the medieval theory of soul and vices, and he utilized the existing theological standards. However, he formulated his own identity of a ruler as it suited his ambition. His concept of power was based on the recognized religious standards, but its consistent realization meant a new quality.

Charles IV tried to exercise his role of a judge and ruler at the level of perception of scholars, which lead to evident problems. The circle of the learned clergymen was well-known to the court and the knightly estate, but the theological argumentation did not appeal to them. The problem of approving such a strategy of governing the country, just like the question of accepting the written law, depended largely on the degree of education of the subjects, which was a weak point in the monarchy of Charles IV.

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Udział wojska Hetmanatu Lewobrzeżnego w polskiej wojnie sukcesyjnej w latach 1733–1735

Ołeksij Sokyrko

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 641-656

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.030.2758

The war of the Polish succession from 1733 until 1734 was an important armed conflict in the history of Central and Eastern European countries. Undertaking a military intervention to fight for the Polish crown, the Russian Empire actively used the armed resources of its satellite state – the Left-Bank Hetmanate. Ukrainian Cossack regiments, comprising mostly light cavalry, were used by the Russian command to fight the army of Polish confederates – supporters of Stanisław Leszczyński, to organize reconnaissance, for defence, for patrolling and for convoy and courier services. During these two years, 16,000 Cossacks were mobilized to meet the Russian demand. Their participation in combat revealed the weak points of the Cossack army and contributed to its reform in 1735.

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Zaraza we wsi Kuczy w 1762 roku jako przykład postępowania wobec morowego powietrza na wsi w epoce nowożytnej

Ewa Kaźmierczyk

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 657-674

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.031.2759

The article presents the conduct in the face of a suspicion of bubonic plague in small towns and villages of the Podolian Voivodeship at the beginning of 1762 in the light of the accounts written by officers of the Polish army; the sources were included in the appendix. The article focuses mainly on social conduct in the face of the plague, as compared with other examples noted down in the sources. Moreover, the attempts to keep the plague under control by the supreme authorities are described. Much attention is devoted to an analysis of the practice of beheading the deceased, which was to protect people from vampires. Custom of this type, which was a part of the system of magical beliefs, survived over the centuries and had the decisive influence on the behaviour of the community, especially in such a critical period as the bubonic plague or its mere suspicion. Contrary to big cities of the Republic of Poland, the way of thinking about disease retained in rural areas had little to do with modern prevention.

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„I litość bierze patrzeć na te turystki…” – ubiory sportowe i rekreacyjne w Galicji jako zjawisko odzwierciedlające przemiany mentalności

Marta Kargól

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 675-692

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.032.2760

In the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, a distinct development of physical culture took place, and a growing interest in sport and recreation was noted. Those changes were also observed in Galicia. The arrival of new forms of physical activity and the growing popularity of the already existing sports were accompanied by the transformation of customs and mentality. One of the most important issues accompanying the changes concerned clothing which had to be adjusted to safety requirements, hygiene and comfort. However, etiquette, aesthetics and ethics stood in the way. Additionally, the problem was dependent on the level of institutionalization and professionalisation of the sport and on the gender and social status of the participants. The co-dependence and the dynamics of changes taking place in the physical culture, sports fashion and mentality are presented in memoirs, press and iconography: painting and photography.

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Bilety kolejowe jako przedmiot sporu polsko-ukraińskiego w Galicji, 1908–1910 – aspekt językowy

Jarosław Moklak

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 693-700

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.033.2761

At the beginning of the 20th century a Polish-Ukrainian dispute flared up in Galicia. It concerned the scope of the use of Polish, Ukrainian and German languages in the public sphere. The railway became the object of criticism of some Ukrainian politician who focused their efforts on popularizing the use of train tickets in the Ukrainian language. From 1907 until 1909 the Ukrainians proposed in the Sejm a number of parliamentary motions concerning this matter. In the autumn of 1909 they began to fight by submitting urgent motions which entered the Sejm agenda omitting the standard course of proceedings. The first motion was put forward by Zakharij Skvarka (1 October 1909), the second by Tymotej Starukh (3 February 1910). Both motions allowed to begin the initial debate in the Sejm, but they did not lead to appeasing the argument since, eventually, both were rejected by the majority of votes.

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Z dziejów krakowskiego marginesu społecznego: pijaństwo, awanturnictwo i wandalizm w Krakowie 1918–1939

Krzysztof Kloc

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 701-718

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.034.2762

The article touches upon an important social issue of the pre-war Cracow – alcoholism. The problem is discussed in a wider context together with the consequences manifesting themselves in the public space. These, in turn, had in many aspects far-reaching effects not only in the form of petty crime – theft, scuffles, brawls – but also as the sometimes irreversible social marginalization. Moreover, the paper describes the police and administration’s attempts to fight the drunkenness and its consequences.

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Urząd Bezpieczeństwa i Ludowe Wojsko Polskie wobec podziemia niepodległościowego na terenie powiatu przeworskiego w latach 1944–1947

Arkadiusz Machniak

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 719-742

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.035.2763

The Poviat Office of Public Security in Przeworsk, whose later organizations and methods of work were modelled after the Soviet solutions, was established in the autumn of 1944. It became an instrument allowing the communist circles gathered in the Polish Workers’ Party (PWP) to seize control of the poviat, which took place in stages from 1944 until 1947. This would not be possible had it not been for armed assistance of the Red Army and units of the Polish People’s Army.

The elimination of the underground independence movement in the poviat took place with the use of operation methods practised by the security services in the whole Poland. The army was used to carry out military actions, arrest suspects, convoy the resettled Ukrainians etc.

An analysis of the operations carried out by the Office of Security and Polish People’s Army indicates that only with their help was PWP able to assume power in the region. Using psychological and physical terror on the poviat community, a system hostile to national traditions was imposed. It effectively enslaved the inhabitants in the following years.

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Bilans Arabskiej Wiosny w Bahrajnie

Magdalena Karolak

History Notebooks, Issue 141 (3), 2014, pp. 743-755

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.14.036.2764

Year 2011 marked a turning point in the contemporary history of the Middle East as the region witnessed the culmination of political upheavals, commonly known under the name of the Arab Spring. Bahrain is an exceptional case among the countries affected by the political revolts. It is the only monarchy of the Arabian Gulf, where the protests could potentially have posed a danger to the current political system. Nonetheless, the monarchy under the rule of the dynasty of Al-Khalifa survived the blow unchanged. Demonstrations were pacified and contained to areas inhabited by the Shi’a population. The aim of this article is to analyse the factors that led to the upheaval as well as to assess why the royal dynasty eventually consolidated the power in their hands. The article allows for a deeper understanding of the resilience of monarchy in the Arabian Gulf.

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