Issue 4 (145) 2018

2018

Publication date: 23.10.2018

Description

Digitalizacja czasopisma „Prace Historyczne” została sfinasowana w ramach
umowy nr 613/P-DUN/2017 ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa
Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

Licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Editorial team

Issue reviewers dr hab. Krzysztof Królczyk, dr hab. Jacek Legieć, dr hab. Ireneusz Łucia

Issue Associate Editor Marcin Jarząbek

Issue content

Castra et canabae legionis. Organizacja przestrzeni i administracja cywilnych osiedli przy rzymskich obozach legionowych

Agnieszka Tomas

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 665 - 683

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.031.8746

The lands controlled by the army are frequently described by scholars as the ‘military territory’, ‘Militärland’, ‘territoire militaire/legionnaire’ or ‘militärisches Nutzland’, while epigraphic evidence uses the terms prata or territorium. Their size, function, and legal status are the subject of debate among scholars. In this paper some questions are raised concerning these lands, understood in three basic ways; (1) the sector of a border remaining under the military control of a legion (borderland), (2) the area or areas used and controlled by the unit within the entire province (military territory), and (3) the territory outside the camp (legionary territory). Following this, the author discusses problems regarding military and civil administration, civil settlements near the military bases, settlement duality, the organization of the extramural space and its limitation, as well as the role of some public buildings and religious features.

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Zagospodarowanie terenu za murami rzymskich fortów w Taurydzie. Na przykładzie stanowisk w Bałakławie-Kadykowce oraz na przylądku Aj-Todor

Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 685 - 704

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.032.8747

Excavations of the remains of a Roman fort in Balaklava-Kadykovka (Sevastopol, Crimea) were conducted by researchers from the Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, during 1997–1999, 2003, and 2009–2013. Various data were obtained concerning both the space within the fortification and outside it. Observation carried out on site also enriched our knowledge as to the chronology of Roman military presence in Taurica. The results of the excavations brought new perspective on the seemingly well-known Roman fort on the Aj-Todor Cape near Yalta (usually identified with Ptolemy’s Charax). The forts in Balaklava-Kadykovka and on the Aj-Todor Cape were constructed by the Roman army in uninhabited areas within the Barbaricum territory. In both cases various information is available regarding the findings from beyond the walls. The analysis of these data enables a partial reconstruction of the land management in the vicinity of the forts.

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The besieged: Role and place of civilian population during a siege as presented in military treatises of Late Antiquity

Łukasz Różycki

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 705 - 719

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.033.8748

The purpose of the article is to present the psychological aspects of defending a city in Late Antiquity, with particular focus on the role of civilians during a siege, according to the military treatises. The analysis covered mostly fragments of Book IV of Vegetius’ work, Book X of Strategikon and passages from Syrianus Magister. The results clearly indicate that the authors of treatises knew well the significance of the soldiers’ morale and mental strength in a siege, seeing them as key components in ensuring the success of military operations and preventing the surrender of the defended positions. The analyzed writings also emphasize the involvement of civilians, who were supposed to not only seek protection from soldiers, but actually had a clearly defined role in the defence efforts. The authors also understood that civilians, much more vulnerable to external stress factors than soldiers, were untrustworthy and more likely to give in to despair, which was to be prevented by various tricks meant to manipulate their psychology.

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„Garnizony rozproszone”? Kilka uwag o terenach grupowania i mobilizacji armii wandalskiej na tle pozostałych germańskich śródziemnomorskich „królestw sukcesyjnych” w V i VI wieku

Marek Wilczyński

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 721 - 735

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.034.8749

Principles of the troops dislocation and providing for the upkeep of the armies of the barbarian kingdoms in the Roman West in the 5th and 6th centuries are still under discussion. In the mid-19th century E. T. Gaupp claimed that the basis of barbarian settlement was assigning them one third of the cultivated land in provinces they settled. More than a century later, W. Goffart and J. Durliat completely denied and modified Gaupp’s theory. In their opinion, the upkeep of the barbarian foederati was to be provided for from one-third of the provincial fiscal revenue allocated to the maintenance of the armed forces. However, a more thorough analysis of the source material proves it impossible to develop any universal pattern of settlement for all barbarian tribes. Military settlement of Vandals in Africa escapes the framework of the Gaupp model, but also that of the Goffart and Durliat model. King Gaiseric had completely seized the property of the Roman landowners in the vast area around Carthage and handed it over to his warriors, creating a strong garrison scattered over many square kilometers. The Vandal ‘scattered garrison’ maintained full mobilization efficiency and fulfilled all the functions of a garrison. The warriors were not paid wages, but granted the sustainable tax-free agricultural property. The article describes its functioning and compares it with solutions adopted in the other barbarian countries.

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Twierdza Asemus w V–VI wieku

Stanisław Turlej

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 737 - 754

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.035.8750

Theophylact Simocatta’s account of the conflict between the soldiers and citizens of the city of Asemus with the Roman general Peter, the commander of the imperial army, frequently appears in scholarly literature, however, it is inappropriately used to describe the situation in the territories on the Danube during the reign of Emperor Maurice. This is due to lack of a comprehensive analysis of this account as well as to the reflections on the history of this city in the 5th–6th centuries. So far, historians have not exploited the potential of comparing the functioning of the garrison in Asemus in the late 6th century with the attested solutions used in the defence of Thermopylae in connection with Justinian I’s military reforms. A garrison was stationed in Asemus by an imperial privilege, and it could be used outside the city only on the Emperor’s order. The general had no right to include these soldiers in his army without the appropriate imperial document. Peter’s unlawful actions were resisted by the local soldiers and citizens alike. The bishop’s role in this conflict should not be overestimated, since he played an important role only as far as the possible violation of the right to asylum in a church was concerned. The appearance of a garrison of professional soldiers in Asemus and the fact that the city was a bishopric seem to indicate that it experienced a revival in the 6th century, during the restoration of the Empire’s rule over the territories on the Danube after the death of Emperor Anastasius.

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Belizariusz i rzymianie. Mieszkańcy Wiecznego Miasta a garnizon bizantyński w czasie oblężenia miasta przez Witigesa (537–538)

Teresa Wolińska

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 755 - 774

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.036.8751

During Justinian’s wars with the Goths, the Byzantines in Rome were besieged by Vitiges’ forces. For a year and nine days the Byzantine garrison of 5,000 soldiers fought off much more numerous Gothic troops. The Byzantines came to Italy and recaptured the territories occupied by the barbarians. Belisarius did much to prevent tensions between his soldiers and the civilians of Italy, but the long-lasting siege had consequences for the inhabitants of the Eternal City and their relationship with the Byzantines. The most important problem was the food supply. Belisarius did his best to collect as much food as possible but the prolonged blockade caused supply shortage. At one point the city was so short of supplies that Belisarius ordered all women and children to leave Rome. In the spring of 538, hunger and plagues reigned in the besieged city. The citizens were desperate because of the inability to use baths, but also due to the lost of their livelihoods. The Romans tried to force Belisarius to enter the battle. At the same time the pro-Gothic sympathies were fuelled by the emissaries of Vitiges. Pope Silverius was considered a Gothic ally, which cost him the papal throne. Desertions were a serious problem as Roman refugees informed the Goths about the actions of the Byzantines. The Romans were also dissatisfied that Belisarius did not want them to take part in the battle due to their lack of discipline. Byzantine soldiers themselves were another problem. Constantine, a Byzantine officer, stole two valuable daggers from an Italian citizen and when the theft was discovered, he attempted to assassinate Belisarius. The above illustrates how difficult it was for a military commander, regardless of his talents, to maintain good relations with the civilians of the city over whom he kept guard.

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Twierdza ponad miastem, czyli o wpływie garnizonu na życie Srebrnej Góry w okresie fryderycjańskim (1775–1807)

Tomasz Przerwa

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 775 - 790

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.037.8752

The King of Prussia Frederick II, also known as Frederick the Great, decided to build the fortress Srebrna Góra which came to exert enormous influence on the fate of the Lower Silesian small town located at its feet. A huge fortress and the neighbouring Garrison dominated the declining mining and textile centre, that had both positive and negative repercussions. The article depicts the consequences of the military “promotion” of the town of Srebrna Góra, where civilians lived in a sense in the shade of the Garrison and at the same time benefited much from this situation. There is some peculiarity to the described case, as the local Fortress Garrison significantly outnumbered the local community.

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Wojsko a ludność cywilna na przykładzie garnizonu krakowskiego w dobie napoleońskiej

Michał Baczkowski

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 791 - 803

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.038.8753

Cracow played an important military role at the turn of the 19th century. Since 1796 an Austrian garrison was stationed there, in the years 1809–1813 a Polish one, and during 1813–1815 the town was occupied by the Russian army. Military barracks, warehouses and hospitals were established in the city. The military garrison counted several thousand soldiers. The maximum number of them was recorded in 1807–1809 (about 6,000). Relations between the army and the civilian population were difficult. The military drew various benefits from the city and levied taxes on it. The most difficult problem was the accommodation of soldiers in private apartments. It caused many misunderstandings and conflicts. Excessive exploitation of the city by the Polish army in 1809 led to a decrease in the number of inhabitants. The Russian army (1813–1815), however, treated the inhabitants as enemies which resulted in violence against the civilians. The demilitarization of Cracow in 1815 was welcomed by the inhabitants with great joy.

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Wzajemne relacje między wojskiem a społeczeństwem w galicyjskim garnizonie przełomu XIX i XX wieku na przykładzie Tarnowa

Wacław Szczepanik

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 805 - 821

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.039.8754

The article discusses the relationships between the Austrian army and the Polish civilian population in Tarnów, where at the turn of the 20th century was stationed a large garrison. There were two regiments (infantry and cavalry), as well as the brigade headquarters, the recruiting district command, the barracks, and the training and auxiliary infrastructure. Tarnów can be considered a representative example of the Galician garrison towns of similar size. Soldiers of the garrison entered into numerous interactions with the civilians. The military participated in state, military and religious ceremonies. They also organized and participated in the carnival balls. The military orchestra played for the civilians on various occasions. Soldiers and officers had social relationships with the civilians. The presence of the troops in the city also prevented frequent cases of public order violation such as fights, thefts or assaults. Soldiers stirred up various, often contradictory, emotions in their civilian neighbours.

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„Godzina Marsa” w Alzacji. Afera Zabern 1913/1914

Piotr Szlanta

History Notebooks, Issue 145 (4), 2018, pp. 823 - 840

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.040.8755

The article deals with the last serious internal crisis in Germany before the outbreak of the First World War. It was triggered in November, 1913, by the arrogant behaviour of a young lieutenant who offended local recruits in the Alsatian town of Zabern (Savern). Informed by the press, outraged inhabitants of Zabern protested on the streets, demanding appropriate punishment for the offender. His superiors decided to interfere in the competences of the civil authorities by introducing (illegally) a state of emergency in Zabern, rather than to back down under public pressure. The German parliament, not satisfied with the answer given by the chancellor to the MPs’ questions on the affair, voted non-confidence for him. In the conflict between the civil and military authorities, Emperor William II completely took the side of the military, turning a deaf ear to the arguments of the civil servants. The affair of Zabern was widely regarded as tangible proof of the privileged status of the army within the German society and the Prussian militarism.

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Słowa kluczowe: Roman army, Roman frontier studies, limes, canabae, Roman army, Taurica, Balaklava, Ay-Todor, Roman Fort, vicus, Roman Army, military psychology, sieges, Strategikon, Late Antiquity, barbarian settlement, ‘scattered garrisons’, military of the 5th and 6th centuries, Late Antiquity, Byzantium, Asemus, Theophylact Simocatta, Procopius of Caesarea, Rome, Belisarius, Vitiges, siege, garrison, military art, Prussia, Silesia, Srebrna Góra, garrison, fortress, town, history of the military of the 18th and 19th centuries, history of Cracow, civilian population against the army, Galicia, Tarnów, military history, daily life, Prussia, militarism, Alsace-Lorraine, Zabern affair, 1913–1914

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2018