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Geographical Studies

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Issue 176

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Publication date: 02.2025

Description
Photo on the cover: Połonina Wetlińska; Morze Bałtyckie, okolice Krynicy Morskiej (fot. A Pawłowska-Legwand

Licence: CC BY licence icon

Editorial team

Secretary Aneta Pawłowska-Legwand

Editor-in-Chief Janusz Siwek

Issue Editor Jarosław Balon

Issue content

Jarosław Czochański, Barbara Korwel-Lejkowska, Wojciech Staszek

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 7-24

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.016.21099
Protected landscape areas, as one of the ten forms of nature protection in Poland, are at the same time one of the three (besides landscape parks and natural and landscape complexes) forms dedicated in a special way to landscape protection. For more than 8 years, Poland conducts work on landscape audit, which, regardless of the identification of priority landscapes in the voivodeships, requires the identification of landscape threats within the boundaries of landscape parks and protected landscape areas. The article presents the results of the identification and inventory of landscape threats performed in 2021 within the boundaries of 40 LPAs, located in pomorskie voivodeship. The catalog of threats was based on the methods indicated for conducting the audit and included the range of selected threats, as specified in Appendix 6 of the Ordinance on preparing landscape audits (2019). Depending on the specificity of the threat and its spatial dimension, threats were classified as point, linear or surface, which was also reflected in the typology of objects made for the creation of the GIS database. For the objects identified and included in the databases, their characteristics and the degree and nature of the threat were determined. The article presents the results of the study and attempts to synthetically assess the threats to natural and landscape values within the boundaries of the studied areas. The main groups of threats were also identified and a preliminary analysis of the reasons for their occurrence was presented.
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Krzysztof Badora

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 25-44

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.014.21097
No new national park has been created in Poland for 22 years, despite the fact that many projects have been created and actions have been taken to create them. Planned Silesian Forest National Park is one of the proposals important for preserving the natural diversity of Poland. It is planned in the Silesian Natural and Forest Land, which is the only area that does not have this type of nature protection. The area meets the legal requirements for national parks is characterized by a large diversity and naturalness of forests, despite forest management. There are large concentrations of protected and rare species of plants and animals. Of the two forest enclaves planned for protection, the western part is characterized by greater naturalness, the eastern one by higher cultural values. In order to optimize the project, including the reduction of spatial and social conflicts, private built-up areas and arable land located at the borders of the park should be excluded from the protection proposal. It is also possible to create a park only within the boundaries of the western enclave designed for protection. It has an area typical to medium-sized national parks already existing in Poland.
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Renata Giedych, Gabriela Kazanowska

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 45-59

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.019.21102
The Act of 31 January 1980 on the Environmental Protection, introduced the concept of rural parks as one of the tools for green areas protection in the countryside. This category of environmental protection could include public areas of a park character, not entered in the register of monuments. Amendment to the Act of 1997 extended the possibility of including to this protection category areas located within city limits, introducing the concept of a communal park. These parks, as in the previous period, could be areas of a park character covered by trees, not constituting monuments and being public property. In 2001, as a result of the transfer of regulations on green areas to the Nature Conservation Act, communal parks became one of the nature protection categories. The Nature Conservation Act of 2004 kept the institution of communal parks, however, it limited the possibility of establishing them, to areas located outside towns and compact rural settlements (Art. 81). Despite the fact that the possibility of creating communal parks has been limited only to non-urbanized areas, many towns create communal parks invoking Art. 81 as the basis for their creation. The conducted research on the establishment of communal parks showed that in the years 2013–2022, 79% of communal parks (38 of 48) were created within town borders. This category of protection covered a total of approx. 218.4 ha (the average area of a newly created communal park in towns was approx. 5.7 ha). It should be emphasized that in towns 58% of communal parks were established in large cities. Most of them were established in Łódź (11), and Sosnowiec (6). Towns interest in creating such a protection category, may prove the need to use it as an effective means of preserving areas covered with trees. At present, communal parks as a nature protection category are established in cities without a proper legal basis. Therefore, it is reasonable to restore the possibility of their creation in highly urbanized areas, where the development of green infrastructure seems to be the most justifiable.
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Paulina Gałdyn, Jarosław Balon , Wojciech Maciejowski

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 61-75

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.018.21101
Landslide movements are one of the most serious natural hazards in the Carpathians. The paper shows the scale of the threat they pose to buildings in 4 Podhale communes: Biały Dunajec (Tatra County) and Szaflary, Nowy Targ and the city of Nowy Targ (Nowy Targ County). Information on landslides was obtained from the landslide database of the Landslide Protection System (SOPO). It was confronted with the current state of development, with particular emphasis on historic buildings and buildings of social importance. The planning documents of the municipalities were then analysed with regard to the designation of landslide- prone areas. It was found, inter alia, that in the study area 21 buildings are located on active landslides, 127 on periodically active landslides and 287 within inactive landslides. On the other hand, 681 buildings are located in areas considered to be at risk from mass movements and in close proximity to landslides. Mainly single-family houses and outbuildings are located in landslide areas or deemed at risk from mass movements; but also buildings of social importance, e.g. schools, a church, a municipal cultural centre, a sports hall and ski lift stations. In the planning documents of the municipalities, the areas at risk of landslides and mass movements are mostly designated for forests and trees, agricultural land, green areas and also recreational areas. Nevertheless, some of these areas allow for housing, services and environmentally unfriendly production. 4.4% of the existing buildings in the study area were found to be at risk of landslides. This number does not seem high, but it is worth noting that most of the area of the studied municipalities is flat and their buildings are concentrated there. Almost one in 20 buildings is sited in a hazardous location and local spatial plans do not fully provide a barrier to further development in such locations.
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Justyna Mokras-Grabowska, Aleksandra Mroczek-Żulicka

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 77-94

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.021.21104
Post-industrial urban space, through its uniqueness, inspires city guides who look for non-obvious elements in their offer that enable the creation of original narratives. The aim of the study was to analyze the importance of postindustrial space in the creative activity of city guides, using the example of Łódź. It was examined how the postindustrial space of the city influenced the decision to become a guide and the creation of the guide offer. The research was conducted using the method of focus group interviews (FGI) among selected city guides (two interviews), operating in the city of Łódź. The results showed the great importance of postindustrial space – they proved that its “difficulty” and unusualness inspire and give a sense of satisfaction from changing the image and perception of a city perceived as “not touristic” at all.
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Witold Warcholik

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 95-114

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.022.21105
Based on an analysis of the value of ratings and the content of reviews, obtained from online opinion aggregators, an assessment was made of the popularity and attractiveness of cultural heritage sites in the Ojców National Park (OPN). The purpose of the study was to identify and assess the scale of the potential relationship between the perception of their authenticity and the reviews issued. Tourists identify a very narrow group of cultural heritage objects with the national park, and in the absence of expert knowledge, they differ in their perception and understanding of their authenticity. It has been shown that the authenticity of cultural objects of the OPN landscape, understood in an existential or constructivist rather than objectivist dimension, is an element that influences the experience of a small percentage of tourists. What is important is direct contact with something unique, unusual, the so-called nimbus of authenticity, and the distribution of evaluations is fundamentally influenced by the process referred to as the sacralization of the view. A marginal issue in the opinions given is the problem of the disappearance of authenticity of heritage objects and the emergence of an adulterated image of space, due to the growing needs of tourism. The evaluation of cultural heritage sites in the studied context of authenticity, more often than in the case of natural heritage sites, is hampered by the fact that a sizable group of opinions and evaluations are concerned only with the issue of tourist organization. The results presented can provide a starting point for discussion, as well as verification of tourist attractions considered leading in the study area, and evaluation of the importance of authenticity in creating a tourist offer on the part of tour operators.
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Agnieszka Dudzińska-Jarmolińska

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 115-137

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.017.21100
Cities all over the world are launching new initiatives designed to build their resilience against the effects of climate catastrophe. In the largest Polish cities (over 100,000 inhabitants), strategic documents setting out directions for their adaptation to new climate conditions have been drawn up. Currently, there is an on-going discussion on the necessity of working out similar solutions for medium-sized and small towns and, against the background of this debate, the author of this article puts forward a thesis that in the case of such agglomerations, it is worth taking steps aimed at building their resilience to the current and future effects of climate change. Such measures will not only be of a protective character but will also contribute to other beneficial transformations – the strengthening and expansion of social and ecological systems through the implementation of more specially designed greenery (NBS tools). The use of such solutions in small towns makes economic sense due to the lower cost of their construction – relative to the so-called grey adaptation infrastructure, plus they offer benefits in the form of ecosystem services. They can also be used to regenerate small-town landscapes, build the image of CittaSlow cities and so-called green cities. Solutions of this type are already being used in large cities, and there is now a shift towards a more naturalistic form. The article cites the example of Paris, where it is important to combine building urban resilience while enhancing its biodiversity. These plantings are accentuated in the city space by surrounding them with wooden fences. Similar solutions are also increasingly used in other large agglomerations around the world and can also be an inspiration for building resilience in Polish cities – especially those of a smaller scale. The research leading to these results has received funding from the EEA Grants 2014–2021 via the National Centre for Research and Development.
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Mariusz Kistowski

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 139-159

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.020.21103
The aim of the research was to identify the scientific disciplines represented by Polish landscape ecologists before and after 2018, as well as their opinions regarding the compatibility of these disciplines with the subject of their research and design. In order to do so, a survey of members of the Polish Association for Landscape Ecology was conducted in the winter of 2023, obtaining 50 responses from researchers in 15 cities and 25 institutions, representing about a third of all landscape ecologists in the country. The results indicated the dominance of geographers in the surveyed group (nearly 4/5 people) and a slight predominance of representatives of earth and environmental sciences over socio-economic geography and spatial economy. Several people each represented agriculture and horticulture, architecture and urban planning as well as environmental engineering. As many as two-thirds of the respondents reviewed that their current discipline does not overlap in whole or in part with their work, and most of them would like to return to the pre-2018 discipline. An analysis of the organizational structure of academic institutions employing landscape ecologists indicated the existence of 3 main approaches: natural science at the largest number of universities, socio-economic with spatial-economic at a smaller number, and engineering the least. Overall, it can be assessed that the changes in science regulations implemented since 2018 have had quite an adverse effect on the discipline and may lead to its destruction, research indifferentism and organizational problems.
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Tomasz Wójcik, Agata Ćwik

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 161-179

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.015.21098
The postulate of protecting a small forest area of natural value (7.5 ha), located in Dynów Foothills in the immediate vicinity of Rzeszów was presented in the paper. A conservation regime was proposed in the form of at least an ecological site, the boundaries of the protected area, and the name “Orchid Forest”. This postulate was formulated on the basis of a detailed phytosociological characterisation and an analysis of the vascular flora with the identification of protected, endangered and rare species; ancient woodland plant species and of foreign origin, carried out in 2021–2022. The diversity of the relief and geological structure was also analysed and the main features of climate and water relations were determined. Abiotic conditions resulted in the development of three plant associations here: riparian forest in the vicinity of the spring Carici remotae-Fraxinetum, the Carpathian orchid beech forest Carici-Fagetum on the limestone substrate on the slope of SW exposure, and the fertile Carpathian beech forest Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum in a deep valley on its N slope. 111 species of vascular plants were found, including: 60 ancient woodland plant species, 12 protected species, 4 endangered species, and 7 mountain species. The exceptionally large population of Cephalanthera longifolia and the first record of such in this part of the Carpathians, Cephalanthera rubra, deserves attention.
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Izabela Sołjan, Bożena Gierek

Geographical Studies, Issue 176, First View (2024), pp. 181-217

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.24.031.21162
Sanctuaries as places of special worship have been of interest to pilgrims for centuries. In the past, this was primarily determined by religious motives, while currently cognitive and cultural factors are playing an increasingly important role. Since the mid-19th century, we observe significant changes in the way sacred spaces are organized and developed, visible in the creation of large religious complexes with park-like architectural character. This study focuses on the sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń Sorrowful Queen of Poland, organized precisely in such a form. This is a center established in the mid-19th century based on Marian apparitions recorded in 1850 in a nearby forest. The strong connection of religious and patriotic threads resulted in the creation of a unique complex of a religious and national character here in the second half of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to comprehensively present the sacred zone of the sanctuary in Licheń in terms of its development, structure, and symbolism. In the final part of the article, the sanctuary in Licheń is compared to other sanctuary concepts with park-like architectural character, which allowed highlighting their common and distinguishing features.
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Słowa kluczowe: protected landscape areas, landscape, landscape threats, pomorskie voivodeship, landscape audit, nature protection, landscape protection, forests, biodiversity, Lower Silesia, nature conservation, environmental protection, green areas, communal parks, landslides, spatial planning, municipality, postindustrial urban space, non-obvious space, city guide, creativity, Łódź, landscape, cultural heritage, authenticity, tourists’ experiences, Ojców National Park, urban resilience, adaptation, small towns, nature based solution – NBS, Paris, landscape ecology, geography, dyscyplines of science, university organizational structures, Dynów Foothills, Hermanowa, ecological site, nature reserve, orchid beech forest, orchids, Licheń, sanctuary, apparitions. national identity, religious complexes