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Geographical Studies

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Issue 128

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2012 Next

Publication date: 21.03.2012

Licence: None

Editorial team

Issue Editor Jarosław Balon

Secretary Grzegorz Micek

Editor-in-Chief Wiesław Ziaja

Issue content

Natalia Tokarczyk

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 6-16

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.001.0350
The renaturalization process, being a result of the end of grazing and mowing, leads to a gradual disappearance of glades. The total area of analyzed glades in the Gorce Mts. was in 2003 by 125.69 ha less than in 1954 i.e. – 1/3 the original. Two small glades had become completely overgrown, other had become fragmented. The rate of forest expansion had not been the same an all the investigated glades. In the Gorce Mts most of the glades are private. For this reason any protective activities conducted by the Gorce National Park encounter hindrances. A decline in biodiversity and a decrease in the tourist attractiveness of the mountain landscape are the most important negative results of the glades overgrowing.
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Sebastian Pełech

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 17-28

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.002.0351
The author analysed snow conditions required for skiing at Gaik-Brzezowa (Wielicczka Foothills, southern Poland). The basic data included daily snow-cover depth measurements from the period 1988–2011. Depths of snow cover accepted as necessary for skiing are, after Łobożewicz, >10 cm for cross-country and >20 cm for downhill skiing. The seasonal snow cover features calculated in the study included: the timing of snow cover occurrence, days with snow cover, days with both types of skiing-depth snow cover, days without either of the depths, total snow cover depth, average snow cover depth and the probability of snow cover occurrence in each month. Minimum, maximum and average values of each of those were also calculated. The author concluded that the snow cover conditions were below the standard for downhill skiing and sufficient for cross-country skiing. Downhill skiing requires extensive infrastructure, much greater than that for cross-country skiing, and the natural snow condition of the area are too weak to quarantee the efficiency of such an investment. Cross-country skiing has a better chance to develop here. This potential is enhanced by the varied relief of the area and its attractive landscape.
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Jarosław Balon

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 29-43

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.003.0352
The author presents an attempt to solve several problems of physicogeographical divisions in the Slovak part of the Carpathians. Different regionalizations (Hromadka 1956, Kondracki 1978, Mazur, Lukniś 1978, 1982, Czeppe, German 1979, Balon et al. 1995, Balon, Jodłowski 2005) are discussed and then critically evaluated. New solutions proposed are based on the analysis of selected features of natural environment and guided by the principles described in the author’s other paper (Balon 2000). The new course of the border between the Mala Fatra and the Oravska Magura should be delineated along the line: Istebné – Istebnianka stream valley – the pass (865 m a.s.l.) between Mračkovo and Opálené – Plešivský stream valley. The physicogeographical status of the Šipska Fatra massif and the Chočské Vrchy was also the subject of the study. As a result of the analysis of the border between two basins, the Liptovska Kotlina and Spišska Kotlina, a separate physicogeographical region Štrbský Divide was distinguished. The physicogeographical status of the Levočske Vrchy was also taken into consideration. In the author’s opinion those mountains form a macroregion together with the Bachureň Mts. and parts of the Medzihorie Spišsko-Šarišské. Selected issues presented in the paper indicate a need for a more detailed (to the level of microregion) physicogeographical regionalization of the Central Western Carpathians.
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Paweł Krąż

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 45-56

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.004.0353
The Białka Valley natural environment is currently exposed to anthropogenic hazards. The main elements of this anthropopressure are: settlement, agriculture, other unproper economic activities and tourism growth. The river of Białka still has a natural, mountain character in most of its sections. But in the remaining ones the river is engineered, in order to protect villages along its course from floods. Considerable transformations of the discussed valley occur at Łysa Polana, where the river is a natural border between Poland and Slovakia. To keep the border in accordance with documents, after each change of the bed location, the former course of the Białka is restored. Moreover, at the Białka mouth there are two mines of river gravel used in construction. Also water is taken from the river. Effects of this action are the most negative in winter, when water is used also to make snow on ski slopes. The Kotelnica ski station takes 650 m3 per hour during the period of maximal demand for water. The Białka river is receives various pollution, from the villages nearby. In winter people burn refuse in their stoves, which make the aerosanitary conditions worse and worse. The Białka Valley links the Tatras with the Gorce Mts and the Pieniny Mts. This ecological corridor is important in the scale of the whole Polish Carpathians, but its functioning is nowadays at hazard. The anthropopressure should be reduced in this area. All human activity should be conducted according to the principles of sustainable development. (Translated by Zygmunt Górka)
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Justyna Kmiecik-Wróbel

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 57-64

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.005.0354
The paper presents a way to classify the organization of the natural environment in high-mountain areas – a method of partial geocomplexes delimitation. The main concern was put on the terrain relief and morphogenetic processes being the most important factors influencing the landscape structure. In the southern part of the Kościeliska Valley in the Tatra Mts. 10 types of morphotops (partial geocomplexes with homogeneous terrain relief and recent morphogenetic processes) were identified 3 groups distinquished: morphotops of valley floors, those of slopes and those of ridge tops. For each type of morphotop basic characteristics of lithology, climate, soils, plant cover and recent morphogenetic processes were presented in the text.
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Sabina Wójcik

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 65-80

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.006.0355
The paper presents the influence of two factors: geology and meteorological conditions on the differentiation and the seasonal variability of the head waters chemism in the Olczyski Stream catchment in the Tatra Mts. During field work basic physico-chemical properties of water and the springs discharge were measured using the volumetric method. In the hydro-chemical laboratory of the IGiGP UJ were marked the ion concentration: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Li+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, NO2-, F-, Br- (DIONEX ISC-2010). The total hardness (To), carbonate (Tw), not carbonate (Tnw) mineralization (M) and concentrations H+ were calculated. The characterized physico-chemical properties were analysed both for the passive (I–III, X–XII) and active (IV–IX) periods of the year. Water of the investigated sources is low alkaline, normal, soft and sweet. According to Mainzer’s efficiency classification the Eliasz springs belong to class V, while that No. 3 to class VI (Pazdro 1977). According to the Szczukariew-Prikłoński classification these waters belongs to the HCO3–Ca–Mg type (Maciaszczyk 1987). Minimum average values of ion concentrations were found during the active period, maximum – during the passive one; however these values in both the periods are similar. The research showed the occurrence of spatial differentiation and seasonal variability of water physico-chemical properties of the investigated springs. In the spatial differentiation of these properties appeared the influence of geology of the springs alimony area. In turn, the seasonal variability of physico-chemical properties derives from meteorological conditions before and during fieldwork. The highest concentrations of most ions occurred during autumn and winter low waters, while the lowest ones during high waters caused be snow melting and rainfall. Similar results were by A. Wolanin and M. Żelazny (2010), which allows to state that the studied springs are characterized with a typical reaction to atmospheric conditions.
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Natalia Kolecka , Jan Niedźwiecki

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 81-98

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.007.0356
The aim of the authors was to compare values of 2D and 3D landscape metrics in high mountains. The first part of the work takes into consideration the spatial structure of vegetation (the rank of landscape facias/ecotopes) of Kocioł Goryczkowy Świński, which was investigated in 1999 by Anna Kozłowska and Anna Jakomulska. The calculation of landscape metrics is resumed using the true surface geometries and compared with the result of traditional measurements on a reference plane. In the second part of the paper, a set of commonly used landscape metrics is calculated for the geocomplexes (rank of uroczysko unit) in the Morskie Oko catchment using both true surface and plain geometries. Finally average surface roughness is computed for the both study areas and some remarks for landscape metrics computed for geometric fields are given. The comparison shows that appropriate 2D and 3D metrics may differ significantly. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between the size of the discrepancy and the surface slope. For that reason, it is very important to distinguish between 2D and 3D metrics and to use them consciously, according to the particular problem.
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Jarosław Balon , Elżbieta Krąż

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 99-110

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.008.0357
A large number of accidents is one of the results of over-developed tourism. Accidents in the Tatra Mts. have been analyzed many times, however the main reasons of them were rather subjective, such as lack of experience or improper equipment and clothing. The authors focused on the objective causes of accidents, related to the natural environment. The data from 1999, 2004 and 2009 years were analyzed. In each case the main cause of the accident was related to the environmental factors. Therefore weather conditions during each accident were analyzed. Finally, all accidents were classified according three spatial orders: belting, vertical zonality and morphological sequence.
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Agnieszka Nowak

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 111-126

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.009.0358
Beskid Niski is the region of Polish Carpathians, where the most significant changes in population took place. The depopulation started during the Second World War and continued until 1947, when the Lemkos were displaced from the region, which caused the abandonment of their farms and began the renaturalization process. Those changes as well as political and economic changes in Poland since 1990 are the factors which influenced pattern of the forest-field boundary in the discussed area. The author’s research was carried out in the Pasma Magurskie region, which is in the central part of Beskid Niski Mts. in Outer Western Carpathians (Fig. 1). The study area included also the Magura National Park. The main tectonic unit here is the Magura Nappe. The relief of Pasma Magurskie was formed by fluvial and denudation processes. As for altitudinal zonation, two vertical zones are distinguished here – the foothill vertical zone where original Tilio-Carpinetum betuli was transformed into agricultural fields, and lower forest vertical zone covered with Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum. As a consequence of depopulation settlement density is low here in comparison with other parts of Polish Carpathians. The author’s aim was to investigate changes in the geometry of forest-field boundary and its altitude between 1978 and 2004 in the Pasma Magurskie. Additionally, changes in the forest area were examined. The research was based on the map overlapping technique. Data derived from digitized topographic maps made in the 1978–1980 period and orthophotos of 2003–2004 years were compared and changes were analyzed. The total forest area in the region increased from 69,4% in 1980 to 73,2% in 2004 (tab. 1). At the same time the altitude of forest-field boundary lowered by c. 18 m. Also the values of metrics concerning fragmentation of forest patches increased considerably (tab. 4). It means that the process of reforestation, which through temporal fragmentation leads to the merger of landscape, is continued.
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Marta Cebulska, Robert Twardosz

Geographical Studies, Issue 128, 2012 , pp. 127-138

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.12.010.0359
The authors have investigated long-term and annual patterns in maximum monthly precipitation totals in the Western Carpathian Mts. in Poland. Data from six stations (Nowy Sącz, Sanok, Bielsko-Biała, Maków Podhalański, Krynica and Zakopane) spanning the period 1951–2005 were used both in their raw form and as derived probabilities. The study showed that the highest monthly precipitation totals were likely to occur throughout the year, but most frequent were in the summer months. No long-term statistically significant trends were identified, just shorter-term fluctuations. All of the stations recorded high precipitation totals in last years of the 20th c. and in 2001 too, while lower totals were recorded in the mid-1990s. During the first five years of the 21st c., the trend to a decrease was found at most of the stations. At some of them peak monthly totals exceeded the monthly average figures by more than 350%. For precipitation totals with a 1% probability of exceedance, the highest totals were obtained from Gumbel distribution and the lowest from the normal distribution at all of the stations. In high probability ranges (e.g. p = 20%) the highest precipitation was derived from Weibull distribution. The highest maximum monthly totals recorded during the period 1995–2005 corresponded approximately to a 1% probability of exceedance. The only exception was the station at Maków Podhalański, where the highest monthly precipitation of 521.1 mm was at 88.1 mm higher than the figure derived from the theoretical distribution with p = 1%.
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