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Geographical Studies

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Issue 173

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2023 Next

Publication date: 02.2024

Description

Publikacja dofinansowana ze środków budżetu państwa w ramach programu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki pod nazwą „Doskonała Nauka – Wsparcie konferencji naukowych” nr projektu DNK/SP/550155/2022 kwota dofinansowania 73 550 PLN całkowita wartość projektu 106 036 PLN.

Zdjęcia na okładce: Legalna ściana graffiti. Kraków, ul. Ślusarska, Zabłocie (fot. P. Trzepacz) Cruach Phádraig – Irlandia (fot. B. Gierek)

Licence: CC BY licence icon

Editorial team

Secretary Aneta Pawłowska-Legwand

Editor-in-Chief Janusz Siwek

Issue Editors Elżbieta Bilska-Wodecka, Izabela Sołjan

Issue content

Tomasz Grzyb

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 7-30

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.021.19233
The possibility of direct contact with nature significantly affects the quality of life of urban residents, including the recreational use of green and blue spaces. Although the benefits derived from urban nature are generally well recognised, much less is known about the negative experiences related to visits to green and blue spaces. In the context of sustainable recreational planning and management, it is crucial to have complex knowledge on the perception of urban green and blue spaces by its users, especially the relations between different kinds of experiences. The objective of the article is to fill this gap by using participatory mapping to identify both the positive and negative aspects of experiencing the Vistula River in Warsaw, Poland. Based on the opinions of the residents, bundles of positive experiences and groups of negative experiences related to visits along the river were identified. Additionally, the influence of negative experiences declared on the assessment of positive experiences was investigated. Positive experiences are linked to perceiving the urban riverscape as: (1) a domesticated place, a space of intellectual joining with nature; (2) a space of social interactions; (3) a space of spending time actively and experiencing nature. In the context of negative experiences, the survey participants indicated that the visitor-related aspects were more prominent than the nature-related aspects. Furthermore, in some cases negative experiences significantly affected the assessment of positive experiences. The results obtained can be used to identify and fulfil the key needs of urban dwellers toward the riverscape as a leisure space.
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Piotr Mielus

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 31-56

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.020.19232
The prominence theory describes the rules of the classification of mountain objects. Classification refers to a prominence and a subordination of the peaks. Orographic data regarding height and watersheds allow to calculate prominence of summits, col depths, dominance ladders, and prominence cells. The aim of the article is a distribution analysis of P10 peaks (orographical prominence above 10 m) in the Tatra Mountains. The origin of the analysis are digital maps based on LIDAR data. These data are a unique source of information on the altitude difference between summits and their key saddles or the identification of watershed lines. The article is a first complex prominence research for the Tatra Mountains based on the recently released laser scanning data for the whole massif. The article consists of 5 parts: theoretical introduction, definitions and methodology of the study, results based on the data analysis, discussion and conclusions. The analysis contains three elements: estimation of the prominence distribution density function, analysis of the geographical dispersion of P10 peaks, and allocation of selected static variables to all identified objects. In such a way 1343 Tatra peaks with a prominence not smaller than 9,5 m are precisely identified.
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Karolina Mostowik, Agnieszka Kafel, Marta Kisiel, Agnieszka Kozioł, Dominika Paruch, Eliza Płaczkowska, Bartłomiej Rzonca, Janusz Siwek, Jakub Słotwiński, Mateusz Stolarczyk

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 57-85

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.019.19231
The purpose of the research was to define the variability of soil temperature and moisture in three profiles in the Połonina Wetlińska Range in the period 23/11/2020–19/11/2021 and to assess the relationship between these parameters and meteorological conditions. Soil temperature and moisture loggers were situated at two depths (20 cm & 45 cm). Research has shown a higher soil temperature at a subsurface depth between the end of April and August. The soil temperature was strongly correlated with the air temperature in the warm half-year. The highest average soil temperature was observed for the southern slope (7,5ºC at both depths). In the cold half-year, low variability of soil temperature, the the insulating role of snow cover, and the lack of soil freezing were discovered. The annual average volumetric soil moisture of the soils studied ranged from 42% to 53% at a depth of 20 cm, and from 39% to 44% at a depth of 45 cm. Among the soils studied, those represented by the lower clay fraction content, the lower bulk density, and the higher organic matter content were characterised by the higher volumetric moisture. An increase in soil moisture, mainly driven by infiltration of rainwater and melting snow, may also be caused by lateral throughflow. Generally, soil moisture was dependent on the previous precipitation totals. Additionally, in the cold half-year, higher soil moisture was related to higher air temperature, whereas in the warm half-year, this relation was opposite. The research revealed a lower variability of soil moisture in profiles located within a forest glade on the northern slope than at the profile located within a meadow, on the southern slope of the Połonina Wetlińska. The variability in soil moisture was lowest during the winter months in the highest elevated profile close to the ridge, whereas the highest variability was observed during the summer on the southern slope. Furthermore, in the warm half-year, evapotranspiration was an important factor resulting in a greater variability of soil moisture at shallower depths of the studied profiles. The higher soil retention capacity in the upper part of the Bieszczady Mountains ranges may affect a more effective recharge of groundwater reservoirs, which feed springs located in the upper part of the slopes
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Maciej Liro, Agnieszka Czajka, Hanna Hajdukiewicz, Wojciech Haska, Anna Zielonka, Jakub Dzida, Paweł Mikuś, Joanna Zawiejska, Elżbieta Gorczyca, Kazimierz Krzemień, Natalia Zaremba

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 87-108

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.024.19545
The pollution of rivers with macroplastics (plastic particles > 5 mm) is a recent environmental issue that emerged in the mid-20th century. The input of macroplastics into river ecosystems poses a threat to living organisms and diminishes the aesthetic appeal of riparian landscapes. Moreover, microplastic particles generated during the fragmentation of macroplastics in rivers can migrate into other environments, reducing the possibility of their removal from the environment and adversely affecting subsequent organisms and human health. The first step enabling the assessment and mitigation of the aforementioned risks is the collection of direct field data on the quantity of macroplastics polluting the river system. While methodological frameworks for conducting such studies have been developed and described in foreign literature for several years, they have not yet been discussed in Polish literature. This article presents the methodology employed for field research on the input, transport, deposition, and remobilization of macroplastics in fluvial environments. Furthermore, it explores how the acquired information can be applied in practical efforts aimed at reducing river pollution by macroplastics.
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Bożena Gierek

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 109-132

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.023.19235
The situation of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland is quite paradoxical because in the country’s constitution it has the status of the national and the first official language, and it is used on a daily basis by a relatively small number of citizens. Nevertheless, it has a place in public space legally guaranteed, as all official signs must have names and inscriptions in Irish and English – in that order. This also applies to placenames and other elements of the geographical environment – that belong to the cultural heritage of the Irish people – which are the main focus of the author of this article. In the case of Gaeltacht areas considered to be the stronghold of the Irish language, the placenames should be given only in Irish. The article comprises two main sections, not counting the Introduction and Conclusions. In the first one are raised issues related to contemporary times whereas the second one is devoted to the mythical onomastics of Ireland, on which the contemporary one is based. In the article, the author used ethnographic and folklore materials, as well as onomastics and statistical data.
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Aneta Pawłowska-Legwand

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 133-163

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.025.19546
ICT has been increasingly applied to tourism, one example being the use of digital tools in the organisation of museum exhibitions. The aim of this paper is to present museum visitors’ attitudes towards the use of digital tools in co-creating the tourist experience. To achieve this, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with museum visitors in Kraków in 2021. The collected material was then thematically analysed, identifying five elements of co-creating the tourist experience in the museum in relation to the use of information and communication technology. In this study, two perspectives were considered: the use of digital tools and the use of information obtained through digital tools. The co-creation of the tourist experience at the museum was influenced by (1) the ease and convenience of use, (2) flexible and optional use, and (3) the ability to use the tools without experiencing fatigue, tiredness, or stress, (4) the ease of retaining information and (5) the satisfaction gained from the knowledge and entertainment provided. However, the use of digital tools in museums can have the opposite effect, resulting in the co-destruction of the tourist experience. This can be due to a lack of knowledge on how to use the tools and a reluctance to use them. Cultural institutions can use the study results to increase the usefulness of their museum offerings to end users, thus promoting and developing local tourism.
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Ivan Pirozhnik

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 165-197

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.022.19234
The aim of the article is to determine the structural and spatial characteristics of the development of the tourism sector in Poland, its economic importance and trends in shaping the spatial structure at the macro-regional level. The main issues are focused on analysing the level of development of tourist functions at the level of Polish voivodeships (NUTS-2 regions) and shaping their market types in the period of evaluation development and changes in the crisis period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The basic research assumptions include the analysis of the processes of shaping tourism in the macro-regional system at the level of the national market of 16 voivodeships in the pre-pandemic period (2013–2019) and in the conditions of the pandemic crisis (2020–2022). To assess the level of spatial concentration of tourism development elements in the macro-regional system, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the discrete index were used, and when assessing the level of effectiveness of using the tourism potential of regions, a coefficient of the value of the obtained tourist services was developed in relation to the capacity of the accommodation base and the number of employees in the tourist service sections region. Based on methodological approaches to the concept of spatial and functional analysis and considering the types of market regions in the country, an assessment of their tourist functions’ rank levels is presented. This evaluation takes into account the characteristics and features of the development processes within the tourist space.The conducted analysis justifies the definition of the spatial organization of the tourism economy and the recreational development of geographical space as a dynamic process of shaping the internal spatial structures of the tourism sector, the development of its main elements and factors along with a set of external dependencies and links between the functional types of regions of various ranks and the entire socio-economic complex.
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Izabela Sołjan

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 199-229

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.027.19548
The difficult period of the Covid-19 pandemic affected the functioning of religious associations as well as the spiritual lives of the faithful. Restrictive sanitary regulations meant that only small groups could gather in temples, and they were even temporarily closed. In the case of sanctuary centers intended to welcome pilgrims, restrictions on movement posed an additional challenge. The pandemic situation forced religious institutions to open up to new media, mainly television and Internet broadcasts. Sanctuaries and pilgrimage organizers introduced new forms of pilgrimage. Many pilgrimages were carried out using the relay system, others were held with only a small representation of the entire group, and some utilized hybrid formats. The article aims to illustrate the pilgrimage activities of the Shrine of Our Lady of Częstochowa in this unique period (2020–2022), for centuries the most important Polish sanctuary, called the spiritual capital of Poland. The focus is on presenting the scale of the pilgrimage movement, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, new forms of pilgrimage, the main initiatives of Jasna Góra new forms of pilgrimage as well as presenting the main events and initiatives of the sanctuary reflected in pilgrimage programs.
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Piotr Trzepacz

Geographical Studies, Issue 173, 2023, pp. 231-256

https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.026.19547
Street art became a popular element of urban landscape all over the world. Kraków’s walls also work as an open space art gallery. Although graffiti and street art can be considered common and known since a long time, so far it wasn’t researched that often by geographers. That’s why the goal of this paper is to establish spatial distribution features of street art in Kraków. Separately different types of street art have been examined with an attempt to explain what causes concentration of some of them in downtown districts and what makes other ones existing in large housing estates. Analysis of spatial distribution were conducted based on data collected as a part of the permanent monitoring that is carried on since the year 2016. Its base constitutes of full field mappings within the city limits (in 2016, and 2021) and is regularly updated in the case of newly identified and documented works – by geotagged mobile photography. In Kraków the area of street art concentration surrounds the Old Town. Kazimierz, Stare Podgórze, and Zabłocie districts create an area with the greatest number and diversity of documented works. At the same time large housing estates located outside of central part of the city, and even some peripheral neighbourhoods are decorated with murals. Importance of street art in Kraków is defined by its official policy towards murals being implemented.
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Słowa kluczowe: urban riverscape, recreation, landscape experience, participatory mapping, orographic analysis, prominence theory, LIDAR data, prominent peaks, volumetric soil moisture, soil texture, meteorological conditions, correlation, Carpathians, macroplastic, plastic in rivers, illegal dumping sites, anthropocene, anthropopressure, Irish language, legend, myth, onomastics, placenames, co-creation of tourist experience, digital tools in museum, multimedia in museum, museum experience, museum, Kraków, tourism economy, tourist attractiveness of regions, indicators of tourism development, pre-spatial concentration, tourist traffic, rank of tourist functions, market types of regions, spatial structure, pilgrimage, sanctuary, the Shrine of Our Lady of Częstochowa, pandemic Covid-19, foot pilgrimages, street art, murals, graffiti, urban space, Kraków