Introduction:Current time perception becomes a metaphor of remarkable challenges and possibilities available for nursing and for academic institutions responsible for preparing next generations of nurses.

Methodology: Trends in vocational training of nurses will be presented on the basis of thematic review of the literature which allows indication of transformation directions in training nurses around the world as well as in Polish nursing. It will also enable comparison of these changes with the health needs of Polish people – both current and forecasted.

Results: In review, what draws attention is detailed and quite extensive analysis of usefulness of nurses training method in the conditions of high-fidelity simulation and accompanying conclusions that indicate its effectiveness in creating skills and knowledge of nursing students. At the same time, only a few studies show that this method forecasts safer care provided by the same students in clinic conditions.

In providing cultural safety in the process of globalization, the meaning of national minorities is emphasized and the transcultural training is expected from nursing.

Conclusions: Summing up, directions of changes in nursing training are based on indicators built on socio-demographic and psychosocial processes related both to single persons and whole communities. However, in nursing in Poland, the same process is related usually to biomedical indicators.

Practical implementations of selected classification of nursing diagnoses and interventions for Polish nursing

In nursing oriented on autonomous problem solving of care in nursing practice while taking into account the strengthening of the nursing profession and promoting quality of nursing care, the value of alternative classifications of diagnoses and nursing interventions should be considered: ICNP- International Classification for Nursing Practiceand NANDA-North American Nursing Diagnosis  Association.

The aim of this study is identification of assessment criteria significant for classification systems of nursing diagnoses and showing their practical value in classifications ICNP and NANDA.

Expert analysis of evidence gathered in literature indicates that classification system of NANDA fulfills majority of detailed criteria included in the structure of requirements for classification. In detailed reference of classifications NANDA and ICNP to conditions of Polish nursing practice, it requires further studies. It also calls for comparisons of possibilities and benefits of using those classifications with taking into account the stage of development, practical solutions developed and tradition of Polish nursing.

Nurses are the largest professional group in the health sector, mainly being frontline, 24 hours/7 days in a roll, 365 days a year. Nurses are frontline to coordinate care and empower patients and citizens. The present document is intended at guiding decisions about how public health services can be usefully deployed in the introduction and development of advanced roles for nurses. Advanced roles are seen as the way forward in order to improve access to care and patient outcomes, contain provider related costs and improve recruitment and retention rates through enhanced career prospects. In Poland many of nurses developed their skills to delivering high quality of care using the autonomy and independent practice in Primary Health Care. Introducing Advance Practice Nursing role it is a challenge which is new for polish health system and it is recommended by nursing authorities as Polish Nurses Association.

Determinants of professional satisfaction of nursing staff in Poland

Introduction and aim of the study. Professional satisfaction is one of the most important elements determining the quality of life of every human being. Its level can be determined by a number of different factors. The aim of this study has been to identify the most important ones in relation to the nursing environment in Poland.

Material and methods.A study has been conducted with a method of diagnostic survey using a standardized questionnaire in a group of 1066 economically active Polish nurses.

Results.Results of track modeling in the studied group testify to the fact that among Polish nurses the greatest impact on the level of professional satisfaction have: the company's image, the atmosphere in the workplace and performed tasks. The level of remuneration does not have a direct impact on the job satisfaction in studied environment. Instead, it has a significant impact on displeasure perceived by nurses.

Conclusions.Due to the fact that the level of professional satisfaction in a group of Polish nurses is significantly affected by parts characterized as real motivators, in order to raise its level managers should primarily skillfully choose management style from among those that are based on the thesis that the employee is the most important asset for any, viable and functional organization.

An effort-reward imbalance during shiftwork may result in occupational burnout of nurses. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between occupational burnout and stress in context of the attitude towards shiftwork and work satisfaction. Material and methods: The study included 250 nurses aged between 22 and 54 with an average of 12 years work experience. The following research methods have been used: Burnout Inventory (MBI), Effort – Reward Imbalance, Attitude Towards Shiftwork Scale (ATSS) and Manual for Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results: The effort invested in work turned out to be the only significant predictor of emotional exhaustion. It explained up to 31% of variance in emotional exhaustion in the group of both low work satisfaction and negative attitude towards shiftwork. Conclusion: The study showed that more attention needs to be paid to efforts invested in work, as well as rewards, and the balance between rewards and efforts in the group of low work satisfaction and of negative attitude towards the shiftwork system.

Introduction: Present scientific research indicates that the occurrence of decubitus ulcers
of hospitalized patients is still a great medical problem , which has the influence on both,
the quality and cost of medical care. In Poland, for years, some actions have been taken within the scope of decubitus ulcers prevention and modern methods of their treatment.
The effectiveness of the mentioned activities can be influenced by early diagnosis
of decubitus ulcers risk and their occurrence.

Research aim:The aim of the research was the assessment of decubitus ulcers risk and their occurrence in the group of patients accepted for hospital treatment to conservative wards.

Material and method: The research comprised of 10,507 patients on admission day
for treatment to the following wards: Allergology, Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Cardiology, Neurology, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation. To collect the data there were used: analysis
of medical records, Norton scale for decubitus ulcer’s risk and Torrance scale for assessment of ulcer’s degree. Data analysis was made on the basis of statistics “Statistica – version 8”.

Results:The risk of decubitus ulcers development was observed in 12% of all the patients accepted for treatment. The highest percentage of the risk of decubitus ulcers development was for patients accepted to Rehabilitation Ward (50%) and Neurology Ward (34%).
The presence of decubitus ulcers was confirmed at 7% of all examined, including above 3% on degree II/2^nd. The highest percentage (27%) of decubitus ulcers was confirmed of the patients accepted to Rehabilitation Ward.

Conclusions: The assessment of decubitus ulcer’s risk and their occurrence while accepting to hospital allows for early diagnosis and implementation of appropriate prophylactic procedures and treatment.

Assessment of readiness for discharge of patients with chronic diseases

Introduction: The most common cause of ineffectiveness in the treatment of chronic diseases is a lack of cooperation between the patient and the therapeutic team. An important factor that could change the situation is education of the patient, which would allow the patient to assume the role of an expert and become an active participant in the therapeutic process.

The main purpose of the study: The main purpose was to assess the readiness for discharge of hospitalized patients.

Material and methods: The study evaluated 325 chronically ill patients who were hospitalized. On the day of release from the hospital, the patients assessed their preparedness for discharge.  Results:Studies showed that in all analyzed aspects of readiness for discharge there are statistically significant differences depending on the type of diagnosed chronic illness in a patient. Conclusions:The readiness for discharge of patients hospitalized because of chronic disease is insufficient

Badania finansowane z grantu nr 980 na utrzymanie potencjału badawczego w 2015 roku Katedry i Zakładu Promocji Zdrowia CM Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniunt. Ocena przygotowania pacjentów przewlekle chorych do samoopieki

The functional condition and physical mobility among patients provided with  long-term institutional care

Introduction:The increase of dysfunction in the functional condition  and a decrease in physical mobility lead to independence limitation and  increased demand for health care services.

Aim  of the study:  The aim of the research was to evaluate the association between functional condition  and physical mobility and selected demographic variables of patients provided with  long-term institutional care.

Material and Methods:The study group consisted of persons provided with  long-term institutional care. The following standardized research tools were used in this study: the Cognitive Assessment Scale, the Edmonton Functional Assessment Tool  and  the Barthel Index.

Results:Studies have shown that with increasing dysfunction of the functional condition of mobility decreases patients. The analysis showed no significant correlation of functional condition with age and gender of the respondents.

Conclusions:The results indicate a need systematic assessment of  the functional condition of patients, which determines  adjustment of care to the capabilities and needs of the patients.

Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Management in the Population 60+

Aging of the population in the highly developed countries brings an increasing interest in the organization of the geriatric care. Efforts are undertaken towards the development of a geriatric care management model which would fulfill the following criteria: continuity, complexity and availability. Such model would focus on the early diagnosis of health disorders, what should decrease the need for the hospitalization of persons at the advanced age and therefore reduce the cost of medical care. The calendar age not always corresponds to the biological age of a person, and there is no agreement as to what year of life should be considered as the border of an „old age” of the given person. Medical care should therefore be adapted to the individual needs of each patient. A goal of this report is to define rehabilitation and areas of functioning of aging persons which should be considered while developing strategies for the geriatric care management in the aging population