Volume 67, Issue 2 (258)

2024

Publication date: 07.2024

Description

Publikacja płatna ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, stanowiących pomoc przyznaną w ramach programu „Rozwój czasopism naukowych” na podstawie umowy nr RCN/SP/0325/2021/1 z dnia 10.02.2023 r

Licence: CC BY

Editorial team

Editor-in-Chief Magdalena Hodalska

Deputy Editor-in-Chief Agnieszka Szymańska

Secretary Edyta Żyrek-Horodyska

Issue content

Problemy współczesne

Wybrane współczesne zasady funkcjonowania światowych agencji informacyjnych. Studium przypadku aktywności Associated Press, Reutera oraz Agence France‑Presse

Renata Piasecka‑Strzelec

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 9 - 25

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.012.19795

This study is a case study presenting the most important development trends of contemporary global news agencies on the example of three leading global institutions: Associated Press (AP), Reuters and Agence France‑Presse (AFP). The research focuses on changes resulting from the adaptation of global news agencies to the advanced stage of digital culture and the needs of a dynamically developing information society. The impact of phenomena such as disinformation and the COVID-19 pandemic has been taken into account. The article analyses the scientific literature and uses a qualitative analysis of the content of Internet messages. The research materials include sources made available by the discussed institutions on official websites and press publications published by industry portals. The results of the research made it possible to show the impact of new technologies on the reach, content, and distribution of agency services. The forms of activity and standards of work in global news agencies typical of the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century were pointed out, emphasizing the new functions and the breakthrough importance of addressing the offer to young recipients. In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, the issue of the increasing share of artificial intelligence in editorial work was raised.

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Tiktokizacja social mediów w perspektywie wieku użytkowników. Analiza wykorzystywania mediów społecznościowych na podstawie zogniskowanych wywiadów grupowych

Małgorzata Durmaj

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 27 - 44

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.013.19796

This paper begins by describing the phenomenon of the changing social media ecosystem based on its tiktokisation. The author’s main objective is to discuss how these changes affect the viewing behaviour of internet users in the context of their age. A study was conducted using focus group interviews with two age groups (those entering senior age/seniors [59–74 years] and teenagers/young adults [23–27 years]). The outcome is a comparison of the sentiments, motivations and patterns of social media use – including tiktok forms – among internet users from the included age ranges. The results show age-dependent preferences in the forms of content used and online activity. In both groups, similarities and differences can be seen within the use of social media and the videos available. The reflections, framed by broadened theoretical considerations, expand the understanding of consumption and the role of media in different age groups.

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Fenomen mediów sportowych w internecie . Analiza porównawcza „Kanału sportowego” i kanału „Meczyki” na platformie YouTube

Wojciech Skucha

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 45 - 78

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.014.19797

The research presented in this article aims to compare the programs realized by “Kanał Sportowy” and the “Meczyki” channel, i.e. two popular sports YouTube channels. The research material consists of content published on both channels from March 24, 2022 to March 24, 2023. The analyses made it possible, among other things, to determine the journalistic genres in the materials published on both channels and covered the programs created in relation to the football World Cup in Qatar. Research conducted as part of this article also showed that among the programs, created by “Kanał Sportowy” and the “Meczyki” channels, one can find similarities to formats known from traditional media such as television.

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Sztuczna inteligencja w służbie tworzenia treści na przykładzie portalu internetowego skierowanego do polskiej społeczności w Hiszpanii

Paweł Kijko

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 79 - 93

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.015.19798

The year 2022 and 2023 brought the immense popularity of AI (Artificial Intelligence) enabled content creation tools. Artificial intelligence technology can be a source of de-anthropocentrism for the journalist (Gruchoła 2022). The study that formed the basis for this article was the creation and maintenance of a publicly accessible portal designed for the Polish community in Spain www.torreviejaonline.pl, which eventually accumulated 70,000 users after one year of operation. To create content on the indicated portal, NLP (natural language processing) tools were used to help create articles on the site. The process of creating the portal and supplementing it with content using artificial intelligence was analyzed. The aim of the study was to find an answer to the question of how useful and effective individual tools based on artificial intelligence can be in this process. The tools and methods that allowed the portal’s editors to create valuable content, the process of building the portal’s specific brand and involving the local community quickly and effectively in its creation were presented. The reactions of users to the presented content were analysed, as well as the number of visits and the list of places in the world from which users of the site came. The mechanism of content creation in a semi-automatic manner – with a human collaborating with artificial intelligence, based on a specific workflow – is also described. The effectiveness in terms of search engine positioning of content created by artificial intelligence and content written by a human without artificial intelligence support was also compared. Based on the results obtained, predictions were made about the future of journalism in the AI era and the role of humans in the process of content creation.

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Czy czasopisma konserwatywne Gazeta Polska i Najwyższy Czas! pogłębiają rasistowskie schematy myślenia? Kryzys migracyjny na granicy polsko-białoruskiej w świetle teorii Étienne’a Balibara

Wiktoria Nylec

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 95 - 115

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.016.19799

The aim of the research was to determine whether Polish conservative opinion magazines (Gazeta Polska and Najwyższy Czas!) may be responsible for the deepening of racist patterns of thinking. The research context included the issue of migration from the countries of the Middle East and Africa based on the example of events on the Polish‑Belarusian border. The main research method was content analysis, including discourse analysis (media framework). The research sample consisted of a total of 109 texts (GP 86 and NC 23). In formulating the research theses, the theory of the French philosopher Étienne Balibar was used, especially considerations regarding racism and the concept of border. The research results gave a positive answer to the main research problem. The comparative analysis showed similarities between both magazines in terms of the rhetoric used towards migrants (anti-immigrant narrative, the “us-them” division, linguistic treatments that are part of the exclusion strategy), as well as the multiplicity of the border topos, which is understood as: the external border of the territory of Poland, the zoopolitical border and the mental border. The element that differentiated the examined magazines was the political context – GP supported PiS policy and used the conflict to deepen internal polarization, while NC criticized the United Right government’s actions.

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Media History

Broadcasts by Aleksandra Stypułkowska for Radio Free Europe’s Polish Broadcasting Service

Evelina Kristanova

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 117 - 131

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.017.19800

The purpose of the article is to show, based on selected examples, the journalistic and radio broadcast activity of Aleksandra Stypułkowska (alias Jadwiga Mieczkowska) for Radio Free Europe’s Polish Broadcasting Service, and to present the most important issues she raised on air, along with her unique way of argumentation. The study analysed audio and press sources. Available issues of the monthly magazine Na Antenie (1963–1989) were reviewed for her statements by applying a press analysis method in tandem with qualitative research. Because of the editorial requirements that the article had to meet, only certain press materials were included, and a number of news and literary programmes were excluded; these omissions will be addressed in a separate paper. However, some audio sources available on RFE’s website were also selected applying a media content analysis method; namely, those which the author finds original as regards the subject matter and journalistic genre (in line with the case study method), and which make it possible to present a variety of issues raised by Stypułkowska, including her views on legal, socio-political and religious matters. This study can therefore be seen as a prelude to further research.

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Gwiazda (1869–1870) Hipolita Stupnickiego jako przykład czasopisma dla kobiet – zarys monograficzny

Izabela Krasińska

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 133 - 150

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.018.19801

The article attempts to present a monographic study of Gwiazda – one of the women’s magazines published during the partition period. The periodical was edited in Lviv in the years 1869–1870. The focus of the study was on the origins of Gwiazda, formal and publishing features and content, and the press-forming activity of Hipolit Stupnicki, who was, among others, publisher and editor in charge of Gwiazda. Selected collaborators of the periodical were also presented, as not all of them signed their name and surname, which makes it difficult to identify these people and therefore prevents a broader embedding of the analysed magazine in the socio-historical context. When preparing the article, the methods of qualitative analysis of press content and the historical-critical analysis of literature and sources were used. As the analysis of the content of all 33 published issues of Gwiazda showed, the editorial staff expressed the need to maintain the roles expected of women and men. Women in its pages were presented as good wives submissive to their husbands and daughters obedient to their parents, loving mothers, frugal and good housewives, and at the same time God-fearing, modest people who humbly endure the challenges awaiting them and are resistant to the hardships of everyday existence. The magazine’s creators were reluctant to portray women who were overeducated or fashionably dressed according to Parisian trends.

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Czasopismo Mecuda jako ideologiczna twierdza Betaru

Maciej Ratajczyk

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 151 - 169

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.019.19802

The magazine Mecuda/Metzuda (“Central Forum of the World Betar”) was published in Paris and Warsaw, and then in London and Warsaw. Between December 1935 and June 1938, 10 issues of this periodical were published. The editor-in-chief was Ajzik Remba (1907–1969), and the deputy editor-in-chief was Yaakov Simcha Peker (1906–1979). Among those who published in Mecuda were Zeev Jabotinsky, Menachem Begin and Josef Klausner. The aim of the study is to understand what discourses (party propaganda) dominated in the magazine. The corpus of selected texts was examined using the discourse analysis method. Fiction and poetry were omitted in favor of journalism. The following auxiliary questions were formulated: 1) Who was considered the main opponent (with whom was the propaganda mainly polemicized and targeted)? 2) What charges – and how – were defended against? It has been hypothesized that the main target of the attacks was the Jewish left in Palestine and the Diaspora, and that the charges of fascism (often made by opponents of Betar) were mainly countered. While the second part of the hypothesis was completely confirmed, the first had to be partially verified, for the fight was mainly against the Zionist left in Palestine, to a lesser extent against Arabs and the pacifist Brit Shalom milieu, and opponents in the Diaspora (such as the Bund) were hardly mentioned. This leads to a broader observation about the strong connection of Mecuda with the context of Eretz Israel, which creates the impression that the reader is dealing with a magazine published somewhere in the Mandate of Palestine, and not in Europe. So far, researchers have paid little attention to the periodical discussed here, mentioning it only in a few sentences or using it as a source for the history of revisionism.

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Polski plakat prasowy 1948–1989 – opracowanie na podstawie zbiorów Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie

Andrzej Kotecki

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 171 - 189

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.020.19803

The poster is one of the forms of graphic applied art, the main purpose of which is to promote or popularize, to provide information about various spheres of social life. Every field of human activity has posters relating to it. The situation is no different for the daily press (dailies) as well as other periodical publications such as weeklies, monthlies, etc. Posters or so-called street art were created at the request of press publishing houses or individual editors. The collection of posters in Warsaw’s Museum of Independence, which forms the basis of this study, numbers more than 8,000 items. In this group, works on press include 125 titles. The posters were created over a period of more than 40 years. The oldest dates back to 1948 and the last or latest was created in 1989. Such a significant number and the time span in terms of their creation can be considered representative of the entirety of this issue. Many of those posters were created in the studios of the best Polish graphic designers. Among them there was no shortage of the most eminent ones, counted among the creators and continuators of the so-called “Polish School of Poster”. The prepared study undoubtedly does not exhaust the subject. However, it can serve as a starting point for further research and analysis of this issue. Until now, this thematic group in the field of poster art has most often been placed in the group of socio-political posters. However, the time has probably come for this thematic range to live to see its own monographic studies.

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Z życia naukowego

Boom na literaturę faktu wciąż trwa, czyli o współczesnym polskim reportażu słów kilka

Martyna Siudak

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 191 - 196

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.021.19804

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Sprawozdanie z konferencji International Communication Association (ICA) 2024 Human Tech Transition

Magdalena Hodalska

Media Research Issues, Volume 67, Issue 2 (258), 2024, pp. 197 - 204

https://doi.org/10.4467/22996362PZ.24.022.19805

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Files to download

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Słowa kluczowe: global news agencies, Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France‑Presse, fourth industrial revolution, TikTok app, social media, TikTok, tiktok forms, tiktokisation, age, sport, sports media, format, journalistic genres, YouTube, artificial intelligence, chatGPT, automated journalism, content analysis, media discourse, migration, Étienne Balibar, Polish‑Belarusian border, Gazeta Polska, Najwyższy Czas!, conservative magazines, Jadwiga Mieczkowska, Aleksandra Stypułkowska, Radio Free Europe’s Polish Broadcasting Service, radio broadcasts, Na Antenie, women’s press, Gwiazda, Hipolit Stupnicki, Lviv, Austrian partition, Mecuda, revisionism, Betar, fascism, party press, Jewish press, Hebrew press, Mandatory Palestine, Polish poster 1948–1989, Polish School of Poster, party press, trade press, youth and student press, Book and Press Education Days, historical press