Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security

Latest Issue

Periodicity Semi-annual

Year of foundation 2023

Status active

Article languages english, polish

Journal licence CC BY-SA 4.0, open access

Demand fees: No

Scientific domain Law, Sociology, Security studies, Social sciences

Journal type Scientific

Versions: electronic, print

Website https://prawoibezpieczenstwo.com/

Description

„Rocznik Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security” is an international scientific journal of the Higher Vocational Education School in Wrocław and the Pomeranian University in Starogard Gdanski, which has been published since 2023. The journal publishes original and high-quality articles, which are creative and original studies based on reliable scientific sources and empirical results. In addition, there are also reports on research on the state of Polish law, security sciences and dissertations prepared by well-known and respected Polish authors, as well as valued experts and foreign authorities, mainly from scientific and academic circles and practitioners.

In the coming years, it is planned to include the periodical in the List of Scored Journals of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education

ISSN: 2956-7440

eISSN: 2956-7610

MNiSW points: 5

Abbreviations: Prawo Bezp.

DOI: 10.4467/29567610PIB

Editorial team

Editor-in-Chief:

prof. dr hab. inż. dr h.c. Zbigniew Ciekanowski

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

dr Bartosz Błaszczak

dr hab. Irena Malinowska

dr hab., prof. ASzWoj. Julia Nowicka

Secretary:

Agnieszka Bartusiak

Thematic editors:

dr Jakub Kufel

dr hab., prof. UwS Norbert Malec

dr Przemysław Ruchlewski

Statistical Editor:

dr Barbara Olszewska

Technical Editor:

Łukasz Różyński

Cover Design:

Łukasz Różyński

Affiliation

University College of Professional Education in Wroclaw

Pomeranian Higher School in Starogard Gdański, Poland

Journal content

volume

issue

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2(5)/2025

Publication date: 22.12.2025

Editor-in-Chief: Zbigniew Ciekanowski

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska, Julia Nowicka

Secretary: Agnieszka Bartusiak

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Title and imprint pages PDF Table of Contents PDF

Issue content

Kryzys migracyjny na wschodniej granicy RP jako poważne zagrożenie dla Europy

Sławomir Mazur, Monika Ostrowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 7-24

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.032.23017

The aim of this article is to analyze the migration crisis on the eastern border of the Republic of Poland in the context of its impact on European security. The research problem was formulated: does the migration crisis on the eastern border of Poland pose a real and long-term threat to Europe’s security, and if so, to what extent? The research hypothesis assumes that the migration crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border, due to its organized and hybrid nature, is not only a humanitarian problem, but a real threat to European security, which forces changes in the EU’s migration and defense policy. The article uses theoretical methods, primarily systemic analysis, institutional and legal approach, and analysis of the discourse of security (secitemization of migration). Thanks to them, it was possible to study the multidimensional nature of this phenomenon, including political, social and military aspects. The main conclusion is that the migration crisis on Poland’s eastern border is not only a challenge for Poland, but also a serious threat to the whole of Europe, weakening intra-EU solidarity, undermining the principles of the Schengen area, and leading to the militarization of borders and the limitation of humanitarian space.

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Konflikt rosyjsko-ukraiński jako wyzwanie dla bezpieczeństwa Polski

Bartosz Błaszczak, Marta Pietrzykowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 25-44

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.033.23018

The aim of the article is to present the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on Polish security, especially in the context of geopolitical changes, military and hybrid threats, and the growing role of Polish in NATO structures. The first part discusses the genesis and course of the Russian aggression against Ukraine, highlighting the key military factors and strategic actions of both sides of the conflict. The second part presents the importance of Ukraine for the security of Polish, emphasizing its role as a buffer state and a key element of the stability of Central and Eastern Europe. The third part analyses the consequences of the conflict for Polish, including military, hybrid, cyber attacks and information activities aimed at the Polish state. The fourth part presents the allied dimension and the role of NATO, pointing to the strengthening of the military presence, the modernisation of the armed forces and the adaptation of defence strategies in the region. The fifth part describes the future challenges and necessary directions of Polish’s actions in the face of further escalation or prolonged destabilization in the east. The research problem of the article is formulated: how does the Russian-Ukrainian conflict affect the security of Polish and what strategic challenges does it generate for the state security system? The research hypothesis assumes that this conflict significantly increases the level of threats to Polish’s security in both the military and hybrid dimensions, while strengthening its importance as a key country on NATO’s eastern flank. The research used methods of analysis and synthesis, institutional and legal analysis, as well as analysis of literature and sources on regional security and the Russian-Ukrainian war.

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Wpływ kryzysu uchodźczego z Ukrainy na poczucie bezpieczeństwa społecznego mieszkańców powiatu chełmskiego

Natalia Urbańska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 45-67

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.034.23019

The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of the influx of refugees from Ukraine on the sense of security of the inhabitants of the Chełm district in the context of the socio-political consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research problem was formulated in the question: How did the refugee crisis caused by the war in Ukraine affect the sense of social security and attitudes of the inhabitants of the Chełm district? It has been hypothesized that the mass influx of refugees from Ukraine has led to a decrease in the subjective sense of security of local communities, while increasing attitudes of distrust and social tensions. The theoretical part discusses the evolution and definitions of the concept of “security” in subjective and objective terms, while the empirical part presents the results of surveys conducted among the inhabitants of the Chełm district. The survey showed that more than half of the respondents felt anxious about the presence of refugees, feared an increase in crime, job losses and a deterioration in their social situation. At the same time, positive aspects were noticed, such as strengthening social empathy and activating local communities. The conclusion emphasizes the need for integration and educational activities aimed at reducing negative stereotypes and strengthening social cohesion in the border region.

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Współczesne zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa i metody ich zwalczania

Elżbieta Cygnar, Rafał Parczewski, Aleksandra Kopacka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 68-82

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.035.23020

The aim of the article is to analyze contemporary threats to the internal security of the state and to present methods of their effective combat. The study adopts a theoretical and analytical approach, using the analysis of the literature on the subject, legal acts and scientific studies in the field of safety sciences. The research problem was formulated: What are the key contemporary threats to the internal security of the state and how can they be counteracted in the conditions of complex global challenges? It was hypothesized that effective internal security requires an integrated response system, based on cooperation between state structures, civil society and international organisations. The theoretical part discusses the essence of security and its definitions, pointing to its dynamic and relational nature. The analytical part presents the main categories of threats, including military, terrorist, hybrid and weapons of mass destruction. The growing importance of non-military factors, such as disinformation or cyberattacks, which affect the internal stability of states, was also pointed out. In the final part, methods of combating threats are presented, including preventive, operational and systemic activities, including reconnaissance, information management, CBRN protection and medical security of operations. The results of the analysis confirmed that internal security is a complex process that requires constant adaptation to changing geopolitical and technological conditions. The article points to the need to develop a security culture, strengthen crisis response structures and integrate institutional activities as key factors in building state resilience.

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Patologie społeczne jako czynnik destabilizujący bezpieczeństwo publiczne w Polsce

Irena Malinowska, Aleksandra Siewert

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 83-97

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.036.23021

The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of social pathologies on the level of public safety in Poland and to show their role as a factor destabilizing the functioning of the state and society. The text discusses the essence of public safety, presents the main categories of contemporary threats and characterizes selected social pathologies, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, crime and violence, showing their consequences for social order and the safety of citizens. The article also analyses the mechanisms through which deviant phenomena lead to the violation of social stability and increase the risk of crime and other forms of social destruction. The research problem was formulated: how do social pathologies affect the level of public safety in Poland? The research hypothesis assumes that social pathologies significantly and multidimensionally destabilize public safety, leading to an increase in social threats, a decrease in the quality of life and a weakening of citizens’ sense of security. The article uses theoretical methods such as content analysis, comparative analysis and critical analysis of the literature on the subject. Among the applied scientific methods, the authors listed analysis, including content analysis, comparative analysis, and critical analysis of the literature.

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Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej w ochronie granicy państwowej w warunkach wojny hybrydowej

Marcin Oskierko, Aleksandra Żaneta Nasiadka, Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 98-110

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.037.23022

The aim of the article is to show the role of the Territorial Defence Forces in the Polish national security system, with particular emphasis on their tasks in the protection of the state border in the conditions of hybrid war. The research problem was formulated in the form of a question: how does the current model of functioning and operation of the Territorial Defence Forces affect the effectiveness of the protection of the border of the Republic of Poland? The hypothesis assumes that the permanent presence of the Territorial Defence Forces in border areas increases the effectiveness of border protection, shortens the response time to threats and strengthens cooperation with other services responsible for internal security. The article uses theoretical methods such as systemic analysis, analytical-synthetic approach, analysis of legal acts and analysis of statistical data of the Border Guard. To sum up, the conducted research has shown that the Territorial Defence Forces have become an important pillar of national security and significantly increase the state’s ability to respond to migration crises and hybrid threats.

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Psychologia zagrożeń a wyzwania współczesnego bezpieczeństwa

Marta Chodyka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 111-125

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.038.23023

The aim of this article is to analyze the importance of threat psychology in the light of contemporary challenges facing security systems, as well as to identify key areas in which psychological knowledge can support preventive, educational and crisis activities. The starting point is the assumption that effective management of emergency situations requires not only the implementation of technical and organizational solutions, but also an in-depth understanding of the mental mechanisms underlying risk perception, stress response, and the formation of a sense of security. The research problem was formulated as follows: How can threat psychology contribute to increasing the effectiveness of social security activities and strengthening the mental resilience of citizens to contemporary threats? The article is based on theoretical methods, such as the analysis of the literature on the subject, the synthesis of research results in the field of social, crisis and cognitive psychology, as well as an overview of concepts related to crisis communication, mental resilience and threat perception. The key conclusion indicates that the integration of security psychology with educational, institutional and media practice is an important condition for a deeper understanding and prediction of human behaviour in the face of crisis situations. Effectively structured communication, emotional education and psychological support systems can significantly increase the effectiveness of preventive and operational activities of services responsible for public safety.

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Prawno-organizacyjne podstawy funkcjonowania klas mundurowych w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa

Ilona Urych

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 126-135

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.039.23024

The aim of this article is to analyse the legal principles and organizational solutions that regulate and enable the activities of uniformed classes within the state security system. For the purposes of the study, the following research question was formulated: What are the legal and organizational bases for the functioning of uniformed classes? The conducted research proves that the process of shaping the legal and organizational foundations for the functioning of uniformed classes is subject to constant evaluation and – due to the search for effective ways to utilise these classes within the state security system – will most likely continue to be modified. Another conclusion that arises from the conducted analysis is the necessary institutionalization, not only of military classes, but also of other uniformed classes, including: police, fire brigade, Border Guard, Prison Service, Customs Service. In addition, cooperation between various ministries seems necessary in order to create uniform legal and organizational solutions in all different uniformed classes. To address the research problem and verify the research hypothesis, theoretical research methods were employed, including analysis, synthesis, inference, abstraction, as well as the method of literature analysis and critique.

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Wybrane zagadnienia w zakresie ochrony ofiar handlu ludźmi w sytuacjach kryzysowych

Joanna Rogozińska-Mitrut

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 136-150

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.040.23025

The purpose of this article is to analyze measures to prevent human trafficking and to highlight the essence of the obligation imposed on states to prevent human trafficking. In order to conduct the research, the following research question was formulated: What are the causes of human trafficking? The research question focuses on aspects related to poverty, corruption, and inequality. In line with the research question, the author formulated a research hypothesis which assumes that effective prevention strategies, such as crime prevention and the opening of safe immigration channels, as well as strategies to combat both the demand and supply of human trafficking, influence the development of crisis situations in the area of this phenomenon. As part of the study, a detailed analysis of the conditions for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of strategies to prevent human trafficking was carried out.

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Bezpieczeństwo cyfrowe małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw a Dyrektywa NIS2

Marcin Chodyka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 151-166

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.041.23026

The aim of this article is to analyse the impact of the NIS2 Directive on the digital security of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with particular emphasis on the new obligations concerning risk management, the responsibility of top management and supply chain security. The article situates this issue in the context of SMEs’ increasing vulnerability to cyberattacks and their role as links in the supply chains of larger organisations; it argues that NIS2 extends the scope of regulation beyond traditionally understood critical infrastructure and turns cybersecurity into an element of corporate governance also in medium-sized firms. The main part of the paper discusses the catalogue of minimum cyber risk management measures laid down in Article 21 NIS2, the nature and extent of boards’ liability (including sanctioning mechanisms), and the indirect impact of supplier-security requirements on the smallest entities that formally remain outside the scope of the directive. To address the research objectives, the following research question was formulated: how do the solutions introduced by NIS2 shape the level of digital security in the SME sector, and what practical implications do the new regulatory obligations have for small and medium-sized firms? The research problem focuses on identifying the scope of direct and indirect obligations imposed on SMEs, assessing their impact on risk management systems and supply-chain functioning, and indicating the key implementation barriers faced by enterprises. In line with the adopted research problem, the author formulated the research hypothesis that NIS2 – by introducing harmonised minimum requirements in the field of cybersecurity and by assigning formal responsibility to company boards – will contribute to an increase in SMEs’ digital resilience, provided that these entities receive adequate institutional and financial support; otherwise, the new requirements may prove an excessive burden for the smallest firms, threatening their exclusion from supply chains. The study is based on a detailed analysis of the provisions of the NIS2 Directive and related legal acts, ENISA reports and the relevant literature, complemented by case studies of high-profile cybersecurity incidents and an examination of practical recommendations for the SME sector. The findings made it possible to develop a set of recommendations for small and medium-sized enterprises, including, inter alia, elevating cybersecurity to board level, conducting gap analyses against NIS2 requirements, implementing basic cyber-hygiene mechanisms, developing employee competences and making use of external expert support, which in the long term may turn SMEs into more resilient and trustworthy links in the European digital ecosystem.

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Sztuczna inteligencja w siłach zbrojnych – technologie, strategie, ryzyka

Monika Zatrochova, Anton Lisnik, Mariusz Kubisz, Patryk Ochyra

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 167-181

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.042.23027

The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the functioning of the armed forces, with particular emphasis on technological and strategic aspects and risks associated with its integration in military systems. The research problem was formulated: how does the implementation of AI affect the operational capabilities of the armed forces, shape strategic doctrines, and what threats does it pose to international stability? The hypothesis assumed that: artificial intelligence shortens the decision-making cycle and increases the effectiveness of military operations, which may lead to a strategic advantage for countries using this technology, and at the same time generate new risks related to destabilization. The article discusses three main problem areas concerning artificial intelligence in the armed forces. The first part of the article presents selected AI technologies used in the military, including data analysis, decision support, logistics and autonomous combat systems. The second part analyzes the impact of AI on strategies and doctrines, pointing to its role as a catalyst for changes in the sphere of deterrence and superpower rivalry, as well as the risk of escalation associated with autonomous decisions of AI algorithms. The third part highlights the regulatory and ethical challenges, including the difficulties of arms control and the risks of integrating AI into decision-making processes, from target detection to destruction. The conclusions indicate that artificial intelligence is a breakthrough technology in the military, whose potential and threats are constantly linked. The key challenge, therefore, is to strike a balance between innovation and responsibility.

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Rola instytucji i policji w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa młodzieży wobec zjawiska przestępczości

Henryk Wyrębek, Katarzyna Schossler-Ochyra, Agata Bubenko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 182-201

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.043.23028

The aim of the article is to show the role of state institutions, social organizations and the Police in ensuring the safety of young people in the face of juvenile delinquency. The first part presents the issue of juvenile delinquency. Then, selected institutions and organizations dealing with social and educational prevention in the context of counteracting juvenile violations of the law were presented. The role of the Police as an entity responsible not only for law enforcement, but also for conducting preventive and educational activities is described. The research problem was formulated: to what extent do institutions and the Police contribute to ensuring the safety of young people by counteracting juvenile delinquency? The hypothesis assumes that the effectiveness of reducing juvenile delinquency depends on integrated preventive and educational activities undertaken jointly by institutions, social organizations and the Police. The research methods used include the analysis of legal acts, literature on the subject, program documents and analysis of statistical data. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the safety of young people is the result of long-term cooperation between various entities, and prevention and education are more effective tools of counteraction than repression alone.

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Przepisy prawne dotyczące dronów – propozycje zmian

Tomasz Grudniewski, Zuzanna Jordan

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 202-213

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.044.23029

The research objective of this article is to analyze current legal acts concerning unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in Poland. The main research question is: How do legal provisions regarding UAVs impact safety? The hypothesis is that current legal provisions regarding UAVs are effective, but their effectiveness is limited in the presence of specific threats. The first part of the article presents the history and functionality of UAVs. The second part focuses on an analysis of legal acts concerning drones in the civilian and military spheres. The final part addresses the main challenges faced by civilian and military institutions in the field of UAVs. The study utilized theoretical methods, such as analysis of the relevant literature and legal acts. Personal experience from practical use of UAVs was also utilized, as well as expert interviews with UAV pilots.

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Poglądy na kryminalizację

Bartosz Błaszczak, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 214-246

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.045.23030

The aim of this article is to examine the processes of criminalization and the various factors that generate criminogenic phenomena and sustain this process over time. The article discusses the overarching structural elements that give rise to crime. The text also presents factors related to the actual and perceived experience of crime in society, as well as deficits in legitimacy resulting from the state’s apparent inability to reduce fear of crime or demonstrate adequate concern for combating it. The authors also examine the triggering events that actually lead to the enactment of specific legislation. To guide the study, the following research problem was formulated: How are social facts, in this case laws, defining crime created? In what ways do structural and cultural conditions form a context in which triggering events can emerge and ultimately play a significant role in the various processes leading to criminalization? In line with the research problem, the authors formulated a hypothesis suggesting that changes in structural conditions provide an impetus for the creation of laws targeting social groups perceived as “requiring control” by actors with the capacity to stimulate, define, and institutionalize criminal law. The study also addresses human rights in the context of the analysis, as well as decriminalization, understood as the repeal of anachronistic legislation and changes in enforcement practices and legal compliance. The research includes an analysis of the historical background and previous studies on criminalization processes, as well as general models of criminalization developed by other scholars, and its forms as institutionalization, globalization, and modernization. To complete the analysis, the findings from the literature on political studies were also used, particularly those focusing on the development of policy domains and social processes operating at various levels of social organization to generate public policy, influence its implementation, and shape laws defining crime.

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Cyberprzestrzeń w polskim i międzynarodowym porządku prawnym

Katarzyna Bakalarczyk-Burakowska, Marcin Mazurek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 247-269

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.046.23031

The subject of this research is the legal regulation of cyberspace in international and Polish law. This issue is relevant due to the dynamic development of information technology and the widespread use of the Internet. There is no legal vacuum in global cyberspace, but there is currently no universal legal framework for cyberspace governance.The main research problem comes down to the question of whether it is possible to legally regulate activities in cyberspace in such a way that it would be satisfactory for all its users from the security point of view? In seeking an answer to the research problem, a theoretical research approach was adopted, employing query and document analysis. These methods provided data on the legal framework, organization, and operation of information security management systems globally and in individual countries. The theoretical methods employed included synthesis, analogy, statistical methods, induction, and deduction. The research provided rich, albeit ambiguous, evidence. The multitude of existing concepts for organizing cyberspace has specific consequences: a lack of uniform regulations in international law.

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Kryzys migracyjny na wschodniej granicy RP jako poważne zagrożenie dla Europy

Sławomir Mazur, Monika Ostrowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 7-24

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.032.23017

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Konflikt rosyjsko-ukraiński jako wyzwanie dla bezpieczeństwa Polski

Bartosz Błaszczak, Marta Pietrzykowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 25-44

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.033.23018

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Wpływ kryzysu uchodźczego z Ukrainy na poczucie bezpieczeństwa społecznego mieszkańców powiatu chełmskiego

Natalia Urbańska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 45-67

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.034.23019

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Współczesne zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa i metody ich zwalczania

Elżbieta Cygnar, Rafał Parczewski, Aleksandra Kopacka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 68-82

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.035.23020

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Patologie społeczne jako czynnik destabilizujący bezpieczeństwo publiczne w Polsce

Irena Malinowska, Aleksandra Siewert

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 83-97

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.036.23021

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Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej w ochronie granicy państwowej w warunkach wojny hybrydowej

Marcin Oskierko, Aleksandra Żaneta Nasiadka, Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 98-110

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.037.23022

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Psychologia zagrożeń a wyzwania współczesnego bezpieczeństwa

Marta Chodyka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 111-125

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.038.23023

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Prawno-organizacyjne podstawy funkcjonowania klas mundurowych w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa

Ilona Urych

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 126-135

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.039.23024

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Wybrane zagadnienia w zakresie ochrony ofiar handlu ludźmi w sytuacjach kryzysowych

Joanna Rogozińska-Mitrut

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 136-150

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.040.23025

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Bezpieczeństwo cyfrowe małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw a Dyrektywa NIS2

Marcin Chodyka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 151-166

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.041.23026

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Sztuczna inteligencja w siłach zbrojnych – technologie, strategie, ryzyka

Monika Zatrochova, Anton Lisnik, Mariusz Kubisz, Patryk Ochyra

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 167-181

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.042.23027

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Rola instytucji i policji w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa młodzieży wobec zjawiska przestępczości

Henryk Wyrębek, Katarzyna Schossler-Ochyra, Agata Bubenko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 182-201

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.043.23028

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Przepisy prawne dotyczące dronów – propozycje zmian

Tomasz Grudniewski, Zuzanna Jordan

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 202-213

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.044.23029

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Poglądy na kryminalizację

Bartosz Błaszczak, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 214-246

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.045.23030

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Cyberprzestrzeń w polskim i międzynarodowym porządku prawnym

Katarzyna Bakalarczyk-Burakowska, Marcin Mazurek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(5)/2025, 2025, pp. 247-269

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.046.23031

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go to the issue

Special Issue 2025

Publication date: 24.10.2025

Editor-in-Chief: Zbigniew Ciekanowski

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska, Julia Nowicka

Secretary: Agnieszka Bartusiak

Files to download

Title pages & imprint PDF Table of contents PDF

Issue content

section

Wstęp od Redakcji

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 7-8

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.016.22323

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Zagadnienia wprowadzające

Handel ludźmi – wprowadzenie do problematyki

Agnieszka Sadło-Nowak, Agnieszka Choromańska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 9-21

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.017.22324

The article examines human trafficking as a contemporary form of slavery and as a legal and practical challenge for prevention, prosecution and victim protection. The research problem focuses on definitional ambiguity, the diversity of trafficking forms and methods, and the gaps in legal frameworks and victimprotection practices – especially given the transnational and organized nature of the phenomenon. The aims are to: (1) critically systematize national and international definitions of human trafficking; (2) assess the effectiveness of selected international and domestic legal instruments and state practices; and (3) propose legislative and operational recommendations.
Methodologically, the study uses doctrinal legal analysis (statutory, treaty and directive texts), comparative law methods, caselaw review and a systematic literature survey. Findings highlight the centrality of the threecomponent definition (purpose, actions, means of coercion), the prominent role of organized criminal groups, and persistent weaknesses in practice – particularly in victim identification, transnational information exchange, and comprehensive victim support. The article concludes with targeted recommendations: enhanced training for practitioners, legal harmonization, improved international cooperation, and expanded prevention and reintegration programs.

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Dzieje cywilizacji historią niewolnictwa. Próba refleksji historiozoficzno-etycznej

Robert Borkowski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 22-31

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.018.22325

In the distant past, slavery was the basis of the economy of many countries in the world. With the development of civilization and human rights, it was recognized as completely contrary to the ideas of humanism and humanity, and was therefore banned in constitutions, legal acts, and contemporary international conventions. However, it has not been completely eliminated, as various forms of slavery still exist in the world. They took place in the totalitarian regimes of the Third Reich, the Soviet Gulag, and North Korean labor camps. They also occur today and are associated with the exploitation of poor societies by global corporations, forced labor, and child labor. The article contains an outline of the history of slavery in the history of civilization, an indication of its current forms, and an attempt at historiosophical and ethical reflection on the essence of the phenomenon.

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Współczesne niewolnictwo czyli prawno-społeczne aspekty przeciwdziałania handlu ludźmi

Robert Rynkun-Werner

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 32-49

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.019.22326

Trafficking has evolved into a modern form of slavery. This crime violates fundamental human rights, such as dignity and social freedom. It is private in nature, difficult to detect, and its victims can be anyone, regardless of gender, race, origin or age. This practice takes many forms, most often involving forced prostitution, forced labor, or child trafficking. Preventing this phenomenon, both through its dissemination and publicity, is crucial. This article addresses the ways in which modern slavery is accessible and the legal and social aspects of countering this practice within the legal framework and its disintegration.

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Handel ludźmi – człowieczeństwo ofiar i oprawców

Piotr Skudrzyk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 50-61

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.020.22327

The Author makes a preliminary diagnosis of the phenomenon of human trafficking in legal terms, then ethical and sociological. The author’s main task is to look at the phenomenon of human trafficking through the prism of the philosophical and ethical concept of humanity. To this end, he uses statements about this concept of recognized Polish humanists: Jan Szczepański, Bogdan Suchodolski i Marek Krzysztof Mlicki. The author himself is in favour of an intensively ethical understanding of the concept of humanity. The author focuses on the sense and the need to find positive humanity in the morally depraved psyche of criminals. The activities of the police and the prison service should be supplemented by the actions of resocialization employees. The work of the latter has the deepest importance to society.

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Psychologia zjawiska handlu ludźmi

Gaslighting, więź traumatyczna i wyuczona bezradność jako mechanizmy psychologicznego zniewolenia ofiar handlu ludźmi

Aneta Kazanecka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 62-81

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.021.22328

The aim of this article is to analyze three key mechanisms of psychological enslavement – gaslighting, trauma bonding, and learned helplessness – in the context of the crime of human trafficking. Psychological violence constitutes a fundamental element of the process of enslaving and maintaining control over the victim. Gaslighting destabilizes the perception of reality and leads to a profound disturbance of identity, trauma bonding reinforces emotional dependence on the perpetrator, while learned helplessness prevents the victim from undertaking actions that could lead to liberation. This article demonstrates the destructive impact of these mechanisms and their influence on the long-term functioning of victims. It also emphasizes that effective intervention and assistance to victims of human trafficking requires incorporating an analysis of these mechanisms into therapeutic and social programs, with a focus on restoring individual agency and autonomy. The article highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach in combating human trafficking crimes and for developing prevention methods and psychological support tailored to the real needs of affected individuals.

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Psychologiczne uwarunkowania nieświadomej wiktymizacji ofiar handlu ludźmi w Polsce. Rola rodziny w procesie przystosowania i zaprzeczania

Irena Malinowska, Anna Kowalczyk, Henryk Wojtaszek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 82-98

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.022.22329

The article explores the issue of unconscious victimization among human trafficking victims in Poland, focusing on its psychological foundations and the role of the family in the processes of adaptation to exploitation and denial of abuse. The authors analyzes key defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and trauma bonding, which prevent victims from recognizing their experiences as abusive. The paper highlights the impact of childhood relational patterns, socialization to submission, and family responses to disclosures of exploitation. Case studies illustrate various forms of unconscious victimization, including the loverboy model, forced labor among migrants, and sexual exploitation under the guise of employment. The article concludes with recommendations for interdisciplinary prevention and support strategies, emphasizing the importance of the family context in victim identification, therapeutic intervention, and legal protection.

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Mechanizmy stosowane przez sprawców handlu ludźmi oraz ich konsekwencje dla ofiar

Małgorzata Piórkowska, Aleksandra Siewert

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 99-109

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.023.22330

This article focuses on the issue of violence examined from a psychological perspective, with particular emphasis on the means of control and manipulation employed by perpetrators against individuals in dependent relationships. The analysis covered mechanisms characteristic of abusive relationships, including the cyclical nature of violence, the process of gradually isolating the victim, methods of emotional influence, and techniques aimed at undermining the victim’s sense of self-worth.
The paper presents the psychological and emotional consequences of violence for victims, which include trauma, anxiety and depressive disorders, lowered self-esteem, as well as the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Long-term effects were also discussed, particularly their impact on the individual’s social and professional functioning, with attention given to the phenomenon of secondary victimization and the difficulties arising in the process of social reintegration.
The article refers to the need for comprehensive psychological assistance for victims of violence, encompassing both individual and group therapeutic interventions, as well as institutional and social support. In conclusion, it is emphasized that effective intervention in such cases requires an interdisciplinary approach that integrates psychological, legal, and social perspectives.

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Prewencja i wymiar społeczny handlu ludźmi

Międzynarodowy wymiar współczesnego niewolnictwa. Handel ludźmi jak zjawisko globalne

Magdalena Cheda-Gocał , Małgorzata Gocał

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 110-123

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.024.22331

Human trafficking is one of the most serious human rights violations and a modern form of slavery. Despite the development of international law, this phenomenon continues to evolve taking on increasingly complex forms such as forced prostitution, forced labor, child trafficking, and the sale of human organs. This crime is particularly attractive to organized criminal groups due to the high profits and relatively low risk of detection. This article analyzes the mechanisms, stages, and types of human trafficking, pointing to the need for more effective international cooperation, effective prosecution, and legal and psychological protection for victims.

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Strategia zapobiegania handlowi ludźmi

Irena Malinowska, Bartosz Błaszczak, Janusz Bryk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 124-140

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.025.22332

Human trafficking is one of the most drastic manifestations of human rights violations in the contemporary world. This phenomenon is transnational and multidimensional, and its essence lies in treating humans as commodities. The article presents definitions of human trafficking, analyzes factors conducive to its development, and discusses the most common forms of exploitation of victims. Attention is drawn to legal solutions in international and national law, as well as preventive practices and support measures. The aim of this article is to present the main mechanisms and strategies for preventing human trafficking, with a particular focus on legal instruments, preventive actions, and the role of international cooperation.

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Prawne wyzwania zjawiska handlu ludźmi

Regulacyjne puzzle dotyczące zrównoważonego rozwoju jako narzędzie walki z handlem ludźmi do pracy przymusowej

Beata Faracik

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 141-162

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.027.22334

The article explores the relationship between the European Green Deal framework and efforts to combat forced labour in global supply chains. It examines key legal instruments – including the Regulation banning products made with forced labour, the CSDDD and CSRD directives, as well as the EU Taxonomy and SFDR – highlighting their interconnections and their role in creating a coherent system to prevent labour exploitation. The paper analyses the implications of these regulations for companies and financial institutions, particularly in terms of due diligence, reporting, and the double materiality concept. It argues that tackling forced labour effectively requires not only criminal law, but also economic and regulatory tools that make its use unprofitable. Finally, it underscores the potential for strengthening business resilience by improving the understanding and oversight of corporate value chains.

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Współpraca ASEAN i UE w przeciwdziałaniu handlowi ludźmi: odrębne modele, wspólne wyzwania

Anna Głogowska-Balcerzak

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 163-177

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.028.22335

Eradication of human trafficking is a major challenge that requires a coordinated response at the regional and global level. This article presents a comparative analysis of the approaches used by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the European Union (EU) to combat this crime, with a focus on the legal framework and cooperation mechanisms. The author identifies key differences arising from the different regional integration models and identifies areas of possible cooperation. It concludes with recommendations for deepening inter-regional cooperation and enhancing the effectiveness of measures taken in the context of global migration challenges and the growing threat of transnational crime.

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O potrzebie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu handlowi ludźmi, a w tym pracy przymusowej

Witold Jakimko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 178-194

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.029.22336

Human trafficking is one of the three largest global criminal phenomena affecting contemporary societies. Together with drug trafficking and terrorist financing, including money laundering, human trafficking poses the most difficult challenges for those combating these phenomena and helping their victims. In the Republic of Poland, only the fight against human trafficking has not yet been addressed by a separate law in the Polish legal system. Legal tools should keep pace with the changing methods of criminals. International and European legislation is also moving in this direction, which is why it is so important to properly and effectively implement the tools it proposes into the Polish legal system. It is worth emphasising that the adoption of a separate law is an opportunity for the comprehensive and full implementation of the Republic of Poland’s international obligations in this area, but also a chance to raise the standards of protection for victims of crime and to support economic operators in their due diligence obligations in the field of sustainable development. Finally, in addition to harmonising the regulation of the phenomenon in a single legal act, the transfer of criminal provisions to the act and their diversification will allow the tools and measures to be adapted to the objectives of criminal policy, enabling the correct consideration of the social harmfulness of individual acts, aggravating and mitigating circumstances, the objectives of punishment in terms of social impact, as well as preventive measures in relation to the convicted person, and other objectives set out in the sentencing guidelines indicated in the Criminal Code. The material presented in this paper does not exhaust the subject matter of the draft law on combating human trafficking, but it constitutes the necessary minimum scope of regulation of the phenomenon and a point of reference for further work on the draft.

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Ponowne przesłuchanie ofiary handlu ludźmi, czyli o prawie do rzetelnego procesu

Małgorzata Makarska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 195-203

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.030.22337

Interviewing victims of human trafficking is one of the most important and, at the same time, most difficult procedural activities. The first and, as a rule, only interview of a victim of a crime under Article 189a § 1 of the Criminal Code allows the authorities conducting the preliminary investigation to obtain the most information necessary for establishing the facts in a human trafficking case. Without losing sight of the value of the evidence and the role of the victim in criminal proceedings, the interrogator should take into account the protection of the victim’s dignity, ensuring their safety, and protecting them from secondary victimisation. The purpose of this article is to analyse the existing legal regulations protecting victims of human trafficking from repeated questioning, as well as to draw attention to the inconsistency of procedural safeguards, which depend both on the age of the victim and the form of exploitation.

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Doniesienia z praktyki

Działania Straży Granicznej w zwalczaniu handlu ludźmi w Polsce

Katarzyna Galla-Podsiadło

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 204-208

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.031.22338

Human trafficking remains one of the most serious threats to security and human rights in the modern world. The Border Guard plays a crucial role in counteracting this phenomenon as a specialized uniformed service primarily responsible for interactions with foreigners entering and staying in the territory of Poland. The article presents the activities undertaken by the Border Guard in conducting criminal proceedings and identifying victims of human trafficking. It also discusses current trends, victim profiles with regard to victimological factors, and provides statistical data from recent years. Particular attention is paid to the increasing number of victims from Latin American countries, especially Colombia, and the challenges of cross-border investigations that require international cooperation with organizations such as INTERPOL and EUROPOL. The paper highlights how socio-economic conditions, migration policies, and organized crime networks contribute to the persistence and evolution of human trafficking in Poland.

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Zagadnienia wprowadzające

Handel ludźmi – wprowadzenie do problematyki

Agnieszka Sadło-Nowak, Agnieszka Choromańska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 9-21

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.017.22324

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Dzieje cywilizacji historią niewolnictwa. Próba refleksji historiozoficzno-etycznej

Robert Borkowski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 22-31

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.018.22325

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Współczesne niewolnictwo czyli prawno-społeczne aspekty przeciwdziałania handlu ludźmi

Robert Rynkun-Werner

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 32-49

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.019.22326

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Handel ludźmi – człowieczeństwo ofiar i oprawców

Piotr Skudrzyk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 50-61

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.020.22327

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Psychologia zjawiska handlu ludźmi

Gaslighting, więź traumatyczna i wyuczona bezradność jako mechanizmy psychologicznego zniewolenia ofiar handlu ludźmi

Aneta Kazanecka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 62-81

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.021.22328

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Psychologiczne uwarunkowania nieświadomej wiktymizacji ofiar handlu ludźmi w Polsce. Rola rodziny w procesie przystosowania i zaprzeczania

Irena Malinowska, Anna Kowalczyk, Henryk Wojtaszek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 82-98

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.022.22329

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Mechanizmy stosowane przez sprawców handlu ludźmi oraz ich konsekwencje dla ofiar

Małgorzata Piórkowska, Aleksandra Siewert

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 99-109

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.023.22330

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Prewencja i wymiar społeczny handlu ludźmi

Międzynarodowy wymiar współczesnego niewolnictwa. Handel ludźmi jak zjawisko globalne

Magdalena Cheda-Gocał , Małgorzata Gocał

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 110-123

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.024.22331

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Strategia zapobiegania handlowi ludźmi

Irena Malinowska, Bartosz Błaszczak, Janusz Bryk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 124-140

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.025.22332

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Prawne wyzwania zjawiska handlu ludźmi

Regulacyjne puzzle dotyczące zrównoważonego rozwoju jako narzędzie walki z handlem ludźmi do pracy przymusowej

Beata Faracik

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 141-162

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.027.22334

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Współpraca ASEAN i UE w przeciwdziałaniu handlowi ludźmi: odrębne modele, wspólne wyzwania

Anna Głogowska-Balcerzak

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 163-177

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.028.22335

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O potrzebie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu handlowi ludźmi, a w tym pracy przymusowej

Witold Jakimko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 178-194

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.029.22336

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Ponowne przesłuchanie ofiary handlu ludźmi, czyli o prawie do rzetelnego procesu

Małgorzata Makarska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 195-203

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.030.22337

PDF

Doniesienia z praktyki

Działania Straży Granicznej w zwalczaniu handlu ludźmi w Polsce

Katarzyna Galla-Podsiadło

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 204-208

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.031.22338

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Wstęp od Redakcji

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, Special Issue 2025, 2025, pp. 7-8

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.016.22323

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1(4)/2025

Publication date: 09.07.2025

Editor-in-Chief: Zbigniew Ciekanowski

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska, Julia Nowicka

Secretary: Agnieszka Bartusiak

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Issue content

Współpraca międzynarodowa w przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom globalnym

Julia Kobets, Tetiana Strutynska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 7-17

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.001.21859

The aim of the article is to analyze the role of international cooperation in counteracting global threats and to assess the effectiveness of the actions taken. The first part presents the role of international organizations in ensuring global security, with particular emphasis on their structures, initiatives and the effectiveness of their activities. The second part focuses on regional and bilateral cooperation, analyzing its impact on the stabilization of regions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the context of geopolitical challenges. The last part identifies key barriers to effective international cooperation, as well as indicates the prospects for its development in the context of dynamic global changes. The research problem was formulated: What are the main challenges and prospects for the development of international cooperation in combating global threats? The research hypothesis assumes: The effectiveness of international cooperation in combating global threats is limited by political divergences, lack of uniform regulations and insufficient resources, but the development of technology and the strengthening of regional and global coordination mechanisms may contribute to its improvement. Research methods such as literature analysis, systemic method, comparative approach and case studies of selected international organizations and initiatives were used.

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Bezpieczeństwo a otwartość: dylematy ochrony granic w strefie Schengen

Grzegorz K. Zając

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 18-35

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.002.21860

The aim of the study was to identify and assess the effectiveness of the legal and operational instruments used to protect the internal and external borders of the Schengen Area, with particular emphasis on Poland’s experience. The research methods employed facilitated the verification of the hypothesis that the harmonization of regulations and the use of advanced operational procedures contribute to increasing the effectiveness of both internal and external Schengen border protection, while simultaneously respecting the rights of foreign nationals. The study relied on document and report analysis of European and international institutions, literature review and critique, as well as observational methods.

The results showed that the harmonization of Schengen regulations has streamlined the movement of people, yet discrepancies in the interpretation of procedures still persist in the area of external border control. The issue of border protection in Europe was analyzed in the context of the functioning of the Schengen Area. The legal and theoretical foundations of border operations and their contemporary functions were discussed. Special attention was paid to the protection of the Republic of Poland’s border, including the rules for its crossing and the key legal acts regulating these matters. The legal basis for the Schengen Area’s operation was presented, taking into account the nature and role of border controls in ensuring state security. Furthermore, the protection of foreign nationals in Poland was examined, identifying the forms of this protection and the applicable legal regulations. Finally, a synthetic analysis of the European Union’s external border protection was provided in the context of the challenges posed by irregular migration.

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Zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa w dobie współczesnych konfliktów

Weronika Parczewska, Emilia Kurzyk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 36-45

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.003.21861

The article is devoted to analyzing the concept of security in the face of the ongoing armed conflict on Ukrainian territory. The concept of security itself is vast, but in the era of the war in Ukraine the approach to certain threats is changing dramatically. It is also important to keep in mind that in addition to military threats, we are exposed to threats arising from critical infrastructure. An example was the recent phenomenon of flooding that occurred in the southern area of Poland. We also face parallel threats from both the military and non-military side. The article presents recommendations for future measures to minimize threats more effectively. Within the framework of the topic at hand, a research problem was formulated: what are the main threats to Poland’s security from military and non-military threats? To answer the question thus posed, a hypothesis was formulated: the main threats to Poland’s security from military and non-military threats generate an increase in border (criminal) crime and an increase in robbery crimes. In order to answer the problem question, research methods such as critical analysis of the literature, analysis of legal acts and documents, websites and statistics from the Border Guard Headquarters, the Police Headquarters or the State Fire Service Headquarters were used.

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Czynniki wpływające na rozpoczęcie wojny z Ukrainą przez Rosję (Część 1)

Marcin Liberacki

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 46-61

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.004.21862

The article examines the factors that influenced Russia’s decision to go to war with Ukraine. It highlights the complexity of this decision, taking into account both internal and external factors that shaped the Kremlin’s policy in the period before the outbreak of the conflict. Russia perceived NATO’s expansion to the East and Ukraine’s efforts to integrate with the West as a threat to its sphere of influence. The Kremlin feared that Ukraine, a strategically important country, could become a Western bridgehead on Russia’s borders, which would upset the balance of power in the region. The aim of the article is to analyze the factors that influenced Russia’s decision to go to war with Ukraine, as well as to understand how these factors interacted and shaped the course of the conflict. In this publication, I seek answers to the following research problem: what factors influenced the Kremlin’s decision to go to war with Ukraine? In analyzing the key determinants that influenced Russia’s decision to go to war with Ukraine, I draw on research by historians, military experts, political scientists, and analysts to better understand the background of this tragic war. In order to comprehensively understand the determinants of the conflict, the article relies on a multi-faceted methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative analyses. The methodology I have adopted includes the analysis of literary sources and documents, political-strategic analysis, comparative methodology, analysis of empirical data, and interviews and expert opinions, which are secondary sources of the analysis.

Before launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the Russian leader used war rhetoric to strengthen his authority, including the need to strengthen the image of the government and distract the public from economic problems and internal political tensions. Historical factors are also important – including the narrative of Ukraine as part of the “Russian world” – and the desire to rebuild influence in the region.

The analysis of the factors leading to the outbreak of the war shows the complex complexity of the causes of this conflict, in which both internal and external elements played a significant role. These are also historical grievances, geopolitical fears and previous actions related to Crimea and Donbas. The correct interpretation of these factors is crucial for a fuller understanding of the conflict and its global implications. Russia perceives Western actions as a threat to its position, which has contributed to its efforts to strengthen its sphere of influence. The Kremlin’s domestic political needs have had an equally important influence, using the conflict as a means to strengthen its power and unite society around a common enemy. The conclusion from the analysis of the sources is therefore that the Russian-Ukrainian conflict is the result of accumulated, long-standing tensions of geopolitical, historical and domestic origins, which have led to an escalation of violence.

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Główne czynniki sprawcze interwencji militarnej Rosji na Ukrainie

Mieczysław Stolarczyk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 62-95

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.005.21863

One of the key issues on which the end of the war in Ukraine and the introduction of more or less permanent peace regulations in this country depends is to answer the question: What were the main reasons for Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022? USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Poland and other Western countries’ growing military support in the successive years, along with economic and political support, have created an impression that the war in Ukraine is not only a Russian-Ukrainian war, but also a proxy war of the West with Russia. This position is also presented by representatives of the current Administration of the American President Donald Trump.

The aim of the study is to indicate the most important positions, both in the literature on international affairs and in the foreign policies, mainly of Russia, Ukraine, the United States and other Western countries, regarding the causative agents of the war in Ukraine. The research thesis of the article is contained in the statement that the armed conflict in Ukraine is based on the intensifying geopolitical rivalry for influence in this country observed for several decades, on one hand from the side of Russia and on the other from the side of the United States, NATO and EU member states. The most divisive element of this rivalry was the departure of Ukraine, with some exceptions, from the policy of multi-vectorality and non-blocking during the last decade of 21st century, and the desire of Ukrainian leadership, supported by the majority of Western countries, to join NATO in light of a strong opposition of Russia for Ukraine to participate in this alliance. The author points to the most important stages of intensifying the geopolitical rivalry between Russia and the West for influence in Ukraine in the first and second decade of 21st century. According to the author, the apogee of this rivalry was the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. This position has been presented since the beginning of the war in Ukraine by supporters of a realistic approach to explaining international affairs, including Henry Kissinger and John Mearsheimer. A similar position is taken by the Administration of Donald Trump.

In order to achieve the main research goal and to prove the adopted research thesis, research methods such as critical analysis of the literature on the subject, analysis of documents, as well as reliable Internet sources were used. The method of observation has been widely used in relation to the main trends occurring in the post-Soviet area, primarily in Ukraine, in the post-cold war period.

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Wpływ wojny w Ukrainie na globalne bezpieczeństwo energetyczne

Marta Chodyka, Tomasz Grudniewski, Małgorzata Dobrzyńska-Dąbska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 96-108

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.006.21864

The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of the war in Ukraine on global energy security and long-term changes in the geopolitics of energy resources. The first part of the article describes the direct effects of the war on global energy markets, including disruptions in the supply of raw materials, sharp price increases, and the reactions of states and international organizations. The second part examines the long-term changes in countries’ energy policies, including the diversification of energy sources, the development of renewable technologies and new energy alliances. The final section is devoted to the future of global energy security, discussing possible scenarios, including the long-term energy transition and the risk of prolonged market volatility. The main research problem was formulated: How has the war in Ukraine affected global energy security and what long-term consequences could it have for the global energy market? The hypothesis assumes that this conflict has accelerated the process of diversification of energy supplies and the energy transition, but at the same time in the short term it has increased the volatility of markets and the dependence of some countries on high-emission fossil fuels. The analysis used theoretical methods, such as the analysis of literature on the subject, strategic documents and reports of international organizations. The main conclusion is that the war in Ukraine is a key turning point for the global energy system – on the one hand, accelerating the energy transition and reducing dependence on Russian raw materials, on the other hand, causing an energy crisis in the short term and forcing a temporary increase in the use of fossil fuels. The final shape of the new energy order will depend on further political decisions and strategic actions taken by states for the security and stability of energy supplies.

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Ochrona bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego przez funkcjonariuszy policji w kontekście wybranych przepisów dotyczących ich ochrony prawnej

Mariusz Michalski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 109-122

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.007.21865

The purpose of the article is a conceptual analysis of selected legal regulations on the legal protection of police officers, particularly in the context of their personal safety. The author attempts to assess the impact of these regulations on the implementation by the Police of tasks related to the maintenance of order, security and public order. The study uses the method of dogmatic-legal analysis and case studies of judicial decisions. An analysis of the provisions of the Criminal Code, particularly Articles 222 and 223 of the Criminal Code, was carried out with regard to the crimes of violation of an officer’s bodily integrity and active assault on his person. The positions of the doctrine and selected judgments of common courts and the Supreme Court were also taken into account. The analysis showed that the current legislation provides police officers with formal legal protection, which is necessary for their effective performance of their official duties. It also found that there are gaps in interpretation and inconsistencies in case law, particularly with regard to the scope of concepts such as “active assault” and “assailant.” The need for more precise normative clarification of officers’ personal protection was also identified. n the context of dynamically changing socio-legal conditions, it is necessary to further improve the system of legal protection of police officers. It seems reasonable to introduce legislative changes aimed at strengthening their personal safety, while respecting civil rights. The proposed measures can contribute to increasing the effectiveness of the Police and strengthening public confidence in state institutions.

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Zastosowanie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w ratownictwie

Marek Magniszewski, Paweł Grelewski, Rafał Parczewski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 123-141

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.008.21866

Modern unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies open up new possibilities in the field of rescue and crisis management. The aim of the article is to analyze the use of drones in rescue operations, to assess their effectiveness in various crisis scenarios and to identify barriers and limitations in their implementation. The research problem was formulated: To what extent does the use of unmanned aerial vehicles affect the effectiveness of rescue operations? According to the research problem, a research hypothesis was put forward that assumes that unmanned aerial vehicles significantly increase the effectiveness of rescue operations, shortening response time, improving the accessibility of hard-to-reach areas and increasing the safety of rescuers. The study will use theoretical methods, such as an analysis of the literature on the subject, a review of reports and case studies on the use of UAVs in rescue, as well as a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of traditional rescue methods and drone-assisted methods. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that drones are a valuable tool supporting rescue, especially in search operations, providing medical assistance and monitoring of risk areas. Their further development and integration with rescue systems can further increase the efficiency of operations and improve the safety of both rescuers and injured persons.

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Społeczne uwarunkowania bezpieczeństwa kulturowego

Marek Bodziany, Małgorzata Pacer

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 142-162

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.009.21867

The aim of the research is to describe the issues included in the social dimension of cultural security and to explain the mutual implications occurring between it and the spiritual and material dimensions. The research was based on a qualitative research perspective, which was based on passive observation and analysis of sources. The analysis included publications on multidimensional participation in culture and cultural activity of people in the real and virtual dimension. Results: observation of lifestyles and cultural practices of modern societies shows a change and departure from traditional forms of spending free time, avoiding the “consumption” of the benefits of elite (high) culture in favor of pop culture products served in a relatively unified, simple and accessible form for everyone. On the other hand, social culture understood as a component of cultural security changes research trajectories towards an increasingly unified audience and at the same time a demanding audience. Effekcts: research on the social dimension of cultural security requires a holistic approach based on the integration of the social dimension of culture with the spiritual and material. Changes in lifestyles and cultural practices indicate that the world of values of modern societies is changing. Traditional forms of cultural participation remain permanent in the case of traditions, customs and cultivating holidays, as well as in relation to historical memory. On the other hand, the tendency to participate in the culture of the institutional dimension (including elite culture) is changing in favor of the cheap offer of e-culture, often “consumed” in a domesticated system.

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Metoda klasyfikacji obrazów linii papilarnych

Tadeusz Niedziela, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 163-199

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.010.21868

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of an optoelectronic system in the classification and identification of fingerprint images. The authors formulated the research problem as: Does an optoelectronic system based on a feature extractor in the form of a ring and wedge detector and a classifier in the form of an artificial neural network enable effective classification and indentification of fingerprint images? According to the research problem posed, a research hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that the unique components used (classifier and feature extractor) in the optoelectronic system guarantee a low error rate in the classification of fingerprint images. The authors proposed a new computer tool (wavelet fractal dimension) for automatic classification of fingerprint images based on texture analysis. Wavelet fractal dimension offers a new and promising way to measure the characteristics of fingerprint textures. Its good ability to distinguish boundaries between textures is an indication that complexities in texture properties can be easily overcome. An optoelectronic system with new capabilities for person identification based on an orygi-nal classifier and feature extractor of fingerprint images is presented.

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Przyszłość organizacji pozarządowych w świetle ustawy o ochronie ludności i obronie cywilnej

Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska, Wiktoria Marcinek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 200-211

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.011.21869

The introduction of the new Civil Protection and Civil Defence Act creates both opportunities and challenges for non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The article analyzes the consequences of the new regulations, examining their impact on the activities of NGOs and their role in the civil protection system. The first part describes the main assumptions of the Act, the current role of NGOs in civil protection and the changes resulting from the new regulations. Then, the analysis of new opportunities (e.g. access to resources) and challenges (bureaucratization, limitation of autonomy) resulting from regulation was carried out. Then, scenarios for the development of NGOs, key adaptation competences and the importance of cross-sectoral cooperation were presented. The aim of the article is to identify the possibilities of adaptation of NGOs in the changing legal environment. The research problem was formulated: How does the new Act on Civil Protection and Civil Defence affect the functioning of non-governmental organisations? The research hypothesis was formulated: the new Civil Protection and Civil Defence Act introduces both opportunities (financing, integration into the system) and challenges (bureaucratization, limitation of autonomy) that require professionalization and cross-sectoral cooperation as key adaptation strategies for NGOs. In order to respond to the research study, research methods such as literature analysis, including publications on the activities of non-governmental organizations and analysis of legal acts, as well as reliable Internet sources, were used.

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Kształtowanie postaw prospołecznych jako kompetencji antywiktymizacyjnej

Bartosz Błaszczak, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 212-240

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.012.21870

The purpose of this article is to analyze pro-social attitudes in the process of antivictimization. These attitudes are acquired by shaping the content, character, emotional, social and cognitive experiences, as well as providing the individual with a way to develop these experiences. In the literature there is a division into three types of altruism due to the type of motivation that is the source of the benefit to another person. Various forms of altruism have been distinguished, namely altruism based on egocentric, empathic, normative motivation. The formation of selfless and conscious assistance to others is considered one of the fundamental goals of upbringing. The importance of altruism in upbringing is great, and justification for this statement can be found in the belief that altruism is a measure of a person’s worth. Pro-social attitudes, and altruism in particular, can counterbalance the increasing sense of loneliness among people, disregard for their problems, showing hostility and contempt. Social groups in which doing good is a common and unselfish practice stand a better chance in the struggle for existence than communities in which everyone cares only for himself. Shaping the personality of a young person, in the spirit of altruism, will enable him to make the right moral choices in the future. Convincing of the need to shape pro-social attitudes in upbringing, it should also be noted that they provide an opportunity for self-realization, understood as a process of self-improvement and self actualization. Considering the individual determinants of pro-socially motivated behavior, among other things, the role of gender in the manifestation of these behaviors was taken into account. Studies conducted with children showed no significant differences in such behaviors between boys and girls. Among the social factors influencing the manifestation of pro-social behavior in children and adolescents, family and school should be mentioned first and foremost. It is in these two important environments that the very important process of socialization takes place, which is a complex, learning process as a result of which a person becomes a social being, a member of a given society and a representative of a given culture. This socialization takes place in an atmosphere saturated with feelings, so its importance is great and the results are felt throughout later life. The close emotional bond linking the child with his parents makes him adopt and internalize their way of seeing the world, behavioral patterns, attitudes and values, attitudes. Learning proves most useful when an individual has to make a certain decision and choice. Based on the assumptions of L. Kohlberg’s theory of the development of moral reasoning, attempts have been made to show that it is possible to stimulate this development. One of the programs for stimulating the development of moral reasoning referred to the method of inducing the teacher-educator to discuss hypothetical moral problems. In stimulating the development of moral reasoning, among other things, the method of value awareness is used. It involves students performing tasks suggested by the educator, such as making a list of favorite activities, among others, and then reflecting on which ones: are performed alone or with others; require planning; are performed most often. Performing these tasks facilitates learning about one’s own value system. Another form of educational influence referring, as in the case of identification, to the mechanism of imitation is modeling. Modeling relies to a lesser extent than identification on strong positive emotions, and to a greater extent on the authority that the educator who acts as a model of behavior has in the child. Modeling involves providing the educator with opportunities to observe the educationally desirable behavior of others, including, above all, the educator himself. Among the more complex forms of educational interactions are task-based methods, which involve the teacher creating or using spontaneously occurring situations in order to get the student to take educationally desirable actions. In general, it can be said that the implementation of educational goals is important from the point of view of antivictimization and anticriminalization. In the case of older adolescents, participation in volunteerism is of great importance in the formation of pro-social attitudes. Although there is no official definition of the term “volunteering,” but it is generally understood as all types of formal or informal activities undertaken individually by choice and without seeking financial gain that contribute to the common good. The importance of volunteering is emphasized in the European Union. The European Economic and Social Committee, in its April 6, 2022 opinion entitled “Volunteers – Citizens Building the Future of Europe,” stresses that when debating the future of Europe, policymakers must be aware that the future of Europe will be shaped not only by politicians and institutions, including civil society organizations, but also by millions of citizen-volunteers.

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Skuteczna ochrona lokat bankowych obywateli wykładnikiem poczucia bezpieczeństwa społecznego

Irena Malinowska, Jan Znajdek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 241-254

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.013.21871

By characterising the theoretical and practical determinants of the problems related to the safeguarding of the funds collected by citizens in bank accounts, significant challenges have been identified, resulting from both the inadequacy of the existing legal regulations and the and from insufficient implementation of existing procedures. A particular problem is the cases, where these procedures do not keep up with the dynamically changing risks in the financial sector, which generates the risk of loss of funds for citizens and weakens their sense of financial security. The aim of the article is to analyse in detail the theoretical and practical considerations related to the protection of citizens’ funds accumulated in bank accounts, while identifying problems and assessing the effectiveness of the legal procedures in force. The authors also aims to present measures that could contribute to increasing the level of protection of bank deposits and rebuilding citizens’ trust in the banking system. The protection of funds in bank accounts requires significant changes to the existing legislation and a fuller implementation of security mechanisms. Deficiencies in this area lead to increased risks to citizens’ property and undermine the stability of the financial sector. This article sets out a research hypothesis: effective protection of bank deposits, based on up-to-date and effectively implemented legal procedures, significantly contributes to an increased sense of social security and the restoration of citizens’ trust in the financial sector. Key theoretical and practical determinants related to the protection of citizens' funds were identified. The effectiveness of the existing legal procedures governing the handling of bank deposits was assessed in detail, showing both their strengths and shortcomings. The need for the implementation of measures provided by law to strengthen the protection of citizens’ property in the form of bank deposits and to reduce potential risks was pointed out. It was emphasised that the smooth functioning of bank deposit protection mechanisms is the foundation for building public trust towards the financial sector and state structures. The conclusions of the article point to the necessity not only of modernising regulations, but also of their consistent implementation, which will enable better protection of citizens’ interests in dynamically changing market conditions.

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Prawne uwarunkowania nabywania nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców: mechanizmy ochrony interesów i analiza przepisów

Aleksandra Siewert

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 255-277

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.014.21872

The article entitled Legal determinants of the acquisition of real estate by foreigners: mechanisms for the protection of interests and analysis of regulations is devoted to the analysis of the legal security of real estate transactions by foreigners. Its main objective is to examine the legal regulations related to this process and to identify mechanisms for the protection of purchasers’ interests. The subject of the analysis is a set of legal norms, both national and international, which define the conditions for the acquisition of real estate by foreigners. The paper looks in particular at the administrative requirements, such as the obligation to obtain a permit from the minister responsible for internal affairs, and their impact on the legal security of the transaction. The research hypothesis of the paper is that compliance with the law and effective protection of legal interests of foreigners are crucial to ensure the stability and legality of real estate purchase processes. The paper discusses the differences in the treatment of foreigners depending on their country of origin and analyses the impact of international agreements and EU regulations on the real estate acquisition process. It also highlights the importance of notarial contracts as a key tool for protecting the rights of purchasers and the need for thorough verification of the legal status of real estate. The important role of notaries and lawyers in ensuring that transactions comply with the law is pointed out. The final section outlines the exceptions to the authorisation requirement and the potential legal consequences of breaching the regulations. The whole highlights the complexity of the process and the importance of compliance with the law as a prerequisite for ensuring legal security of real estate investments by foreigners.

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Kompensacja czy represja? Artykuł 244c k.k. jako narzędzie przeciwdziałania uchylaniu się od obowiązku naprawienia szkody

Marcin Czosnek, Marta Czosnek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 278-296

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.015.21873

The present article seeks to undertake an analytical evaluation of the impact of amendments to Polish criminal law, with particular reference to the procedural position of the victim. The study places particular emphasis on the changes introduced in 2015 to Article 46 of the Penal Code and the addition of Article 244c in 2023. The aim of the study is to determine whether the indicated legislative modifications have contributed to a real strengthening of the position of persons wronged by a crime with regard to the pursuit of property claims in criminal proceedings. The subject of consideration is therefore the evolution of the institution of the obligation to make reparation for damage and the effectiveness of the enforcement of compensatory measures ordered by criminal courts. The study employs a dogmatic-legal method, which facilitates a detailed analysis of the substantive criminal law provisions in force. The subject of the study was selected to be Article 46 and Article 244c of the Penal Code, with particular emphasis on their practical application in judicial and prosecutorial activity. Furthermore, an analysis of statistical data concerning the number of judgements imposing compensatory measures, as well as the number and results of preparatory proceedings initiated on the basis of Article 244c of the Penal Code, was used to assess the effectiveness of the new legal instrument. Results – the 2015 amendment of Article 46 of the Criminal Code contributed to the consolidation of the compensatory function of the obligation to make reparation, thereby endowing it with a purely compensatory character. Consequently, it has been facilitated for victims of crime to pursue civil claims within the context of criminal proceedings. The introduction of Article 244c of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which criminalises the evasion of a compensation measure, represents a significant development in enhancing the efficacy of enforcing adjudicated measures. However, the practical implementation of this norm is encumbered by evidentiary challenges, particularly in substantiating the perpetrator’s intentionality, which may impede its efficacy and efficiency. Conclusions – the analyses carried out demonstrate that the legislative changes in the field of compensatory measures have the potential to increase the protection of the property interests of victims. Nevertheless, despite its normative significance and preventive character, Article 244c of the Penal Code may be used instrumentally and encounter serious difficulties in the jurisprudence practice. In particular, it may be problematic to attribute intentional guilt to the perpetrator in cases of evasion of the compensation obligation. In view of the aforementioned points, it appears imperative to persist in the monitoring of the implementation of the novel provisions and to deliberate potential legislative amendments intended to enhance their efficacy.

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Współpraca międzynarodowa w przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom globalnym

Julia Kobets, Tetiana Strutynska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 7-17

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.001.21859

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Bezpieczeństwo a otwartość: dylematy ochrony granic w strefie Schengen

Grzegorz K. Zając

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 18-35

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.002.21860

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Zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa w dobie współczesnych konfliktów

Weronika Parczewska, Emilia Kurzyk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 36-45

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.003.21861

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Czynniki wpływające na rozpoczęcie wojny z Ukrainą przez Rosję (Część 1)

Marcin Liberacki

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 46-61

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.004.21862

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Główne czynniki sprawcze interwencji militarnej Rosji na Ukrainie

Mieczysław Stolarczyk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 62-95

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.005.21863

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Wpływ wojny w Ukrainie na globalne bezpieczeństwo energetyczne

Marta Chodyka, Tomasz Grudniewski, Małgorzata Dobrzyńska-Dąbska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 96-108

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.006.21864

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Ochrona bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego przez funkcjonariuszy policji w kontekście wybranych przepisów dotyczących ich ochrony prawnej

Mariusz Michalski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 109-122

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.007.21865

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Zastosowanie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w ratownictwie

Marek Magniszewski, Paweł Grelewski, Rafał Parczewski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 123-141

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.008.21866

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Społeczne uwarunkowania bezpieczeństwa kulturowego

Marek Bodziany, Małgorzata Pacer

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 142-162

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.009.21867

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Metoda klasyfikacji obrazów linii papilarnych

Tadeusz Niedziela, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 163-199

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.010.21868

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Przyszłość organizacji pozarządowych w świetle ustawy o ochronie ludności i obronie cywilnej

Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska, Wiktoria Marcinek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 200-211

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.011.21869

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Kształtowanie postaw prospołecznych jako kompetencji antywiktymizacyjnej

Bartosz Błaszczak, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 212-240

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.012.21870

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Skuteczna ochrona lokat bankowych obywateli wykładnikiem poczucia bezpieczeństwa społecznego

Irena Malinowska, Jan Znajdek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 241-254

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.013.21871

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Prawne uwarunkowania nabywania nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców: mechanizmy ochrony interesów i analiza przepisów

Aleksandra Siewert

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 255-277

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.014.21872

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Kompensacja czy represja? Artykuł 244c k.k. jako narzędzie przeciwdziałania uchylaniu się od obowiązku naprawienia szkody

Marcin Czosnek, Marta Czosnek

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(4)/2025, 2025, pp. 278-296

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.25.015.21873

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go to the issue

2(3)/2024

Publication date: 16.12.2024

Editor-in-Chief: Zbigniew Ciekanowski

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska, Julia Nowicka

Secretary: Agnieszka Bartusiak

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Issue content

Wyzwania i zagrożenia dla praw człowieka w polityce migracyjnej Polski

Aleksandra Kopacka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 7-19

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.015.20778

Polish migration policy faces numerous challenges related to the protection of human rights. The lack of adequate integration programmes leads to the marginalisation of migrants and hinders their access to social, educational and professional rights. The aim of this article is to identify challenges and threats to the observance of human rights. In the first part, the situation on the Polish-Belarusian border was analyzed. Then the situation of migrants in relation to the Russian-Ukrainian war is described. Then the violations of migrants’ rights on the Polish-Belarusian border and the actions taken by the Polish government were presented. In conclusion, it was concluded that further analysis in this area is necessary to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented policies and to identify new challenges. The research problem was formulated: What challenges and threats does the Polish government face in respecting human rights? A research hypothesis was formulated accordingly to the donor problem: The Polish government faces numerous challenges and threats in respecting human rights, which result from both internal and external political, social and economic factors. The key challenges are the lack of coherent integration policies, increasing xenophobia and discrimination, inadequate conditions in detention centres, complicated asylum procedures, and growing pressure from the international community and internal opposition movements. Verification of the above hypothesis and obtaining an answer to the above research question required the use of research methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts, analysis of reports and documents, selected items of literature on the subject, as well as reliable Internet sources presenting an up-to-date view on the researched problem.

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Wpływ konfliktu ukraińsko-rosyjskiego na bezpieczeństwo Polski

Marcin Oskierko, Irena Malinowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 20-32

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.016.20779

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Ukrainian-Russian conflict on Poland’s security situation. After the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Eastern European region became an arena of new geopolitical tensions. The conflict in Ukraine, which erupted in 2014, represents one of the most significant challenges to international stability, including Poland’s security. The article points out that Poland, as a member of NATO and the EU, occupies a strategic position in the region, making its security closely tied to events in neighboring countries, particularly Ukraine. In the context of this conflict, the main threats to Poland include the possibility of military actions spreading to border areas, cyberattacks, disinformation propaganda, and hybrid activities from Russia. Furthermore, the authors of the article analyze Poland’s responses to these threats, including increased defense spending, modernization of the armed forces, and strengthening cooperation with allies within NATO and the EU. Poland is also involved in various international initiatives aimed at supporting Ukraine, which may raise concerns in Russia and lead to retaliatory actions, such as economic sanctions or attempts at political destabilization.
In the conclusion, the article emphasizes that Poland must continue strengthening its defense capabilities and political stability while promoting international dialogue and diplomacy as means to reduce regional tensions. For the purposes of the article, the research problem was formulated as a question: How does the Ukrainian-Russian conflict affect Poland’s security as well as its foreign and defense policy? In response to this research problem, the hypothesis was posed: The Ukrainian-Russian conflict increases the sense of threat in Poland, prompting the Polish government to intensify efforts to strengthen the country’s defense capabilities and to be more actively involved in international alliances such as NATO and the EU. To answer the research question, methods such as critical analysis of the literature, analysis of legal acts and documents, as well as reliable online sources were used.

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Nielegalna migracja a bezpieczeństwo Polski

Bartosz Błaszczak, Marta Pietrzykowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 33-44

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.017.20780

The article is dedicated to analyzing the impact of illegal migration on Poland’s security, taking into account both international and national contexts. The first part provides a definition and classification of migration, including the differences between legal and illegal migration, and discusses the causes of this phenomenon, such as armed conflicts, poverty, and the search for better living conditions. The second part of the text focuses on Poland’s historical migration background, highlighting the changing migration patterns over the years. The authors also address the situation on Poland’s eastern border, which is particularly vulnerable to illegal crossings. The following section discusses the threats associated with illegal migration, such as organized crime, human trafficking, drug and arms smuggling, and the potential risks related to terrorism. It also touches upon issues of social integration, challenges for the healthcare and social systems, and potential social tensions. In the concluding part of the paper, the authors discuss political and administrative responses to the issue of illegal migration. They emphasize the need for integrated actions at both the national and international levels, including strengthening border controls and cooperating with other countries and international organizations. Recommendations are also presented regarding future actions aimed at more effective migration management and minimizing associated threats. A research problem was formulated within the discussed topic: What are the main threats to Poland’s security resulting from illegal migration? The formulated hypothesis is: The main threats to Poland’s security resulting from illegal migration include an increase in organized crime, terrorism risks, and social tensions caused by difficulties in integrating migrants. To address the research question, methods such as critical literature analysis, analysis of legal acts and documents, and reliable online sources were used.

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Shaping critical thinking as a factor of the local security in wartime conditions

Viktoriia Stepanenko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 45-52

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.018.20781

The aim of the article is to analyze the information and psychological wars which have become a real threat to the modern world, leading to damage to the individual and mass awareness of the population, ethno-political divisions, internal and external armed conflicts and wars, and the loss of states’ sovereignty. The most relevant example of the consequences of information and psychological warfare is russia’s propaganda aggression against Ukraine. Providing security today is one of the main priorities for Ukrainians, in particular, local security issues in wartime require more attention, taking into account the factor of people’s dependence on information and its content. The research problem focusses on shaping critical thinking as a factor of the local security in wartime conditions. One of the means of information and psychological resistance and protection of the individuals from russian aggressive propaganda is critical perception of information, which is based on critical thinking. The formation of critical thinking is one of the ways of informational and psychological resistance to russian aggression, a tool of psychological protection against the negative impact of information, which ensures the informational and psychological security of the individual and the country.

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Wpływ wojny na Ukrainie na bezpieczeństwo przestrzeni powietrznej nad Polską

Patryk Ochyra, Marcel Lewczuk, Kamil Tynka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 53-68

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.019.20782

The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the war in Poland’s neighborhood on its airspace. The article focuses on identifying the main changes and challenges that are emerging in the context of safety, air traffic regulation, economy and social aspects of life, as well as propose strategies for managing these challenges. The research problem was formulated: How does a war near Poland’s borders affect the functioning of the airspace over the country? The study aims to identify key threats and consequences for various aviation-related sectors. According to the research problem, a research hypothesis was formulated which assumes that the war in Poland’s neighborhood significantly increases the security risk, leads to changes in air traffic regulations, negatively affects the aviation economy and causes social fears and uncertainty. Appropriate research methods were used to achieve the goal and verify the hypothesis. A review of available scientific publications, reports and documents on the impact of armed conflicts on the airspace was carried out. The collected data and their analysis regarding aviation incidents, changes in flight routes, the number of passengers and the economic impact on the aviation sector allowed the formulation of the main conclusions. Using these methods, the article seeks to comprehensively assess the impact of the war on the airspace over Poland, identifying key challenges and proposing possible solutions to minimize the negative effects of the conflict.

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Działalność organizacji proobronnych w Polsce

Patryk Ochyra, Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska, Marcin Oskierko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 69-82

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.020.20783

The aim of the article is to analyze the role and importance of pro-defense non-governmental organizations in the state security system. The authors aim to show how these organizations contribute to increasing the level of safety through various educational, training, logistical and operational support activities. The article begins with a discussion of contemporary threats and challenges in the area of security, emphasizing the need for a flexible approach to security strategy and the involvement of various sectors of society, including non-governmental organizations. In the next part, the authors define non-governmental organizations and emphasize their independence from government structures. They draw attention to their role in the democratic system and to the legal framework for the functioning of non-governmental organizations in Poland. Further on, the authors discuss a wide range of activities of non-governmental organizations, including the promotion of physical activity, culture, education, social assistance, health care, local development, protection of animal rights and promotion of gender equality. They emphasise how the diversity of these activities contributes to improving the quality of life of citizens and increasing public awareness. For the purposes of the article, a research problem was formulated in the form of the question: What is the importance and role of pro-defense non-governmental organizations in the state security system? In view of the research problem presented in this way, a hypothesis was formulated: Pro-defense non-governmental organizations play an important role in the state security system, contributing to raising the level of security through education, training, logistical and operational support, and shaping security policies at the local and national level. For the purposes of the study, the method of analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable Internet sources was used.

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Kryzys uchodźczy z Ukrainy – wybrane aspekty

Natalia Urbańska, Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 83-103

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.021.20784

The past events of spring 2014 in Ukraine not only had an impact on the original security conditions in Europe and on the world stage, but also obliged the international community to take appropriate action in the face of the situation. In a way, states and international organisations have been forced to react in the context of the violation of international law by the Russian Federation, actions contrary to Russian-Ukrainian international agreements, and the destabilisation of the world order established after the end of World War II. The first part of the article describes the genesis of the conflict in Ukraine. The main part presents the reaction of the international community to the outbreak of war. This article is an attempt to indicate the genesis of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, as well as the reaction of the international community to the refugee crisis. The research problem was formulated: How has the refugee crisis affected the international community? A research hypothesis was formulated accordingly to the research problem: The refugee crisis has had a significant impact on the international community, leading to changes in migration policy, increased social tensions and challenges related to the integration of refugees, as well as to increased international and humanitarian cooperation. For the purposes of the study, the method of analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable Internet sources was used.

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Prawa człowieka w czasie stanu wojennego na przykładzie Ukrainy

Tetiana Strutynska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 104-116

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.022.20785

The aim of the article is to analyze the state of human rights in Ukraine during martial law. The following analysis is necessary to understand how the imposition of martial law affects basic civil rights and freedoms and what protective mechanisms are in place during this time. The main research problem is to assess the extent to which martial law in Ukraine violates human rights and what are the main threats and challenges to the legal system and institutions responsible for their protection. On the other hand, the hypothesis assumes that the introduction of martial law in Ukraine leads to significant violations of human rights, restricting freedom of speech, assembly and the right to a fair trial. However, there are also some mechanisms that can mitigate these violations and ensure a minimum level of protection for citizens’ rights. The article is based on the methods of qualitative analysis, mainly including a review of legal acts and decrees introducing martial law and their compliance with international human rights standards. The analysis points to significant restrictions on civil rights and human rights violations during martial law in Ukraine.

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Jak przygotować się do przyszłej wojny

Michał Rutkowski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 117-137

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.023.20786

The purpose of this article is to analyze the issues related to the preparation for the future war. It determines the need to propose the main research problem in the form of the following problem question: What variants of threats should be expected in order to be able to effectively prepare for them, in terms of maintaining the existential security of the individual? On the basis of the previously formulated main problem, the author put forward a research hypothesis, which assumes that the leading inhibitor in adequate preparation for war is the underestimation of the actual appearance as a being that until recently was ancient, now eluding the methods of human perception. Verification of the above hypothesis and obtaining answers to the above questions required the use of research methods, including a critical analysis of selected items of literature on the subject, reliable Internet sources, as well as a comparative analysis, which allowed to draw the main conclusions.

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Stosowanie środków przymusu bezpośredniego, a bezpieczeństwo osobiste policjantów

Mariusz Michalski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 138-152

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.024.20787

The purpose of the represented article is to conceptually examine the interrelationships arising from the current legislation in the legal doctrine and judicial decisions presented in the context of considerations relating to the personal security of police officers. In the article, the author attempted to define personal security, in the context relating to police officers in the case of the use of direct coercive measures. The article makes an extensive analysis of both the positions represented both in the legal doctrine and judicial decisions on the provisions governing the use of means of direct coercion by police officers. The considerations in question were preceded by an attempt to place the personnel security of police officers in the overall consideration of internal security, indicating the special nature of these regulations. In order to conduct the research, the research problem was formulated: do the existing statutory regulations relating to the use of direct coercive measures adequately ensure the personal security of police officers in the situation of their use? The research problem focused on the statutory regulations, their consistency and the buffer of ambiguity in the context of the use of direct coercive measures. Undoubtedly, the above elements, relating to the stability and comprehensibility of legal regulations, are the foundation of the considered issue, which is the personal security of police officers in the context of the use of direct coercive measures. The research methods applied in the subject area allowed defining the personal security of police officers in the context of considerations undertaken on the grounds of internal security, as well as to formulate conclusions in the scope relating to the current legal regulations in the area relating to the use of direct coercive measures.

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Oddziaływania antywiktymizacyjne w sferze ekonomii społecznej

Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 153-180

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.025.20788

The aim of the article is to analyze anti-victimization activities in relation to the social economy. In order to conduct the research, a research problem was formulated: How important is the area of issues related to victimization conditioned by socio-economic factors, concerns the issue of social exclusion on the basis of poverty. In accordance with the research problem, a research hypothesis has been formulated, which assumes that poverty is one of the most significant components conditioning the pathology of social life in the existential, institutional and political sense. Negative factors very often occur together (e.g. alcoholism and disability, low salary and illness, large number of children and unemployment), they are reinforced by mechanisms generating poverty in the macro social structure, which in its entirety creates the risk of falling into the so-called long-term poverty, in which the basic life orientation is the category of survival. Verification of the above hypothesis and obtaining answers to the above questions required the use of research methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts, documents and selected items of literature on the subject. The author points out that research in developing countries should contribute to improving the situation of people living there, i.e. serve to solve specific problems. It is pointed out that there are no specific, geographical problems of development. It is people, social groups that inhabit it and develop a specific natural environment, interacting with it in various ways, constantly encountering various problems related to its use and adaptation to the prevailing conditions. To sum up, the author states that an important area of issues related to victimization conditioned by socio-economic factors concerns the issue of social exclusion on the basis of poverty.

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Ocena wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na branżę lotniczą, w tym na przewozy pasażerskie, linie lotnicze i infrastrukturę lotniskową

Patryk Ochyra, Maciej Maćkowiak, Patryk Saderski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 181-199

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.026.20789

The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the aviation industry, with particular emphasis on passenger transport, the condition of airlines and the functioning of airport infrastructure. The analysis aims to understand the long-term effects of the pandemic and identify future challenges and directions of development of the industry. In the first part, the authors describe the individual stages of the pandemic. They describe the impact on the aviation industry and infrastructure, including the direct effects of the pandemic on passenger transport. In the final section, they present the development of new survival strategies for airlines. The research problem was formulated: How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect various aspects of the aviation industry and what structural and operational changes were necessary to survive the crisis? It is also crucial to determine what long-term consequences the changes made in response to the pandemic will have. In accordance with the given donor problem, a research hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant, negative impact on the aviation industry, leading to a drastic drop in the number of passengers, financial problems of airlines and the need to introduce new procedures and technologies in the airport infrastructure. The long-term effects of the pandemic will require further analysis to fully understand changes in consumer behavior and structural changes in the industry. The study used the latest research presented in documents and reports in the field of civil aviation, published in 2020–2022 by international organizations, and an analysis was carried out based on scientific articles from recent years. Information was also obtained from national legal acts and documents published by European Union bodies.

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Wpływ kryzysu finansowego i jego oddziaływanie na bezpieczeństwo rynku funduszy inwestycyjnych w Polsce

Elżbieta Ważna

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 200-221

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.027.20790

The financial crisis that erupted in 2007 had a huge impact on global financial markets, including the Polish investment fund market. At a time when many countries were facing recession and a decline in confidence in the financial sector, Poland, as one of the few countries in the European Union, managed to avoid a serious recession. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the financial crisis on the security of the investment fund market in Poland, taking into account changes in legal regulations and investor behavior during crises. The study conducted detailed analysis of factors that may affect the stability of the funds.

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Wykorzystanie filtrów Gabora do identyfikacji obrazów pisma odręcznego

Tadeusz Niedziela, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 222-263

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.028.20791

The aim of the article is to assess the effectiveness of the use of Gabor filters in the identification and classification of images depicting handwriting, in particular in the context of recognition of letters, numbers or whole words. The article presents an optoelectronic method of identifying the characteristics of handwriting images based on the Gabor wavelet transform. This method has not been published anywhere before, but it opens up new perspectives for the study of handwriting. The research problem was formulated: Does the use of Gabor filters allow for effective feature extraction from handwriting images, enabling accurate identification and classification of characters compared to other feature extraction methods? Accordingly to the research problem posed, a research hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that Gabor filters, thanks to their ability to detect local patterns in images (such as edges, textures and directional structures), are an effective method of extracting features in tasks related to the identification of handwriting images, surpassing other commonly used methods in terms of classification accuracy. In the article, the authors proposed a simple algorithm for recognizing images in the diffraction space for forensic purposes. The question remains, can this method be used in practice? In order to obtain an answer to the research problem and verify the research hypothesis, research methods such as analysis of both domestic and foreign literature, comparative analysis, as well as mathematical modeling were used.

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Polityka bezpieczeństwa w zakładach karnych wobec wyzwań związanych ze starzeniem się osadzonych

Norbert Malec

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 264-277

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.029.20792

The modern world often replaces old age and the problems that accompany it. Instead, it glorifies youth, beauty and health, often forgetting that they have an end. This state of affairs means that the elderly are often marginalized by society, and this is especially visible when it comes to seniors who are in various places of detention, including penitentiary units. As shown by statistical data, the number of seniors in penitentiary isolation increases every year. For several years now, this has been a new challenge for the prison service from the point of view of the execution of the sentence and the actions taken for the sake of safety for this category of prisoners. The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of the aging population of prisoners on the security policy in Polish prisons. In particular, it is about assessing how the changing needs of senior inmates affect the organization, infrastructure and procedures related to ensuring security in penitentiary units. How does the aging of the prisoner population affect the implementation of security policy in Polish prisons? Are the current procedures and activities adequate to the challenges related to the service of senior prisoners? According to the research problem, a hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that the aging of the population of inmates forces the modification of security policy in prisons, both in terms of infrastructure and organization of staff work. The current system needs to be adapted to the specific needs of senior prisoners in order to effectively ensure the safety and protection of the health and life of this group. In order to respond to the research problem and verify the hypothesis, research methods were used, such as a critical analysis of the literature, which concerned the review of existing research, reports and documents on demographic changes in the prison population, as well as the analysis of legal acts containing regulations on the functioning of prisons, especially those related to prisoners’ rights, safety standards and health care. An analysis of the relationship between various elements of the penitentiary system, including security policy, organizational structure and the needs of senior prisoners, was also carried out.

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Wyzwania i zagrożenia dla praw człowieka w polityce migracyjnej Polski

Aleksandra Kopacka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 7-19

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.015.20778

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Wpływ konfliktu ukraińsko-rosyjskiego na bezpieczeństwo Polski

Marcin Oskierko, Irena Malinowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 20-32

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.016.20779

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Nielegalna migracja a bezpieczeństwo Polski

Bartosz Błaszczak, Marta Pietrzykowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 33-44

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.017.20780

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Shaping critical thinking as a factor of the local security in wartime conditions

Viktoriia Stepanenko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 45-52

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.018.20781

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Wpływ wojny na Ukrainie na bezpieczeństwo przestrzeni powietrznej nad Polską

Patryk Ochyra, Marcel Lewczuk, Kamil Tynka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 53-68

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.019.20782

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Działalność organizacji proobronnych w Polsce

Patryk Ochyra, Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska, Marcin Oskierko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 69-82

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.020.20783

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Kryzys uchodźczy z Ukrainy – wybrane aspekty

Natalia Urbańska, Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 83-103

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.021.20784

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Prawa człowieka w czasie stanu wojennego na przykładzie Ukrainy

Tetiana Strutynska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 104-116

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.022.20785

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Jak przygotować się do przyszłej wojny

Michał Rutkowski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 117-137

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.023.20786

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Stosowanie środków przymusu bezpośredniego, a bezpieczeństwo osobiste policjantów

Mariusz Michalski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 138-152

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.024.20787

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Oddziaływania antywiktymizacyjne w sferze ekonomii społecznej

Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 153-180

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.025.20788

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Ocena wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na branżę lotniczą, w tym na przewozy pasażerskie, linie lotnicze i infrastrukturę lotniskową

Patryk Ochyra, Maciej Maćkowiak, Patryk Saderski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 181-199

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.026.20789

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Wpływ kryzysu finansowego i jego oddziaływanie na bezpieczeństwo rynku funduszy inwestycyjnych w Polsce

Elżbieta Ważna

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 200-221

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.027.20790

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Wykorzystanie filtrów Gabora do identyfikacji obrazów pisma odręcznego

Tadeusz Niedziela, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 222-263

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.028.20791

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Polityka bezpieczeństwa w zakładach karnych wobec wyzwań związanych ze starzeniem się osadzonych

Norbert Malec

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 264-277

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.029.20792

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go to the issue

1(2)/2024

Publication date: 10.06.2024

Editor-in-Chief: Zbigniew Ciekanowski

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Irena Malinowska, Bartosz Błaszczak

Secretary: Agnieszka Bartusiak

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Editorial Pages PDF Table of Contents PDF

Issue content

System zarządzania kryzysowego NATO a zagrożenia hybrydowe

Zbigniew Ciekanowski, Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 7-19

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.001.19837

The purpose of this article is to examine the development of the capabilities of the NATO crisis management system in countering hybrid threats. This issue should be understood in the context of the changing security reality, where hybrid activities are an increasing challenge for the Alliance. The first part of the article describes NATO’s crisis management system, listing the basic elements. The deterrence element was then presented as an important determinant of NATO’s capabilities. The main part focused on activities aimed at increasing NATO’s ability to combat hybrid threats in the aspect of crisis management. In conclusion, it was concluded that the development of NATO’s crisis management capabilities in the context of hybrid threats is a key element of the alliance’s adaptation to the changing security reality. The research problem was formulated: What actions is the North Atlantic Alliance taking to increase the ability of the crisis management system to combat new hybrid threats? The research problem focuses on the effectiveness of NATO’s actions in countering hybrid threats and on the identification of areas for further improvement. The survey focuses on assessing both military and civilian actions taken by NATO in response to hybrid threats. In accordance with the research problem posed, the author formulated a research hypothesis which assumes that through coordinated actions covering both military-defence and civilian aspects, NATO is able to counter hybrid threats more effectively. However, there is also the likelihood that there are areas where NATO’s capabilities to counter hybrid threats may be limited or require further development. The study conducted a detailed analysis of official NATO documents, such as reports, strategies, guidelines and policy documents, to understand the Alliance’s approach to countering hybrid threats and to assess progress in the development of crisis capabilities, and to draw on scientific articles from recent years. It also analysed cases of hybrid activities that have taken place in the past and in which NATO has been involved or could have deployed its crisis capabilities. The case studies provided insight into the effectiveness of NATO’s operations and the identification of areas for improvement. The research methods used allowed for a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the issues and effective assessment of the capabilities of the NATO crisis management system in combating hybrid threats.

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Sztuczna inteligencja a bezpieczeństwo państwa

Norbert Malec

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 20-24

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.002.19838

Technologically advanced artificial intelligence (AI) is making a significant contribution to strengthening national security. AI algorithms facilitate the processing of vast amounts of information, increasing the speed and accuracy of decision-making. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) are crucial for state and integrated hybrid attacks and protecting new threats in cyberspace. Existing AI capabilities have significant potential to impact national security by leveraging existing machine learning technology for automation in labor-intensive activities such as satellite imagery analysis and defense against cyber attacks.

This article examines selected aspects of the impact of artificial intelligence on enhancing a state’s ability to protect its interests and its citizens., artificial intelligence through the use of neutron networks, predictive analytics and machine learning algorithms enables security agencies to analyse vast amounts of data and identify patterns indicative of potential threats. Integrating artificial intelligence into surveillance, border control and threat assessment systems enhances the ability to respond preemptively to security challenges. In addition, artificial intelligence algorithms facilitate the processing of vast amounts of information, increasing the speed and accuracy of decision-making by police authorities.

The rapid development of AI raises a number of questions for its use in securing not only national security but protecting all citizens. In particular, it is worth answering the question How does artificial intelligence affect national security and clarifying the issue of how law enforcement agencies can use artificial intelligence to maximise the benefits of the new technology in terms of security and protecting communities from rising crime. The analysis is based on a descriptive method in describing the phenomenon; by explaining the concepts and applications of artificial intelligence to determine its role in the national security sphere.

An analysis of the usefulness of artificial intelligence in particular in police operations is undertaken, with the aim of defending the thesis that, despite some threats to the protection of human rights from AI, it is becoming the best tool in the fight against all types of crime in the country. Technological advances in AI can also have many positive effects for law enforcement, and useful for law enforcement agencies, for example in facilitating the identification of persons or vehicles, predicting trends in criminal activities, tracking illegal criminal activities or illegal money flows, flagging and responding to fake news.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the biggest threats to information security, but efforts are being made to mitigate this new threat, but also to find solutions on how AI can become an ally in the fight against cyber-security, crime and terrorist threats. Artificial intelligence algorithms search huge datasets of communication traffic, satellite images and social media posts to identify potential cyber security threats, terrorist activities and organized crime. It is advisable, when analyzing the opportunities and threats that AI poses to national and public security, to gain a strategic advantage in the context of rapid technological change and also to manage the many risks associated with AI. The conclusion highlights the impact of AI on national security, creating a range of new opportunities coupled with challenges that government agencies should be prepared for in addressing ethical and security dilemmas. Furthermore, AI improves predictive analytics, thereby enabling security agencies to more accurately anticipate potential threats and enhance their preparedness by identifying vulnerabilities in the national security infrastructure

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Wyposażenie a bezpieczeństwo: transformacja wojska polskiego po 1989 roku i jej wpływ na zdolność obronną kraju

Patryk Ochyra, Waldemar Perdion

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 43-57

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.003.19839

After 1989, the Polish military underwent significant transformation to increase the country’s defense capacity. Technological modernization, integration with NATO, diversification of supply sources, investments in training and human resources, and development of cybersecurity capabilities were key elements of this transformation. Poland has also adapted to new types of threats, such as terrorism and hybrid warfare. As a result, the Polish army became better prepared to defend the country and participate in international operations. The aim of this article is to present the impact of the Polish Army’s equipment on safety. The first part describes the condition of the Armed Forces after the political transformation. Changes in the equipment of the Polish Armed Forces after joining NATO are described in turn. The main part focuses on the analysis of the impact of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on changes in the equipment of the Polish armed forces. To sum up, it was noted that Polish efforts in the military area are appreciated all over the world. The main problem was formulated: What impact did the transformation of the Polish army have on Poland’s security after 1989? The study included a critical analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable internet sources. The synthesis method allowed for drawing the main conclusions.

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Bezpieczeństwo zewnętrzne Polski – współczesne wyzwania i zagrożenia

Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska, Zbigniew Skwarek, Karol Zygo, Patryk Ochyra

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 58-75

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.004.19840

Contemporary challenges of Polish’s external security are a comprehensive area that requires an effective security policy. Tensions on the eastern borders, increased Russian activity, cyber threats, instability in the Middle East and asymmetric threats are the main challenges. Poland must continue to develop its defence capabilities, cooperate with its allies and invest in modern technologies. Diplomacy based on international cooperation and the development of civil society are also crucial. Through these actions, Poland can effectively face contemporary threats and ensure the security of its citizens. The aim of the article is to identify contemporary challenges and threats to the external security of Polish. The main research problem was formulated: How do contemporary threats affect the external security of Polish? In order to answer the problematic question, the authors used a critical analysis of the literature, legal acts and documents. as well as reliable online sources.

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NATO wobec polityki militarnej Rosji

Patryk Ochyra, Marian Macender, Karol Zygo

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 76-89

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.005.19841

NATO and Russia have been in a strategic relationship for a long time, which is fraught with tensions and conflicts. Russia’s contemporary military policy, especially after the annexation of Crimea in 2014, raises concerns and requires systematic analysis in the context of NATO’s response. The aim of the article is to present the identification of NATO’s actions towards Russia’s military policy and a comparative analysis of military power. The first part of the publication presents the importance of military power in current conflicts. Next, the Alliance’s attitude towards military operations in Ukraine was described. The final section compares the military strength of both sides in order to understand the dynamics of their relationship and the possible implications for global security. The analysis is based on a set of data on the military potential of NATO and Russia, taking into account aspects such as the number of soldiers, military equipment, defense budgets and other factors determining military strength. The research problem was formulated: Does NATO’s military strength and the attitude towards Russia’s military policy affect global security? According to the research problem, the main research hypothesis was formulated: The military power of Russia and NATO reflects complex international relations and the dynamics of contemporary world politics. Growing tensions and geopolitical uncertainty mean that monitoring and analyzing the military strength of Russia and NATO remains a key element of security policy at the global level. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to solve the research problem and verify the research hypothesis. A critical analysis of the literature and reliable internet sources containing current information in the researched area was carried out, and a quantitative analysis was made based on open sources and qualitative analysis. The synthesis and research methods used allowed for evaluation and drawing conclusions.

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Dostosowanie polskiego prawa lotniczego do standardów europejskich w zakresie bezpieczeństwa

Dorota Czermińska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 90-110

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.006.19842

The article examines the process of adapting Polish aviation law to European standarts, focusing on aspects of saftey and criminal procedures. It analyzes the requirements of EU Directive 996/2010, which focuses on improving aviation safety through prevention rather than establshing blame. The role of independent investigative bodies is highlighted maintaining the objectivity of investigations and publishing results, contributing to transparecy, public eductaion, and the improvement of safety practices. The article also discusses the benefits of publishing reports, such as eduction the public, enhancing aviation procedures, and supporting the families of victims. The importance of continuously improving aviation practices in the context of international safety standards is emphasized.

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Zagrożenia środowiskowe w bezpieczeństwie transportu lotniczego

Zbigniew Piskor

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 111-126

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.007.19843

The article discusses the issue of environmental hazards as an important factor leading to threats in the safety of air transport. Its aim is to analyse the impact of such threats on the level of safety in air transport. In accordance with the adopted objective, the main research problem was formulated: How do environmental hazards affect the level of safety of air transport? In order to answer the above question, it was necessary to use research methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts and selected literature on the subject. The analysis of the indicated areas indicates that in order to improve the impact of air transport on the environment, it is necessary to consider the introduction of appropriate measures and adopt the set directions of change.

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Sztuczna inteligencja jako wyzwanie przyszłości

Patryk Ochyra, Łukasz Stelmaszczyk, Michał Rutkowski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 127-143

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.008.19844

Based on this chosen topic, the author chose artificial intelligence as the subject of research. The main goal of the article was defined as: outlining the most likely scenarios of threats and opportunities arising from the existence of artificial intelligence. It determines the need to propose the main research problem in the form of the following problem question: What variants should be expected in order to effectively counteract threats and take advantage of the opportunities arising from the existence of AI in the aspect of increasing global population security? Based on the previously formulated main problem, the author constructed a working hypothesis. He presumes that: the main inhibitor in a positive attitude towards AI is the fear of its independence as a transcendent entity that escapes human perception. In his scientific article, he used theoretical methods such as: analysis, synthesis, interpretation, deduction, inference, confrontation and abstraction.

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Postawy obywatelskie w profilaktyce wiktymizacyjnej

Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 144-170

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.009.19845

Civic activity, i.e. voluntary action for the benefit of social interest, is regarded as the basis for the existence of civil society. Civic activity is expressed, among other things, in the giving of time, labor, energy, knowledge or money, that is, in the giving of one’s own resources for the benefit of others – for someone else’s benefit, but also for one’s own benefit. The type of activity in question is characterized by two properties. First, it is a purposeful activity, and it is based on the fact that man is a dynamic, acting being. Specific actions are directed toward something, and therefore are not a direct reaction resulting from the appearance of certain external factors, but are the result of a cognitive analysis of the situation. The type of activity in question refers to actions taken by an individual alone or together with others, with an intention aimed at the welfare of members of his own community. Every, even individually implemented action for the benefit of others contains a social context. Then “social” does not mean “group”, but “undertaken for the benefit of the community. The article examines in detail not only the essence of civic activity, also civic education, “civic organizations” and paying taxes.

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Sport jako element bezpieczeństwa społecznego

Wojciech Krajewski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 171-198

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.010.19846

The article aims to present sport as a factor eliminating the threat to social security. Sport is always an ambiguous concept or has various characteristics. It can also be presented in the context as fun, entertainment, a form of spending free time or in a professional way, professionally performed by a competitive person, the observance of which is a sport that is vertically maintained, a way of life, observance in this physical activity related to the profession performed.

This article will present the issue of the impact of sport on reducing the aggression of professional athletes through its positive release, which is an anti-criminogenic effect, based on the doctoral dissertation of the author of the article entitled “Aggressive Attitudes of Professional Athletes – the Criminological Assessment”, prepared under the supervision of prof. zw. dr hab. dr h.c. Brunon Hołyst.

As part of the issue discussed, based on the above-mentioned the doctoral dissertation will present the correlation between social security and sport that reduces aggression in order to eliminate criminogenic phenomena.

The need for security is a fundamental, natural desire of every human being. Lack of confidence in safety is expressed by feeling threatened and creates anxiety. Sport is one of the fundamental instruments of uniting people, teaching responsibility, observing the rules of conduct and values, while having a positive impact on the development of human character, ensuring and perhaps even guarding against social demoralization – fulfilling the role of reducing the threat of lack of a sense of social security.

At the end of the article, conclusions regarding the discussed issues were presented.

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Ogólna problematyka badań broni palnej

Władysław Przyjemski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 199-228

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.011.19847

Firearms have accompanied humans for many centuries, and over their development, loading systems for bullets and cartridges, the chemical composition of propellant charges, and the types, models, and designs of weapons and ammunition have evolved. A groundbreaking moment was the unification of the bullet with the casing, which allowed part of the gunpowder gases to be vented through a side port in the barrel. This invention led to the development of machine guns.

Firearms have been and continue to be used for various purposes, such as personal protection, protection of people and property, hunting, sports, historical reenactments, collecting, commemorative purposes, and training (alarm signaling) by authorized individuals, as well as by institutions to which these regulations do not apply (Article 10, Section 1 of the Firearms and Ammunition Act of May 21, 1999).

With the advent of firearms, crimes involving their use were also recorded. In such cases, firearms, ballistics, and ammunition examinations became essential to identify the perpetrators. These examinations later became part of forensic science. In cases of unlawful use of firearms and ammunition, various tragic incidents occur, necessitating site inspections and the establishment of further investigation plans.

Crimes involving firearms require the expert opinion of a forensic specialist who identifies the weapon, ammunition, and their components, as well as traces of their use. The specialist checks whether the firearm poses a threat to the safety of individuals involved in the incident scene and investigation. Fingerprint traces are collected from the weapon and ammunition to prevent their loss. The firearm’s operation, technical condition, and key parts are preliminarily assessed to determine if they were factory-made or show signs of homemade modifications.

A firearm expert’s examination is conducted in response to questions directed to the firearms, ballistics, and ammunition expert by the judicial authority. Both individual and group identification of firearms are carried out. Microscopic examinations of traces left by the weapon on the casing, bullet, or hands of potential perpetrators are performed. The resulting expert report is sent to the commissioning authority and admitted as evidence in the ongoing case. In Poland, forensic examinations of firearms and ammunition were conducted following the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz in December 1922. The more famous attacks using firearms included the fatal wounding of President J.F. Kenedi or the recent shooting of the Prime Minister of Slovakia.

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Wstępna analiza wiedzy zawodowej funkcjonariuszy policji z zakresu podstaw psychologii w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa

Mirosław J. Bednarski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 229-248

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.012.19848

The article is a preliminary analysis of the results of research on knowledge of the basics of psychology in the aspect of performing official duties by Police officers, conducted among police officers of the Warsaw Police Headquarters. Institutions specifically established for this purpose, including the Police, are responsible for the direct protection of public safety. In order to properly fulfill its tasks belonging to a democratic state, which consist mainly in serving society, the police, in addition to the legal formula, also need appropriate equipment, functional structures and the human factor – policemen who can meet the requirements of a constantly changing reality. A properly trained policeman, prepared for duty, is a guarantee of an efficiently functioning Police. An element of this preparation is basic knowledge of psychology.

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Aspekty prawa kanonicznego i prawa świeckiego w związku małżeńskim

Kamila Remiszewska, Adrianna Ruszkiewicz

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 249-258

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.013.19849

The article presents the marital union from the perspectives of canonical law and secular law, two distinct legal systems. It focuses on a comparative analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects related to marriage, taking into account the influence of faith and societal norms on its regulations. Through an in-depth examination of these two legal systems, the paper aims to better understand both the complexities and similarities between them and to identify areas of conflict or synergy. It aims to provide a comprehensive view of the essence and functioning of the marital union, considering both its spiritual and social dimensions.

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Realizacja artykułu 47 pkt. 7a Ustawy o prawach pacjenta i Rzeczniku Praw Pacjenta na przykładzie publikacji: „nawigator pacjenta”

Katarzyna Julia Kowalska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 259-266

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.014.19850

The publication is intended as a text of a dual nature, on the one hand the Author refers to the current legislation on patients’ rights, also citing reports of the Supreme Audit Office, as well as medical law literature, and on the other hand, by describing the initiatives of the Patient Ombudsman carried out within the framework of statutory tasks, the Author spreads knowledge about the sources of information available to patients and their relatives in Poland. Particularly described is the Patient Navigator. A practical guide to the health care system as an example of the implementation of Article 47a point 7a of the Law on Patients’ Rights and the Ombudsman for Patients’ Rights.

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System zarządzania kryzysowego NATO a zagrożenia hybrydowe

Zbigniew Ciekanowski, Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 7-19

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.001.19837

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Sztuczna inteligencja a bezpieczeństwo państwa

Norbert Malec

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 20-24

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.002.19838

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Wyposażenie a bezpieczeństwo: transformacja wojska polskiego po 1989 roku i jej wpływ na zdolność obronną kraju

Patryk Ochyra, Waldemar Perdion

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 43-57

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.003.19839

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Bezpieczeństwo zewnętrzne Polski – współczesne wyzwania i zagrożenia

Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska, Zbigniew Skwarek, Karol Zygo, Patryk Ochyra

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 58-75

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.004.19840

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NATO wobec polityki militarnej Rosji

Patryk Ochyra, Marian Macender, Karol Zygo

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 76-89

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.005.19841

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Dostosowanie polskiego prawa lotniczego do standardów europejskich w zakresie bezpieczeństwa

Dorota Czermińska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 90-110

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.006.19842

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Zagrożenia środowiskowe w bezpieczeństwie transportu lotniczego

Zbigniew Piskor

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 111-126

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.007.19843

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Sztuczna inteligencja jako wyzwanie przyszłości

Patryk Ochyra, Łukasz Stelmaszczyk, Michał Rutkowski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 127-143

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.008.19844

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Postawy obywatelskie w profilaktyce wiktymizacyjnej

Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 144-170

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.009.19845

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Sport jako element bezpieczeństwa społecznego

Wojciech Krajewski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 171-198

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.010.19846

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Ogólna problematyka badań broni palnej

Władysław Przyjemski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 199-228

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.011.19847

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Wstępna analiza wiedzy zawodowej funkcjonariuszy policji z zakresu podstaw psychologii w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa

Mirosław J. Bednarski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 229-248

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.012.19848

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Aspekty prawa kanonicznego i prawa świeckiego w związku małżeńskim

Kamila Remiszewska, Adrianna Ruszkiewicz

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 249-258

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.013.19849

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Realizacja artykułu 47 pkt. 7a Ustawy o prawach pacjenta i Rzeczniku Praw Pacjenta na przykładzie publikacji: „nawigator pacjenta”

Katarzyna Julia Kowalska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 259-266

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.014.19850

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go to the issue

1/2023

Publication date: 31.07.2023

Secretary: Agnieszka Sawicka

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Irena Malinowska

Editor-in-Chief: dr Paweł Łabuz

Cover design: Ewa Głowinkowska

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Issue content

Rozprawy

Potencjalne ofiary handlu ludźmi w ujęciu kryminologicznym

Janusz Bryk

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 7-14

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.001.18284

Human trafficking still remains one of the most important problems of the modern world. It poses a threat to human life and health, it is also a crime that violates their rights. Human trafficking is seen as a modern manifestation of slavery, the exploitation of other people’s labor and the treatment of people as property over which one has fully unlimited power and the ability to decide its fate. In human trafficking, manifested is what is the worst in man, but also what is the weakest. On the one hand, we are dealing with a man who, in his humanity, treats another human being as an object, as a thing that can be bought, sold or borrowed. On the other hand, we are dealing with a man who, in his extreme weakness, whether social – caused by external circumstances or psychological – resulting from, for example, fear, is reduced to the role of an object and as such is completely enslaved, deprived of initiative and stripped of dignity. It can be said that in this situation we are dealing with the quintessence of evil in interpersonal relationships. The article presents problems related to the issue of trafficking in human beings, in particular the recognition of potential victims of this practice. Looking on the victims of trafficking in human beings trough the criminological prism gives a wide field for the analysis of the presented problem

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Zagrożenia dla rynku finansowego związane z praniem pieniędzy a technologie FinTech – identyfikacja zjawiska oraz metody przeciwdziałania

Jacek Charatynowicz

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 15-24

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.002.18285

New technologies, including the DeFi (decentralized blockchain technology) market, are a new area of payments, loans and investments. In this article, the author presents the functioning of new technologies, many aspects of which are regulated by national and EU regulations, focusing on the risk analysis of individual and institutional users in the context of the possibility of losing assets, lack of guarantees, volatility of value, or lack of universal acceptance. In addition, due to the technological features of the system architecture, it can be used to legalize the proceeds of crime (money laundering). The article in question is also an attempt to present the areas of tasks of the state in the legislative and operational organizational scope, necessary to be undertaken in the field of counteracting potential threats.

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Reforma prawna w zakresie czynności operacyjno-rozpoznawczych oraz służby funkcjonariuszy

Paweł Łabuz, Karol Falandys

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 25-31

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.003.18286

The article addresses the issue of the statutory regulation of operational and reconnaissance activities carried out by the Polish special services and the police, as well as the unification of the general service pragmatics of officers.

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Zarządzanie kryzysowe na szczeblu gminnym – wybrane zagadnienia

Tomasz Góra

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 32-37

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.004.18287

The article is devoted to the analysis of legal provisions regulating the activities of communal self-government bodies in the field of crisis management. In the first part, the author analyzes the definition of crisis management, and then points to municipal self-government bodies describing their competences in the area of crisis management. Moreover, the author differentiates the competences due to their practical application. Further on, the author describes the forms of action by which competences are implemented. The article contains conclusions and observations resulting from the analysis of selected legal provisions.

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Dokonywanie samouszkodzeń przez osadzonych. Wybrane problemy

Monika Kotowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 38-44

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.005.18288

The auto-aggressive behavior of prisoners is a challenge for prison administration, warders and health service, responsible for safety in the penitentiary. Self-aggressive acts of prisoners have been monitored in Polish prisons and detention centers not only recently, but for years. The number of auto-aggressive acts does not increase. The article discusses the problems of health service in prisons in relation to prisoner’s self-injury.

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Wpływ ruchów migracyjnych na poziom przestępczości wśród cudzoziemców w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej

Paweł Łabuz, Robert Różycki

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 45-68

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.006.18289

In the article, the authors carried out an analytical and statistical study of the dynamically progressing migration of the population which is related to various internal factors in their societies or the search for better living conditions. The paper focuses on determining whether population migration has an impact on the increase of crime and thus on the security of citizens of migrant host countries.

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Działalność policji jako czynnik wpływający na poczucie bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego

Paweł Łabuz, Janusz Wielechowicz

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 69-76

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.007.18290

The purpose of the prepared study is to present the current state of public feeling regarding internal security, which is determined by the functioning of the Police ensuring public order and order in Poland. The assessment of the said feeling was presented on the basis of nationwide social surveys.

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Wybrane systemy współpracy międzynarodowej w zakresie zapewniania bezpieczeństwa osób zaginionych

Irena Malinowska, Mariusz Michalski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 77-89

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.008.18291

The article analyses selected systems of international cooperation in ensuring the safety of missing persons. The study indicates the categories of missing persons, the procedures regulating the conduct of a police officer in the case of a missing person, the documentation of search activities, the scale and causes of disappearances and the cooperation of institutions and non-governmental organisations in the search for a missing person. Improving the circulation of information between Police organisational units concerning disappearances outside the Republic of Poland is an important task of the institution through the dissemination of electronic exchange of information, in particular with regard to the categorisation of missing persons. Authors believes that it is important to take steps to enlist new groups to extend their reach to cover both domestic and international areas, thereby affecting the efficient and effective operations of the Police in conducting searches for missing persons both domestically and internationally.

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Prawne i ekonomiczne aspekty długu publicznego w krajach Unii Europejskiej w kontekście bezpieczeństwa finansów publicznych

Elżbieta Ważna

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 90-96

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.009.18292

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to the world economy, forcing individual countries to seek completely new solutions and non-standard measures to preserve the security of public finances, but also the continuity of economies and minimize the losses incurred. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the legal and economic determinants of public debt and budget deficit in European Union countries. It also focuses on examining the causes of public debt and assessing its level and effects on the economy.

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Glosy

Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 30 września 2008 r. (sygn. akt K 44/07)

Sandra Mieczychowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1/2023, 2023, pp. 97-101

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.23.010.18293

The commentary approves the position of the Constitutional Tribunal expressed in the judgment of 30 September 2008 (Case K 44/07). The Constitutional Tribunal considered the application submitted by the First President of the Supreme Court, which concerned the scope of freedom of public administration authorities when they make decisions about destruction of a civil aircraft. The Constitutional Tribunal was tasked with adjudicating in this case if art. 122a act of „Prawo lotnicze” [Aviation law] is matched with art. 38, art. 31 ust. 3, art. 2, art. 26 and art. 30 of Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The decision of the judgment states that the provision of art. 122a of „Prawo lotnicze” is incompatible with the constitutional standard of protection of the right to life. Thus, the Constitutional Tribunal annulled the regulation allowing the Polish authorities to order the destruction of a passenger plane, which has been used for illegal activities, including those of a terrorist nature.

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