1(2)/2024

System zarządzania kryzysowego NATO a zagrożenia hybrydowe

Zbigniew Ciekanowski, Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 7 - 19

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.001.19837

The purpose of this article is to examine the development of the capabilities of the NATO crisis management system in countering hybrid threats. This issue should be understood in the context of the changing security reality, where hybrid activities are an increasing challenge for the Alliance. The first part of the article describes NATO’s crisis management system, listing the basic elements. The deterrence element was then presented as an important determinant of NATO’s capabilities. The main part focused on activities aimed at increasing NATO’s ability to combat hybrid threats in the aspect of crisis management. In conclusion, it was concluded that the development of NATO’s crisis management capabilities in the context of hybrid threats is a key element of the alliance’s adaptation to the changing security reality. The research problem was formulated: What actions is the North Atlantic Alliance taking to increase the ability of the crisis management system to combat new hybrid threats? The research problem focuses on the effectiveness of NATO’s actions in countering hybrid threats and on the identification of areas for further improvement. The survey focuses on assessing both military and civilian actions taken by NATO in response to hybrid threats. In accordance with the research problem posed, the author formulated a research hypothesis which assumes that through coordinated actions covering both military-defence and civilian aspects, NATO is able to counter hybrid threats more effectively. However, there is also the likelihood that there are areas where NATO’s capabilities to counter hybrid threats may be limited or require further development. The study conducted a detailed analysis of official NATO documents, such as reports, strategies, guidelines and policy documents, to understand the Alliance’s approach to countering hybrid threats and to assess progress in the development of crisis capabilities, and to draw on scientific articles from recent years. It also analysed cases of hybrid activities that have taken place in the past and in which NATO has been involved or could have deployed its crisis capabilities. The case studies provided insight into the effectiveness of NATO’s operations and the identification of areas for improvement. The research methods used allowed for a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the issues and effective assessment of the capabilities of the NATO crisis management system in combating hybrid threats.

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Norbert Malec

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 20 - 24

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.002.19838

Technologically advanced artificial intelligence (AI) is making a significant contribution to strengthening national security. AI algorithms facilitate the processing of vast amounts of information, increasing the speed and accuracy of decision-making. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) are crucial for state and integrated hybrid attacks and protecting new threats in cyberspace. Existing AI capabilities have significant potential to impact national security by leveraging existing machine learning technology for automation in labor-intensive activities such as satellite imagery analysis and defense against cyber attacks.

This article examines selected aspects of the impact of artificial intelligence on enhancing a state’s ability to protect its interests and its citizens., artificial intelligence through the use of neutron networks, predictive analytics and machine learning algorithms enables security agencies to analyse vast amounts of data and identify patterns indicative of potential threats. Integrating artificial intelligence into surveillance, border control and threat assessment systems enhances the ability to respond preemptively to security challenges. In addition, artificial intelligence algorithms facilitate the processing of vast amounts of information, increasing the speed and accuracy of decision-making by police authorities.

The rapid development of AI raises a number of questions for its use in securing not only national security but protecting all citizens. In particular, it is worth answering the question How does artificial intelligence affect national security and clarifying the issue of how law enforcement agencies can use artificial intelligence to maximise the benefits of the new technology in terms of security and protecting communities from rising crime. The analysis is based on a descriptive method in describing the phenomenon; by explaining the concepts and applications of artificial intelligence to determine its role in the national security sphere.

An analysis of the usefulness of artificial intelligence in particular in police operations is undertaken, with the aim of defending the thesis that, despite some threats to the protection of human rights from AI, it is becoming the best tool in the fight against all types of crime in the country. Technological advances in AI can also have many positive effects for law enforcement, and useful for law enforcement agencies, for example in facilitating the identification of persons or vehicles, predicting trends in criminal activities, tracking illegal criminal activities or illegal money flows, flagging and responding to fake news.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the biggest threats to information security, but efforts are being made to mitigate this new threat, but also to find solutions on how AI can become an ally in the fight against cyber-security, crime and terrorist threats. Artificial intelligence algorithms search huge datasets of communication traffic, satellite images and social media posts to identify potential cyber security threats, terrorist activities and organized crime. It is advisable, when analyzing the opportunities and threats that AI poses to national and public security, to gain a strategic advantage in the context of rapid technological change and also to manage the many risks associated with AI. The conclusion highlights the impact of AI on national security, creating a range of new opportunities coupled with challenges that government agencies should be prepared for in addressing ethical and security dilemmas. Furthermore, AI improves predictive analytics, thereby enabling security agencies to more accurately anticipate potential threats and enhance their preparedness by identifying vulnerabilities in the national security infrastructure

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Patryk Ochyra, Waldemar Perdion

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 43 - 57

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.003.19839

After 1989, the Polish military underwent significant transformation to increase the country’s defense capacity. Technological modernization, integration with NATO, diversification of supply sources, investments in training and human resources, and development of cybersecurity capabilities were key elements of this transformation. Poland has also adapted to new types of threats, such as terrorism and hybrid warfare. As a result, the Polish army became better prepared to defend the country and participate in international operations. The aim of this article is to present the impact of the Polish Army’s equipment on safety. The first part describes the condition of the Armed Forces after the political transformation. Changes in the equipment of the Polish Armed Forces after joining NATO are described in turn. The main part focuses on the analysis of the impact of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on changes in the equipment of the Polish armed forces. To sum up, it was noted that Polish efforts in the military area are appreciated all over the world. The main problem was formulated: What impact did the transformation of the Polish army have on Poland’s security after 1989? The study included a critical analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable internet sources. The synthesis method allowed for drawing the main conclusions.

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Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska, Zbigniew Skwarek, Karol Zygo, Patryk Ochyra

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 58 - 75

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.004.19840

Contemporary challenges of Polish’s external security are a comprehensive area that requires an effective security policy. Tensions on the eastern borders, increased Russian activity, cyber threats, instability in the Middle East and asymmetric threats are the main challenges. Poland must continue to develop its defence capabilities, cooperate with its allies and invest in modern technologies. Diplomacy based on international cooperation and the development of civil society are also crucial. Through these actions, Poland can effectively face contemporary threats and ensure the security of its citizens. The aim of the article is to identify contemporary challenges and threats to the external security of Polish. The main research problem was formulated: How do contemporary threats affect the external security of Polish? In order to answer the problematic question, the authors used a critical analysis of the literature, legal acts and documents. as well as reliable online sources.

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NATO wobec polityki militarnej Rosji

Patryk Ochyra, Marian Macender, Karol Zygo

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 76 - 89

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.005.19841

NATO and Russia have been in a strategic relationship for a long time, which is fraught with tensions and conflicts. Russia’s contemporary military policy, especially after the annexation of Crimea in 2014, raises concerns and requires systematic analysis in the context of NATO’s response. The aim of the article is to present the identification of NATO’s actions towards Russia’s military policy and a comparative analysis of military power. The first part of the publication presents the importance of military power in current conflicts. Next, the Alliance’s attitude towards military operations in Ukraine was described. The final section compares the military strength of both sides in order to understand the dynamics of their relationship and the possible implications for global security. The analysis is based on a set of data on the military potential of NATO and Russia, taking into account aspects such as the number of soldiers, military equipment, defense budgets and other factors determining military strength. The research problem was formulated: Does NATO’s military strength and the attitude towards Russia’s military policy affect global security? According to the research problem, the main research hypothesis was formulated: The military power of Russia and NATO reflects complex international relations and the dynamics of contemporary world politics. Growing tensions and geopolitical uncertainty mean that monitoring and analyzing the military strength of Russia and NATO remains a key element of security policy at the global level. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to solve the research problem and verify the research hypothesis. A critical analysis of the literature and reliable internet sources containing current information in the researched area was carried out, and a quantitative analysis was made based on open sources and qualitative analysis. The synthesis and research methods used allowed for evaluation and drawing conclusions.

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Dorota Czermińska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 90 - 110

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.006.19842

The article examines the process of adapting Polish aviation law to European standarts, focusing on aspects of saftey and criminal procedures. It analyzes the requirements of EU Directive 996/2010, which focuses on improving aviation safety through prevention rather than establshing blame. The role of independent investigative bodies is highlighted maintaining the objectivity of investigations and publishing results, contributing to transparecy, public eductaion, and the improvement of safety practices. The article also discusses the benefits of publishing reports, such as eduction the public, enhancing aviation procedures, and supporting the families of victims. The importance of continuously improving aviation practices in the context of international safety standards is emphasized.

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Zbigniew Piskor

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 111 - 126

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.007.19843

The article discusses the issue of environmental hazards as an important factor leading to threats in the safety of air transport. Its aim is to analyse the impact of such threats on the level of safety in air transport. In accordance with the adopted objective, the main research problem was formulated: How do environmental hazards affect the level of safety of air transport? In order to answer the above question, it was necessary to use research methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts and selected literature on the subject. The analysis of the indicated areas indicates that in order to improve the impact of air transport on the environment, it is necessary to consider the introduction of appropriate measures and adopt the set directions of change.

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Patryk Ochyra, Łukasz Stelmaszczyk, Michał Rutkowski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 127 - 143

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.008.19844

Based on this chosen topic, the author chose artificial intelligence as the subject of research. The main goal of the article was defined as: outlining the most likely scenarios of threats and opportunities arising from the existence of artificial intelligence. It determines the need to propose the main research problem in the form of the following problem question: What variants should be expected in order to effectively counteract threats and take advantage of the opportunities arising from the existence of AI in the aspect of increasing global population security? Based on the previously formulated main problem, the author constructed a working hypothesis. He presumes that: the main inhibitor in a positive attitude towards AI is the fear of its independence as a transcendent entity that escapes human perception. In his scientific article, he used theoretical methods such as: analysis, synthesis, interpretation, deduction, inference, confrontation and abstraction.

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Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 144 - 170

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.009.19845

Civic activity, i.e. voluntary action for the benefit of social interest, is regarded as the basis for the existence of civil society. Civic activity is expressed, among other things, in the giving of time, labor, energy, knowledge or money, that is, in the giving of one’s own resources for the benefit of others – for someone else’s benefit, but also for one’s own benefit. The type of activity in question is characterized by two properties. First, it is a purposeful activity, and it is based on the fact that man is a dynamic, acting being. Specific actions are directed toward something, and therefore are not a direct reaction resulting from the appearance of certain external factors, but are the result of a cognitive analysis of the situation. The type of activity in question refers to actions taken by an individual alone or together with others, with an intention aimed at the welfare of members of his own community. Every, even individually implemented action for the benefit of others contains a social context. Then “social” does not mean “group”, but “undertaken for the benefit of the community. The article examines in detail not only the essence of civic activity, also civic education, “civic organizations” and paying taxes.

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Wojciech Krajewski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 171 - 198

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.010.19846

The article aims to present sport as a factor eliminating the threat to social security. Sport is always an ambiguous concept or has various characteristics. It can also be presented in the context as fun, entertainment, a form of spending free time or in a professional way, professionally performed by a competitive person, the observance of which is a sport that is vertically maintained, a way of life, observance in this physical activity related to the profession performed.

This article will present the issue of the impact of sport on reducing the aggression of professional athletes through its positive release, which is an anti-criminogenic effect, based on the doctoral dissertation of the author of the article entitled “Aggressive Attitudes of Professional Athletes – the Criminological Assessment”, prepared under the supervision of prof. zw. dr hab. dr h.c. Brunon Hołyst.

As part of the issue discussed, based on the above-mentioned the doctoral dissertation will present the correlation between social security and sport that reduces aggression in order to eliminate criminogenic phenomena.

The need for security is a fundamental, natural desire of every human being. Lack of confidence in safety is expressed by feeling threatened and creates anxiety. Sport is one of the fundamental instruments of uniting people, teaching responsibility, observing the rules of conduct and values, while having a positive impact on the development of human character, ensuring and perhaps even guarding against social demoralization – fulfilling the role of reducing the threat of lack of a sense of social security.

At the end of the article, conclusions regarding the discussed issues were presented.

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Ogólna problematyka badań broni palnej

Władysław Przyjemski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 199 - 228

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.011.19847

Firearms have accompanied humans for many centuries, and over their development, loading systems for bullets and cartridges, the chemical composition of propellant charges, and the types, models, and designs of weapons and ammunition have evolved. A groundbreaking moment was the unification of the bullet with the casing, which allowed part of the gunpowder gases to be vented through a side port in the barrel. This invention led to the development of machine guns.

Firearms have been and continue to be used for various purposes, such as personal protection, protection of people and property, hunting, sports, historical reenactments, collecting, commemorative purposes, and training (alarm signaling) by authorized individuals, as well as by institutions to which these regulations do not apply (Article 10, Section 1 of the Firearms and Ammunition Act of May 21, 1999).

With the advent of firearms, crimes involving their use were also recorded. In such cases, firearms, ballistics, and ammunition examinations became essential to identify the perpetrators. These examinations later became part of forensic science. In cases of unlawful use of firearms and ammunition, various tragic incidents occur, necessitating site inspections and the establishment of further investigation plans.

Crimes involving firearms require the expert opinion of a forensic specialist who identifies the weapon, ammunition, and their components, as well as traces of their use. The specialist checks whether the firearm poses a threat to the safety of individuals involved in the incident scene and investigation. Fingerprint traces are collected from the weapon and ammunition to prevent their loss. The firearm’s operation, technical condition, and key parts are preliminarily assessed to determine if they were factory-made or show signs of homemade modifications.

A firearm expert’s examination is conducted in response to questions directed to the firearms, ballistics, and ammunition expert by the judicial authority. Both individual and group identification of firearms are carried out. Microscopic examinations of traces left by the weapon on the casing, bullet, or hands of potential perpetrators are performed. The resulting expert report is sent to the commissioning authority and admitted as evidence in the ongoing case. In Poland, forensic examinations of firearms and ammunition were conducted following the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz in December 1922. The more famous attacks using firearms included the fatal wounding of President J.F. Kenedi or the recent shooting of the Prime Minister of Slovakia.

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Mirosław J. Bednarski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 229 - 248

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.012.19848

The article is a preliminary analysis of the results of research on knowledge of the basics of psychology in the aspect of performing official duties by Police officers, conducted among police officers of the Warsaw Police Headquarters. Institutions specifically established for this purpose, including the Police, are responsible for the direct protection of public safety. In order to properly fulfill its tasks belonging to a democratic state, which consist mainly in serving society, the police, in addition to the legal formula, also need appropriate equipment, functional structures and the human factor – policemen who can meet the requirements of a constantly changing reality. A properly trained policeman, prepared for duty, is a guarantee of an efficiently functioning Police. An element of this preparation is basic knowledge of psychology.

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Kamila Remiszewska, Adrianna Ruszkiewicz

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 249 - 258

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.013.19849

The article presents the marital union from the perspectives of canonical law and secular law, two distinct legal systems. It focuses on a comparative analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects related to marriage, taking into account the influence of faith and societal norms on its regulations. Through an in-depth examination of these two legal systems, the paper aims to better understand both the complexities and similarities between them and to identify areas of conflict or synergy. It aims to provide a comprehensive view of the essence and functioning of the marital union, considering both its spiritual and social dimensions.

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Katarzyna Julia Kowalska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 1(2)/2024 , 2024, pp. 259 - 266

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.014.19850

The publication is intended as a text of a dual nature, on the one hand the Author refers to the current legislation on patients’ rights, also citing reports of the Supreme Audit Office, as well as medical law literature, and on the other hand, by describing the initiatives of the Patient Ombudsman carried out within the framework of statutory tasks, the Author spreads knowledge about the sources of information available to patients and their relatives in Poland. Particularly described is the Patient Navigator. A practical guide to the health care system as an example of the implementation of Article 47a point 7a of the Law on Patients’ Rights and the Ombudsman for Patients’ Rights.

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2024

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