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2(3)/2024

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Publication date: 16.12.2024

Licence: CC BY-SA licence icon

Editorial team

Cover Design Łukasz Różyński

Technical Editor Łukasz Różyński

Statistical Editor Barbara Olszewska

Thematic editors Orcid Jakub Kufel, Orcid Norbert Malec, Przemysław Ruchlewski

Secretary Agnieszka Bartusiak

Deputy Editor-in-Chief Orcid Bartosz Błaszczak, Orcid Irena Malinowska, Julia Nowicka

Editor-in-Chief Orcid Zbigniew Ciekanowski

Issue content

Aleksandra Kopacka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 7 - 19

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.015.20778
Polish migration policy faces numerous challenges related to the protection of human rights. The lack of adequate integration programmes leads to the marginalisation of migrants and hinders their access to social, educational and professional rights. The aim of this article is to identify challenges and threats to the observance of human rights. In the first part, the situation on the Polish-Belarusian border was analyzed. Then the situation of migrants in relation to the Russian-Ukrainian war is described. Then the violations of migrants’ rights on the Polish-Belarusian border and the actions taken by the Polish government were presented. In conclusion, it was concluded that further analysis in this area is necessary to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented policies and to identify new challenges. The research problem was formulated: What challenges and threats does the Polish government face in respecting human rights? A research hypothesis was formulated accordingly to the donor problem: The Polish government faces numerous challenges and threats in respecting human rights, which result from both internal and external political, social and economic factors. The key challenges are the lack of coherent integration policies, increasing xenophobia and discrimination, inadequate conditions in detention centres, complicated asylum procedures, and growing pressure from the international community and internal opposition movements. Verification of the above hypothesis and obtaining an answer to the above research question required the use of research methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts, analysis of reports and documents, selected items of literature on the subject, as well as reliable Internet sources presenting an up-to-date view on the researched problem.
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Marcin Oskierko, Irena Malinowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 20 - 32

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.016.20779
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Ukrainian-Russian conflict on Poland’s security situation. After the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Eastern European region became an arena of new geopolitical tensions. The conflict in Ukraine, which erupted in 2014, represents one of the most significant challenges to international stability, including Poland’s security. The article points out that Poland, as a member of NATO and the EU, occupies a strategic position in the region, making its security closely tied to events in neighboring countries, particularly Ukraine. In the context of this conflict, the main threats to Poland include the possibility of military actions spreading to border areas, cyberattacks, disinformation propaganda, and hybrid activities from Russia. Furthermore, the authors of the article analyze Poland’s responses to these threats, including increased defense spending, modernization of the armed forces, and strengthening cooperation with allies within NATO and the EU. Poland is also involved in various international initiatives aimed at supporting Ukraine, which may raise concerns in Russia and lead to retaliatory actions, such as economic sanctions or attempts at political destabilization.
In the conclusion, the article emphasizes that Poland must continue strengthening its defense capabilities and political stability while promoting international dialogue and diplomacy as means to reduce regional tensions. For the purposes of the article, the research problem was formulated as a question: How does the Ukrainian-Russian conflict affect Poland’s security as well as its foreign and defense policy? In response to this research problem, the hypothesis was posed: The Ukrainian-Russian conflict increases the sense of threat in Poland, prompting the Polish government to intensify efforts to strengthen the country’s defense capabilities and to be more actively involved in international alliances such as NATO and the EU. To answer the research question, methods such as critical analysis of the literature, analysis of legal acts and documents, as well as reliable online sources were used.
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Bartosz Błaszczak, Marta Pietrzykowska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 33 - 44

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.017.20780
The article is dedicated to analyzing the impact of illegal migration on Poland’s security, taking into account both international and national contexts. The first part provides a definition and classification of migration, including the differences between legal and illegal migration, and discusses the causes of this phenomenon, such as armed conflicts, poverty, and the search for better living conditions. The second part of the text focuses on Poland’s historical migration background, highlighting the changing migration patterns over the years. The authors also address the situation on Poland’s eastern border, which is particularly vulnerable to illegal crossings. The following section discusses the threats associated with illegal migration, such as organized crime, human trafficking, drug and arms smuggling, and the potential risks related to terrorism. It also touches upon issues of social integration, challenges for the healthcare and social systems, and potential social tensions. In the concluding part of the paper, the authors discuss political and administrative responses to the issue of illegal migration. They emphasize the need for integrated actions at both the national and international levels, including strengthening border controls and cooperating with other countries and international organizations. Recommendations are also presented regarding future actions aimed at more effective migration management and minimizing associated threats. A research problem was formulated within the discussed topic: What are the main threats to Poland’s security resulting from illegal migration? The formulated hypothesis is: The main threats to Poland’s security resulting from illegal migration include an increase in organized crime, terrorism risks, and social tensions caused by difficulties in integrating migrants. To address the research question, methods such as critical literature analysis, analysis of legal acts and documents, and reliable online sources were used.
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Viktoriia Stepanenko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 45 - 52

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.018.20781
The aim of the article is to analyze the information and psychological wars which have become a real threat to the modern world, leading to damage to the individual and mass awareness of the population, ethno-political divisions, internal and external armed conflicts and wars, and the loss of states’ sovereignty. The most relevant example of the consequences of information and psychological warfare is russia’s propaganda aggression against Ukraine. Providing security today is one of the main priorities for Ukrainians, in particular, local security issues in wartime require more attention, taking into account the factor of people’s dependence on information and its content. The research problem focusses on shaping critical thinking as a factor of the local security in wartime conditions. One of the means of information and psychological resistance and protection of the individuals from russian aggressive propaganda is critical perception of information, which is based on critical thinking. The formation of critical thinking is one of the ways of informational and psychological resistance to russian aggression, a tool of psychological protection against the negative impact of information, which ensures the informational and psychological security of the individual and the country.
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Patryk Ochyra, Marcel Lewczuk, Kamil Tynka

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 53 - 68

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.019.20782
The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the war in Poland’s neighborhood on its airspace. The article focuses on identifying the main changes and challenges that are emerging in the context of safety, air traffic regulation, economy and social aspects of life, as well as propose strategies for managing these challenges. The research problem was formulated: How does a war near Poland’s borders affect the functioning of the airspace over the country? The study aims to identify key threats and consequences for various aviation-related sectors. According to the research problem, a research hypothesis was formulated which assumes that the war in Poland’s neighborhood significantly increases the security risk, leads to changes in air traffic regulations, negatively affects the aviation economy and causes social fears and uncertainty. Appropriate research methods were used to achieve the goal and verify the hypothesis. A review of available scientific publications, reports and documents on the impact of armed conflicts on the airspace was carried out. The collected data and their analysis regarding aviation incidents, changes in flight routes, the number of passengers and the economic impact on the aviation sector allowed the formulation of the main conclusions. Using these methods, the article seeks to comprehensively assess the impact of the war on the airspace over Poland, identifying key challenges and proposing possible solutions to minimize the negative effects of the conflict.
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Patryk Ochyra, Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska, Marcin Oskierko

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 69 - 82

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.020.20783
The aim of the article is to analyze the role and importance of pro-defense non-governmental organizations in the state security system. The authors aim to show how these organizations contribute to increasing the level of safety through various educational, training, logistical and operational support activities. The article begins with a discussion of contemporary threats and challenges in the area of security, emphasizing the need for a flexible approach to security strategy and the involvement of various sectors of society, including non-governmental organizations. In the next part, the authors define non-governmental organizations and emphasize their independence from government structures. They draw attention to their role in the democratic system and to the legal framework for the functioning of non-governmental organizations in Poland. Further on, the authors discuss a wide range of activities of non-governmental organizations, including the promotion of physical activity, culture, education, social assistance, health care, local development, protection of animal rights and promotion of gender equality. They emphasise how the diversity of these activities contributes to improving the quality of life of citizens and increasing public awareness. For the purposes of the article, a research problem was formulated in the form of the question: What is the importance and role of pro-defense non-governmental organizations in the state security system? In view of the research problem presented in this way, a hypothesis was formulated: Pro-defense non-governmental organizations play an important role in the state security system, contributing to raising the level of security through education, training, logistical and operational support, and shaping security policies at the local and national level. For the purposes of the study, the method of analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable Internet sources was used.
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Natalia Urbańska, Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 83 - 103

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.021.20784
The past events of spring 2014 in Ukraine not only had an impact on the original security conditions in Europe and on the world stage, but also obliged the international community to take appropriate action in the face of the situation. In a way, states and international organisations have been forced to react in the context of the violation of international law by the Russian Federation, actions contrary to Russian-Ukrainian international agreements, and the destabilisation of the world order established after the end of World War II. The first part of the article describes the genesis of the conflict in Ukraine. The main part presents the reaction of the international community to the outbreak of war. This article is an attempt to indicate the genesis of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, as well as the reaction of the international community to the refugee crisis. The research problem was formulated: How has the refugee crisis affected the international community? A research hypothesis was formulated accordingly to the research problem: The refugee crisis has had a significant impact on the international community, leading to changes in migration policy, increased social tensions and challenges related to the integration of refugees, as well as to increased international and humanitarian cooperation. For the purposes of the study, the method of analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable Internet sources was used.
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Tetiana Strutynska

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 104 - 116

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.022.20785
The aim of the article is to analyze the state of human rights in Ukraine during martial law. The following analysis is necessary to understand how the imposition of martial law affects basic civil rights and freedoms and what protective mechanisms are in place during this time. The main research problem is to assess the extent to which martial law in Ukraine violates human rights and what are the main threats and challenges to the legal system and institutions responsible for their protection. On the other hand, the hypothesis assumes that the introduction of martial law in Ukraine leads to significant violations of human rights, restricting freedom of speech, assembly and the right to a fair trial. However, there are also some mechanisms that can mitigate these violations and ensure a minimum level of protection for citizens’ rights. The article is based on the methods of qualitative analysis, mainly including a review of legal acts and decrees introducing martial law and their compliance with international human rights standards. The analysis points to significant restrictions on civil rights and human rights violations during martial law in Ukraine.
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Michał Rutkowski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 117 - 137

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.023.20786
The purpose of this article is to analyze the issues related to the preparation for the future war. It determines the need to propose the main research problem in the form of the following problem question: What variants of threats should be expected in order to be able to effectively prepare for them, in terms of maintaining the existential security of the individual? On the basis of the previously formulated main problem, the author put forward a research hypothesis, which assumes that the leading inhibitor in adequate preparation for war is the underestimation of the actual appearance as a being that until recently was ancient, now eluding the methods of human perception. Verification of the above hypothesis and obtaining answers to the above questions required the use of research methods, including a critical analysis of selected items of literature on the subject, reliable Internet sources, as well as a comparative analysis, which allowed to draw the main conclusions.
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Mariusz Michalski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 138 - 152

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.024.20787
The purpose of the represented article is to conceptually examine the interrelationships arising from the current legislation in the legal doctrine and judicial decisions presented in the context of considerations relating to the personal security of police officers. In the article, the author attempted to define personal security, in the context relating to police officers in the case of the use of direct coercive measures. The article makes an extensive analysis of both the positions represented both in the legal doctrine and judicial decisions on the provisions governing the use of means of direct coercion by police officers. The considerations in question were preceded by an attempt to place the personnel security of police officers in the overall consideration of internal security, indicating the special nature of these regulations. In order to conduct the research, the research problem was formulated: do the existing statutory regulations relating to the use of direct coercive measures adequately ensure the personal security of police officers in the situation of their use? The research problem focused on the statutory regulations, their consistency and the buffer of ambiguity in the context of the use of direct coercive measures. Undoubtedly, the above elements, relating to the stability and comprehensibility of legal regulations, are the foundation of the considered issue, which is the personal security of police officers in the context of the use of direct coercive measures. The research methods applied in the subject area allowed defining the personal security of police officers in the context of considerations undertaken on the grounds of internal security, as well as to formulate conclusions in the scope relating to the current legal regulations in the area relating to the use of direct coercive measures.
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Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 153 - 180

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.025.20788
The aim of the article is to analyze anti-victimization activities in relation to the social economy. In order to conduct the research, a research problem was formulated: How important is the area of issues related to victimization conditioned by socio-economic factors, concerns the issue of social exclusion on the basis of poverty. In accordance with the research problem, a research hypothesis has been formulated, which assumes that poverty is one of the most significant components conditioning the pathology of social life in the existential, institutional and political sense. Negative factors very often occur together (e.g. alcoholism and disability, low salary and illness, large number of children and unemployment), they are reinforced by mechanisms generating poverty in the macro social structure, which in its entirety creates the risk of falling into the so-called long-term poverty, in which the basic life orientation is the category of survival. Verification of the above hypothesis and obtaining answers to the above questions required the use of research methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts, documents and selected items of literature on the subject. The author points out that research in developing countries should contribute to improving the situation of people living there, i.e. serve to solve specific problems. It is pointed out that there are no specific, geographical problems of development. It is people, social groups that inhabit it and develop a specific natural environment, interacting with it in various ways, constantly encountering various problems related to its use and adaptation to the prevailing conditions. To sum up, the author states that an important area of issues related to victimization conditioned by socio-economic factors concerns the issue of social exclusion on the basis of poverty.
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Patryk Ochyra, Maciej Maćkowiak, Patryk Saderski

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 181 - 199

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.026.20789
The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the aviation industry, with particular emphasis on passenger transport, the condition of airlines and the functioning of airport infrastructure. The analysis aims to understand the long-term effects of the pandemic and identify future challenges and directions of development of the industry. In the first part, the authors describe the individual stages of the pandemic. They describe the impact on the aviation industry and infrastructure, including the direct effects of the pandemic on passenger transport. In the final section, they present the development of new survival strategies for airlines. The research problem was formulated: How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect various aspects of the aviation industry and what structural and operational changes were necessary to survive the crisis? It is also crucial to determine what long-term consequences the changes made in response to the pandemic will have. In accordance with the given donor problem, a research hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant, negative impact on the aviation industry, leading to a drastic drop in the number of passengers, financial problems of airlines and the need to introduce new procedures and technologies in the airport infrastructure. The long-term effects of the pandemic will require further analysis to fully understand changes in consumer behavior and structural changes in the industry. The study used the latest research presented in documents and reports in the field of civil aviation, published in 2020–2022 by international organizations, and an analysis was carried out based on scientific articles from recent years. Information was also obtained from national legal acts and documents published by European Union bodies.
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Elżbieta Ważna

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 200 - 221

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.027.20790
The financial crisis that erupted in 2007 had a huge impact on global financial markets, including the Polish investment fund market. At a time when many countries were facing recession and a decline in confidence in the financial sector, Poland, as one of the few countries in the European Union, managed to avoid a serious recession. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the financial crisis on the security of the investment fund market in Poland, taking into account changes in legal regulations and investor behavior during crises. The study conducted detailed analysis of factors that may affect the stability of the funds.
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Tadeusz Niedziela, Brunon Hołyst

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 222 - 263

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.028.20791
The aim of the article is to assess the effectiveness of the use of Gabor filters in the identification and classification of images depicting handwriting, in particular in the context of recognition of letters, numbers or whole words. The article presents an optoelectronic method of identifying the characteristics of handwriting images based on the Gabor wavelet transform. This method has not been published anywhere before, but it opens up new perspectives for the study of handwriting. The research problem was formulated: Does the use of Gabor filters allow for effective feature extraction from handwriting images, enabling accurate identification and classification of characters compared to other feature extraction methods? Accordingly to the research problem posed, a research hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that Gabor filters, thanks to their ability to detect local patterns in images (such as edges, textures and directional structures), are an effective method of extracting features in tasks related to the identification of handwriting images, surpassing other commonly used methods in terms of classification accuracy. In the article, the authors proposed a simple algorithm for recognizing images in the diffraction space for forensic purposes. The question remains, can this method be used in practice? In order to obtain an answer to the research problem and verify the research hypothesis, research methods such as analysis of both domestic and foreign literature, comparative analysis, as well as mathematical modeling were used.
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Norbert Malec

Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo – Law & Security, 2(3)/2024, 2024, pp. 264 - 277

https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610PIB.24.029.20792
The modern world often replaces old age and the problems that accompany it. Instead, it glorifies youth, beauty and health, often forgetting that they have an end. This state of affairs means that the elderly are often marginalized by society, and this is especially visible when it comes to seniors who are in various places of detention, including penitentiary units. As shown by statistical data, the number of seniors in penitentiary isolation increases every year. For several years now, this has been a new challenge for the prison service from the point of view of the execution of the sentence and the actions taken for the sake of safety for this category of prisoners. The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of the aging population of prisoners on the security policy in Polish prisons. In particular, it is about assessing how the changing needs of senior inmates affect the organization, infrastructure and procedures related to ensuring security in penitentiary units. How does the aging of the prisoner population affect the implementation of security policy in Polish prisons? Are the current procedures and activities adequate to the challenges related to the service of senior prisoners? According to the research problem, a hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that the aging of the population of inmates forces the modification of security policy in prisons, both in terms of infrastructure and organization of staff work. The current system needs to be adapted to the specific needs of senior prisoners in order to effectively ensure the safety and protection of the health and life of this group. In order to respond to the research problem and verify the hypothesis, research methods were used, such as a critical analysis of the literature, which concerned the review of existing research, reports and documents on demographic changes in the prison population, as well as the analysis of legal acts containing regulations on the functioning of prisons, especially those related to prisoners’ rights, safety standards and health care. An analysis of the relationship between various elements of the penitentiary system, including security policy, organizational structure and the needs of senior prisoners, was also carried out.
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Słowa kluczowe: human rights, migration, Russian-Ukrainian war, migration conflict, human rights, security, Ukrainian-Russian conflict, NATO, EU, Russia, migration, security, migration crisis, Poland, critical thinking, information and psychological war, information and psychological resistance, local security, security, airspace, war in Ukraine, aviation, non-governmental organizations, security, society, pro-defense, Russian Federation, refugee crisis, refugees, Ukraine, war, guarantee, human rights, martial law, Russian-Ukrainian war., war, conflict, preparation, shelter, unit, Personal safety of police officers, personnel security, legal protection of a police officer, victimization, anti-victimization, crime prevention, psychology and poverty reduction, COVID-19 pandemic, civil aviation, infrastructure, passenger transport, financial crisis, investment funds, stability, cycles, Gabor filters, forensics, handwriting, optoelectronic system, multi-wavelet filter, security, penitentiary system, execution of a prison sentence, age of the prison population, elderly people in penitentiary units