The article describes the research of E. Husserl’s phenomenological studies with regard to their methodological value for modern linguistics. It reveals the prospects of real linguistics, which studies a word from the phenomenological point of view. It describes native speakers’ phenomenal experience, accumulated in the area of  nominative derivation and the relevance of apophatic way of comprehending the essence of things for phenomenology of perception.

The author suggests a model of propositional, eventual and factual reading of poetry. In a poetic text, “reality”, like the truth of the poetic utterance it defines, is given by the space of signifiers. The utterance, actualized in the text by speech “gestures”, expresses perceptual (with the modes of actual linguistic existence and direct perception) and epistemic propositions, which correspond with the initial reference situation of the text – the configuration of objects, their properties and relations. An event in the text is any change in the original reference situation and its semantic configuration. A fact can be considered an invariant semantic representation of a chain of interrelated / functionally equivalent events identifi ed as coreferent. Poetic facts correspond to the structure of the deep proposition, i.e. an image as a pre-verbal statement.

The article deals with the refl ection of interpersonal communication in dramatic discourse. The “gaps” – speech elements, which actually do not contain important communicative information – are analyzed. They are focused on different states of interlocutors and represented by repetitions, idioms, modal predicates etc. The diversity of investigated communicative elements is classifi ed into discourses targeted at dialogic interaction and reflexes. They reflect different deep intentions of the speaker practically without dialogic interaction.

This article investigates Anna Akhmatova’s poetic craft of “game of tenses”. The fact that Russian language lacks formal division into simple and continuous present tense (with the exception of several verbs of movement) lets Akhmatova make discreet switches between different shades of meaning of these two temporal  categories. The main attention is focused on what stylistic effects the poet achieves through exploitation of the progressive semantics of the present tense. The article also describes the most popular types of temporal structures of Akhmatova’s lyric poems, which involve present tense forms with reference to the moment of speech.

The paper considers two collections of Russian sonnets – “Sonnets of the Sun, Honey and the Moon” by Konstantin Balmont and “The Medallions” by Igor Severyanin – and the rhythmic and metrical structures of verse lines in Russian sonnets (i.e., the degree to which their metrical and rhythmic structures correspond within the lines). The relevant indicators of this conformity are introduced and calculated on the material of individual sonnets and collections of sonnets. The dependence of the average graphical word length in a line on its stress index (the ratio of stressed syllables to all syllables) is analyzed. We also consider the dependence of the average stress index in a line on the order of this line in the vertical structure of the sonnet by means of the same parameters – stress index and word length. The inverse proportionality of stress index and word length was found. It is shown that there are signifi cant stylistic differences between the two poets revealing themselves in their “rhythmic polarity”.

The aim of this article is to analyze the interaction of verbal and figurative elements in mass communication in order to reveal the regularities of the syntax of such utterances.
The study was based on the intersection of mass communication theories related to the phenomenon of selective attention on the one hand and the semiotic-linguistic approach to communication on the other. The first approach allows to confi rm the representativeness of the material selected for the study, the second one develops a methodology for the structural analysis of this verbal and non-verbal material.
Two research questions were raised in the paper: 1) Is the image increasingly replacing the verbal elements of communication? 2) What are the principles of the syntactic organization of polycode statements in a modern communicative situation? The first question requests the consideration of verbal-non-verbal hybrids in the statistically-dynamic aspect, the second one involves the semiotic-linguistic aspect (thus, the research is carried out at the intersection of the methods of media research and linguistics).

The paper analyzes the phenomena of graphemes manipulation, punctuation marks and other graphemic symbols. These phenomena are traced in a modern text (discourse) to model the pragmatic senses and the discourse effects. The abovementioned aspects are investigated in the sphere of modern linguography.

The paper considers the peculiarities of the translation of transformed precedent phrases incorporated into the headlines of online media texts. It also describes translation tactics and operations as well as parameters that infl uence the translation process.

The article is devoted to the properties of the recipient-orientated communicative strategy used by the authors of kotomatrices. It is noted that the strategy is implemented through the use of a variety of tactics, among which the tactics of appealing to stereotypes (e.g. ethnic hetero-stereotypes, stereotypes about stereotypes, etc.) is the most prominent. The analysis is conducted within the confi nes of pragmalinguistics. The research material comprises kotomatrices containing Russians’ ethnic hetero-stereotypes of representatives of other ethnic groups.

The paper examines allocentric phenomena in Polish and Russian. It is argued that they exhibit a difference between the speaker’s assuming his/her own vs. another’s point of view. It is suggested that the allocentric language structures are essentially homorganic to the allocentric point of view demonstrated by the behavior of  mirror neurons. Following a brief report on a neuropsychological study of certain English Empathy expressions that show a correlation between linguistic empathy violations and low Empathy Quotient, the importance of exploring new methods of linguistic analysis is suggested.

The article, basing on particular speech samples (skazat’ → skazhem → tak skazhem, tip + tot (+ chto) → tipa togo (chto), etot + samyj → eto samoe, etc.), shows the process and the result of some speech items disappearance, while other ones – purely pragmatic – appear. This happens when semantics and syntax collide. Those pragmatic items are originally lexemes, both content and functional, when they lose their basic meaning and gain some pragmatic one, therefore they change from speech items to conditionally communicative ones.

The article touches upon effective communication in terms of modern TV entertaining discourse. Considering the factors of publicity and double addressee, the research describes communicative behavior as a sequence of speech events in typical communicative situations. Based on the strategy of assessment in a popular TV show, it analyzes the patterns of speech behavior of different famous people. The research reveals basic communicative schemes which provide the necessary intention of the speaker and put the risk of miscommunication to a minimum even if the assessing statement was negative.

The paper deals with a problem of detecting linguistically signifi cant evidence of using different pronouns in manipulative discourse for forensic linguistic expertise of questionable Russian texts. The theoretical basis of the analysis is the statement that Russian pronouns have the extensive opportunity in the sphere of  conceptualization and assessing interpretation of the world and therefore show considerable potential of usage in various kinds of “manipulative communication” and “language demagogy”. As a material for the study, examples from the authors’ expert activities are given in the work.

The article deals with linguistic and pragmatic features of the use of word-formative neologisms in the texts of modern Russian media. It presents an analysis of the infl uential specifi city of word-formative neologisms created by the usual (affi xation, affi xoidation) and unusual (hybridization, substitutive word-formation, graph-subdivision) methods of word formation.

The article aims to reveal communicative goals of authors of advertising texts from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century by analyzing this period’s characteristic text tropes and their pragmatical effects. The research was carried out on the basis of advertisements published in the Ural newspapers “The Ural Life” (“Уральская жизнь”) and “The Irbit Fair Leafl et” (“Ирбитский ярмaрочный листок”) at the turn of the 20th century. Three types of infl uence over the potential buyer are characteristic for the advertising texts of this time: “neutral”, “directed” and “undirected”. Neutral communication style, impartial presentation of information and rational arguments prevail in neutral texts. Texts with “undirected” infl uence step aside from unbiased informing and intensify subjectivity and emotionality. Texts with “directed” influence use suggestive patterns, which create the effect of the author’s interaction with each particular reader. The character of this infl uence can differ: it is defi ned, first of all, by the modality of the expression and the author’s categoricity degree. These three types of advertising texts explicitly show the dynamic process of forming print advertisement speech genre in the period in question: from unbiased informing, rational arguments and respect for the reader through  expressive and emotional influence to veiled pressure and manipulation.

The material of the study are the articles of the “Magic Lantern” magazine, which were published in 1817. They demonstrate a variety of communicative situations and types of  verbal personality. The texts of the dialogues and monologues were analyzed according to general and private target settings. The article also describes  the participants’ roles and communicative positions in communication.

The article provides a pragmalinguistic analysis of approval in Russian and English. The speech act under investigation is understood in both languages as a belief that something or someone is good or acceptable; also as a permission to do something, acceptance of an idea, action, plan, etc. This allows to recognise two basic  elements of approval: positive evaluation and consent. The paper presents tools for recognition of the aforementioned elements in utterances. The study seems to confi rm the effectiveness of these instruments in pragmalinguistic analysis.

The article presents a new theoretical frame for analyzing and describing the meaning of sentences. A sentence is regarded as a unit which on the one hand possesses a definite content of extralinguistic character while on the other hand has a form meaningful in the system of language, thus the basis of cognitive model of a sentence is created by two basic structures: a denotational field – a cognitive and conceptual representation of knowledge about a fragment of reality – and a significational structure – evolutionary heritage of human beings, designed for interpretation and generation of syntactic units. The process of building the integral model of sentence meaning presupposes correlating of these two structures in one confi guration. It includes several procedures that determine formal and meaningful variability of sentences: 1) choosing a viewpoint of the denotational field (focus of speaker’s interest); 2) defi ning the signifi cational categories and connecting them into a proposition; 3) selecting a component of the situation to be most important from the structural point of view (center of empathy), and finally, giving signifi cational functions to other denotational components, selected for presentation.

Among various syntactic representations of a particular situation, some are neutral, “natural” and easily understandable without context, while others are context-bound and, though attested in texts, are often estimated as “unnatural” or even unacceptable. Among the factors contributing to the effect of “naturalness” there are some  eneral typological tendencies (animacy hierarchy, etc.), the type of situation, its conformity with a prototype scenario, etc.

In the article, the author analyzes the semantic structure of an academic text by using the sentence model concept as a tool. A sentence model is a semantic and structural type of the sentence which is distinguished with respect to the structure of the proposition, the semantics of the predicate and the functions of the verb.

The article is focused on the structural-semantic characteristics of sentences expressing smile in Polish and Russian languages. Basing on the theory of G. Zolotova, the author aims to differentiate between isosemic and non-isosemic syntactic models including metaphorical constructions. The examples for the analysis were  taken from Polish and Russian literary works and from the internet websites. The analysis presented proves that the linguistic image of smile in Russian and Polish languages is not only national, but also universal.

The paper deals with some features of the perfective future (sdelaju) and the imperfective future (budu delat’) in Russian. These forms are examined in respect to their temporal semantics, modal semantics and pragmatics. The analysis of the temporal semantics shows that the perfective future has a number of features in common  ith the present. The analysis of the modal semantics shows that there are a number of characteristics such as the verbal person, the verbal aspect or interrogativity/non-interrogativity that can infl uence the interpretation of the future tense grammeme.

The paper deals with the notion and mechanism of imperfectivation with regard to the so-called perfective Aktionsarten in Russian verbs. The proposed discussion is aimed to clarify the problem of the characterization of the Russian aspect as classifying vs. inflectional category and the regularity of suffi xed imperfectivation, which is one of the ‘sore points’ of Russian aspectology.

This paper aims to analyze the realization of some syntactic constructions of prefixed borrowed verbs in Russian. In particular, we shed light on peculiarities of the prefix vy- connected with borrowed verbs and attested mostly in the syntactic construction such as Armiyu modernizirovali-modernizirovali da tak i ne vymodernizirovali ‘They attempted to modernize the army, but couldn’t do it after all’. The prefix here expresses a resultative situation. A comparison of this construction with other constructions including prefixed borrowed verbs shows the actualization of this prefix in the construction in a tight mutual interaction with the general property of borrowed verbs. It contradicts a general assumption that prefixation of borrowed verbs takes place by analogy with the prefixation of native verbs.

In the paper, the functions of transposition as well as the reasons for selecting the deverbal nouns (instead of verbal constructions) and some other peculiarities of their usage in the contemporary Russian speech are analyzed in connection to their role in establishing the functional sentence perspective.

The subject of investigation of the article is specific vocabulary. We examine the interaction between the given types of words and the context. In particular, we have observed a natural pattern of transformation of the meaning of specific lexical units within generative and reproductive communicative speech registers. In the first case, the concrete semantics receives the most generalized meaning. In the second one, the objectivity transforms into the sensually perceived image. The article establishes the necessity of typological description of such transformations.

The paper presents a classification of Russian nominal compounds with a prepositive attributive element (such as бизнес-центр) and points out the subtype that serves as the basis for the formation and expansion of the new grammatical pattern in Russian. The active expansion of the pattern is determined by the high prestige of English as well as the tendency of linguistic economy on the speaker’s/writer’s part. The article also discusses the issue of grammatical description of indeclinable attributive premodifi ers such as бизнес- and challenges the viewpoint according to which all such elements form a separate word class of “analytical adjectives.”

The author analyzes the problem of syntagmatic and paradigmatic realization of the “sin” conceptual field components in Russian by describing the peculiarities of discursive realization of the basic language representations of the fi eld – the lexemes “sin” – “repentance” – “virtue” / “vice”, which form a stable conceptual area in the language awareness of modern Russian native speakers. The material for the analysis is textual data of the Russian National Corpus. The author proves that the total conceptual area “sin” – “repentance” – “virtue” / “vice” is included in the Russian national conceptual sphere as a stable cognitive model, regularly reproduced in texts of Russian culture and in speech of Russian native speakers.

The paper deals with the problem of referential equivalence of translation from an article-less language into an article one (in this case, Russian and English respectively). The analysis considers theories of reference, the character of the category of defi niteness-indefi niteness in Russian and English, and the assumptions of cognitive linguistics, especially scene construal, cognitive domain, and viewing frame. The results of the analysis indicate that the category of defi niteness-indefi niteness in a Russian text is easily understood by translators, despite the lack of articles. Furthermore, the results show how the perspective of a reader may be changed by a translator’s choice of a given determinative in an English noun phrase.

This chronicle is an account of the third international conference Language and Method. The Russian Language in 21st Century Linguistic Research, which took place between 17th–19th May 2017 in a historic building of the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland. It presents the topic of this year’s edition of the conference (Syntax in text. Text in syntax. Linguistic analysis in the Bermuda Triangle: Combinability – Semantics – Pragmatics), subjects of plenary and section sessions and all the issues concerning the organization of such a large-scale academic enterprise. Our guests of honour were Olga T. Yokoyama (Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Distinguished Professor of Applied Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles), Laura A. Janda (University of Tromsø, Norway) and Maksim Anisimovich Krongauz (The Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow).