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The divergent histories of Bose-Einstein statistics and the forgotten achievements of Władysław Natanson (1864–1937)

Data publikacji: 15.11.2019

Studia Historiae Scientiarum, 2019, 18 (2019), s. 327 - 464

https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.19.012.11018

Autorzy

Michał Kokowski
Studia Historiae Scientiarum (red. nacz.)
Instytut Historii Nauki imienia Ludwika i Aleksandra Birkenmajerów Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Warszawa – Kraków, Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-9051 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

The divergent histories of Bose-Einstein statistics and the forgotten achievements of Władysław Natanson (1864–1937)

Abstrakt

This article investigates the forgotten achievements of Władysław Natanson (1864–1937) related to the creation of Bose-Einstein statistics.

The introductory part of the article presents considerations regarding the methodology of history and the history of exact sciences, and then the divergent research perspectives that can be taken in the description of the history of Bose-Einstein statistics, as well as the author’s integrated approach to this issue, which eliminates the disadvantages of these divergent views.

This integrated approach is then used to describe the achievements of Władysław Natanson related to the creation of Bose-Einstein statistics.

These achievements are presented against the background and in the context of discussions which – relatively sporadically – took place among various groups of researchers: historians and philosophers of science, physicists, sociologists of scientific knowledge in the 20th and 21st centuries.

These discussions have now been reordered here. They are followed by a presentation of the complete list of Natanson’s publications regarding the subject. Also shown is his strategy to quote reliably the bibliography with regard to the explanation of the distribution of blackbody radiation and related issues.

Additionally, a list of scientists who knew Natanson’s publications has been supplemented in the article and the precursorship of Natanson’s achievements is explained. This is followed by a rebuttal of many erroneous or simplified statements about him and his achievements.

The already well-known terminological conventions have been recalled: “Bose statistics” and “Bose-Einstein statistics”, as well as recently introduced: “Planck-Bose statistics” (1984), “Natanson’s statistics” (1997)”, “Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics” (2005), “Planck-Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics” (2011), and “Natanson statistics” (2013).

New terminological conventions have been introduced: “Boltzmann-Planck-Natanson statistics” and “Boltzmann-Planck-Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics”.

A side effect of this research is a discovery that Robert K. Merton – the author of the label ‘Matthew effect’ – chose the name of the effect using erroneous premises and the effect should therefore be named after its actual discoverer.

The article is accompanied by four appendixes: the first presents reflections on the methodology of historiography and historiography of exact sciences, the second – a commentary on the use of the terms: “Bose statistics”, “Bose-Einstein statistics”, “Einstein-Bose statistics” and “Planck-Bose statistics”, the third – a very important letter by Max Planck to  Władysław Natanson (of 25 January 1913), and the fourth – the excerpts of two letters from Sommerfeld to Rubinowicz (of 1 October 1919 and 1 November 1919).

 

Rozbieżne historie statystyki Bosego-Einsteina i zapomniane osiągnięcia Władysława Natansona (1864–1937)

Abstrakt

Artykuł bada zapomniane osiągnięcia Władysława Natansona (1864–1937) związane z powstaniem statystyki Bosego-Einsteina.

W części wstępnej artykułuwskazano rozbieżne perspektywy badawcze, jakie przyjmowano w opisie historii statystyki Bosego-Einsteina, a także autorskie zintegrowane ujęcie tego zagadnienia, które eliminuje wady tych rozbieżnych perspektyw.

Wspomniane zintegrowane ujęcie zastosowano następnie do opisania osiągnięć Władysława Natansona (1864–1937), związanych z powstaniem statystyki Bosego-Einsteina.

Dokonania Natansona przedstawiono na tle i w kontekście dyskusji, jakie toczyły się (stosunkowo sporadycznie) wśród różnych grup badaczy: historyków i filozofów nauki, fizyków, socjologów wiedzy naukowej w XX i XXI w.

Dyskusje uporządkowano oraz przedstawiono kompletną listę publikacji Natansona dotyczących omawianego zagadnienia. Wskazano także strategię rzetelnego cytowania przez Natansona bibliografii dotyczącej wyjaśnienia rozkładu promieniowania ciała doskonale czarnego i pokrewnych zagadnień; uzupełniono listę naukowców, którzy znali publikacje Natansona; skorygowano wiele błędnych lub uproszczonych stwierdzeń na temat Natansona i znaczenia jego publikacji, wyjaśniono kwestię prekursorstwa jego osiągnięć etc.

Przypomniano już znane konwencje terminologiczne: „statystyka Bosego” i „statystyka Bosego-Einsteina”, jak również niedawno wprowadzone: „statystyka Plancka-Bosego” (1984), „statystyka Natansona” (1997, 2013), „statystyka Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina” (2005) oraz „statystyka Plancka-Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina” (2011).

Wprowadzono nowe konwencje terminologiczne: „statystyka Boltzmanna-Plancka-Natansona” i „statystyka Boltzmanna-Plancka-Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina”.

Skutkiem pobocznym tych badań jest odkrycie, iż socjolog Robert K. Merton – autor określenia „efekt św. Mateusza” – wybrał tę nazwę, posługując się błędnymi przesłankami i dlatego należy nazywać ten efekt nazwiskiem jego faktycznego odkrywcy.

Do artykułu dołączone są cztery dodatki: pierwszy – przedstawia rozważania z zakresu metodologii historii i historii nauk ścisłych, drugi – komentarz dotyczący użycia terminów: „statystyka Bosego”, „statystyka Bosego-Einsteina”, „statytyska Einsteina-Bosego” oraz „statystyka Plancka-Bosego, trzeci – bardzo ważny list Maxa Plancka do Władysława Natansona z 25 stycznia 1913 r, a czwarty – fragmenty dwóch listów Sommerfelda do Rubinowicza z 1 października 1919 i 1 listopada 1919.

Słowa kluczowe

Bibliografia

ARCHIVAL SOURCES

Archiwum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Spuścizna 10. Władysław Natanson (1864–1937).

Archiwum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Welcome of the past president of USA Thomas Woodrow Wilson, for the award ceremony of a doctor honoris causa of philosophy in the Jagiellonian Universty.Draft of speech 1918. Spuścizna 10/24.

Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 1–19. Sygn. BJ Rkp. 9002 III.

Białobrzeski, Czesław 1912 (archival document): Letter from Czesław Białobrzeski to Władysław Natanson (Kijów, 1–14 September 1912).Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884-1937. T. 1, Abbe – Birkenmajerowa [Rękopis].Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/609759, folium 129.

Dziewulski, Wacław 1923: Letter of Wacław Dziewulski to Władysław Natanson (Wilno, 29 XII 1923). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884-1937. T. 4, Dziewicki – „Express Poranny”. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/609820,folium 110.

Ehrenfest, Paul 1911b (archival document): Paul Ehrenfest an Arnold Sommerfeld, 16. Oktober 1911 (Ehrenfest’s letter to Sommerfeld from St. Petersburg (Sommerfeld collection of German Museum in Munich). Archiv: München, DM (Archiv HS 1977-28/A,76).

Fajans, Kazimierz 1913 (archival document): Letter from Kazimierz Fajans to Władysław Natanson (Karlsruhe, 4 November 1913). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884-1937. T. 5, Fabiani – Godlewski Michał [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/609824, folia 3–4.

Gorczyński, Władysław 1911 (archival document): Letter from Władysław Gorczyński to Władyslaw Natanson (Warsaw, 10 April 1911). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 6, Godlewski Tadeusz – Hyde [Rękopis], folium 108. Avalilable online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/609827.

Infeld, Leopold 19126a (archival document): Letter from Leopold Infeld to Władysław Natanson (Warszawa, 9 February 1926). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 7, „Ilustrowany Kurier…” – King [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/589573/zip/,folia 4–5.

Infeld, Leopold 1926b (archival document): Letter from Leopold Infeld to Władysław Natanson (Piaseczno, 26 July 1926). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 7, „Ilustrowany Kurier…” – King [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/589573/zip/,folia 7–8.

Infeld, Leopold 1928 (archival document): Letter from Leopold Infeld to Władysław Natanson (Warszawa, 5 October 1928). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 7, „Ilustrowany Kurier…” – King [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/589573/zip/,folia 11–12 recto.

Jacyna, Witold 1936 (archival document): Letter from Witold Jacyna to Władysław Natanson (Leningrad, 11 January 1936). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 7, “Ilustrowany Kurier…” – King [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/609830, folia 154–158.

Kruger,F. 1911a (archival document): Letter from F. Kruger to Władysław Natanson (Danzig-Langfuhr, 25 April 1911). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 9, Kowalewski – Kutrzeba [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610273, folium 117.

Kruger,F. 1911b (archival document): Letter from F. Kruger to Władysław Natanson (Danzig-Langfuhr, 22 July 1911). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 9, Kowalewski – Kutrzeba [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610273, folium 118.

Landé, Alfred 1925 (archival document): Letter from Alfred Landé to Władysław Natanson(Tübingen, 18 September 1925). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 10, Laar – Łukasiewicz [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610285, folium 6.

Lichtenstein,Leon 1927 (archival document): Letter from Lenon Lichtenstein to Władysław Natanson (Lipsk, 29 May 1927). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 10, Laar – Łukasiewicz [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610285, folia 147–148.

Lichtenstein,Leon 1928 (archival document): Letter from Lenon Lichtenstein to Władysław Natanson (Wildungen, 19.08.28). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884-1937. T. 10, Laar – Łukasiewicz [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610285, folia 156–157.

Merczyng, Henryk 1912 (archival document): Letter from Henryk Merczyng to Władysław Natanson (St. Petersburg, 21 August 1912). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884-1937. T. 11, MacLehose – Mycielski [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610343, folium 110.

Natanson, Władysław 1910 (archival document): Letter from Władysław Natanson to Marian Smoluchowski, 22 December 1910. [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Mariana Smoluchowskiego z lat 1893–1917. T. 6, Naster – Ostwald [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/621612/zip/, folia 60–61.

Natanson, Władysław 1911a (archival document): Letter from Władysław Natanson to Marian Smoluchowski, 20 March 1911. [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Mariana Smoluchowskiego z lat 1893–1917. T. 6, Naster – Ostwald [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/621612/zip/, folium 69.

Natanson, Władysław 1911b (archival document): Letter from Władysław Natanson to Marian Smoluchowski, 30 March 1911. [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Mariana Smoluchowskiego z lat 1893–1917. T. 6, Naster – Ostwald [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/621612/zip/, folium 69.

Natanson, Władysław 1911c (archival document): Letter from Władysław Natanson to Marian Smoluchowski, 26 April 1911. [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Mariana Smoluchowskiego z lat 1893–1917. T. 6, Naster – Ostwald [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/621612/zip/, folia 70–71.

Natanson, Władysław 1914a (archival document): Letter from Władysław Natanson to Marian Smoluchowski (Kraków, 29 June 1914). [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Mariana Smoluchowskiego z lat 1893–1917. T. 6, Naster – Ostwald [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/621612/zip/,folia 151–152.

Natanson, Władysław 1914b (archival document): Letter Władysław Natanson to Marian Smoluchowski (Der Haag, 17 November 1914). [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Mariana Smoluchowskiego z lat 1893–1917. T. 6, Naster – Ostwald [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/621612/zip/, folium 153.

Natanson, Władysław 1915 (archival document): Letter from Władysław Natanson to Marian Smoluchowski (Kraków, 11 September 1915). [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Mariana Smoluchowskiego z lat 1893–1917. T. 6, Naster – Ostwald [Rękopis] Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/621612/zip/,folia 176–177.

Piekara,Arkadiusz1933 (archival document): Letter from Arkadiusz Piekara to Władysław Natanson (Paris, 15 September 1933). [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 12, Nagaoka – Piekara [Rękopis], sygn. BJ Rkp. 9013 III, folium 257.

Planck, Max 1913 (archival document): Letter from Max Planck to Władysław Natanson, 25 January 1913. [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 13, Pieniążek – Puzyna [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/610366/edition/609381/content, folium 60.

Sommerfeld, Arnold 1911a (archival document): Letter from Arnold Sommerfeld to Władysław Natanson (Munich, 3 October 1911). [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 16, Smolka – Szyszkowski [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610464, folium107 recto.

Sommerfeld, Arnold 1919a(archival document): Letterfrom Arnold Sommerfeld to Adalbert Rubinowicz (Stockholm, 1 October 1919). [In:] Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951) Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel. LMU Lehrstuhl für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. Available oline: http://sommerfeld.userweb.mwn.de/KurzFass/05850.html.

Sommerfeld, Arnold 1919b(archival document): Letterfrom Arnold Sommerfeld to Adalbert Rubinowicz (Stockholm, 26 October 1919). [In:] Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951) Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel. LMU Lehrstuhl für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. Available oline: http://sommerfeld.userweb.mwn.de/KurzFass/05851.html.

Sommerfeld, Arnold 1919c(archival document): Letterfrom Arnold Sommerfeld to Adalbert Rubinowicz (Stockholm, 1 November 1919). [In:] Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951) Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel. LMU Lehrstuhl für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. Available oline: http://sommerfeld.userweb.mwn.de/KurzFass/05852.html.

Wolfke, Mieczysław 1924 (archival document): Letter from Mieczysław Wolfke to Władysław Natanson (Warszawa, 3 September 1924). [In:] Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 18, Wald – Young [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610495, folium280 recto.

Zakrzewski, Konstanty 1914 (archival document): Letter from Konstanty Zakrzewski to Władysław Natanson (Lwów, 10 February 1914). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 19, Zahorski – Żórawski [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610500, folia 52–53.

Zakrzewski, Konstanty 1916 (archival document): Letter from Konstanty Zakrzewski to Władysław Natanson ([Lwów], 23 January 1916). [In:] Korespondencja Władysława Natansona z lat 1884–1937. T. 19, Zahorski – Żórawski [Rękopis]. Available online: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/610500, folium 71.

 

PUBLISHED ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS

Born, Max 1936 (published archival document): Letter from Max Born to Albert Einstein (Edinburgh, 22 May 1948). [In:] Born, Einstein 1971, p. 176.

Born, Max; Einstein. Albert 1971: The Born – Einstein Letters. The correspondence between Max & Hedwig Born and Albert Einstein from 1916 to 1955 with commentaries by Max Born. Translated by Irene Born, p. 176. London etc.: Macmillan. Available online: https://archive.org/download/TheBornEinsteinLetters/Born-TheBornEinsteinLetters.pdf.

Eckert, Michael; Märker, Karl (eds.) 2000–2004: Arnold Sommerfeld. Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel. Band I: 1892–1918 (2000), Band II: 1919–1951 (2004). CD-ROM: 1892–1951. Diepholz: Verlag für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik. ISBN 978-3-928186-44-5. 1430 pp.

Ehrenfest, Paul 1914a (published archival document): Letter from Paul Ehrenfest to Henrik Antoon Lorentz (24 January 1914). In: Lorentz 2018, Doc. 155, pp. 392–395.

Ehrenfest, Paul 1914b (published archival document): Draft letter from Paul Ehrenfest to Albert Einstein (Leiden, 10 April 1914 or later). [The draft is written on the back of a copy of Krutkow 1914b]. [In:] Einstein 1998a, Doc. 4, p. 15. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8b-doc/vol8a-doc/87#. English translation. [In:] Einstein 1998b, Doc. 4, p. 11. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans/39 (Ehrenfest’s answer for Einstein’s comment about rotating electrons in a magnetic field).

Einstein, Albert 1915a (published archival document): Letter from Albert Einstein to Henrich Zangger (Berlin, 11 January 1915). [In:] Einstein 1998a,Doc. 45a, pp. 28–29. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol10-doc/98. English translation in: Einstein 1998b, 45a, pp. 15–16. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol10-trans/40.

Einstein, Albert 1915b (published archival document): Letter from Albert Einstein to Władysław Natanson (Berlin, 29 December 1915). [In:] Einstein 1998a, Doc. 175, p. 231,Available online:

https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8a-doc/303. English translation in: Einstein 1998b, p. 169, Doc. 175.Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans/197.

Einstein, Albert 1917 (published archival document): Letter from Albert Einstein to Władysław Natanson (Berlin, 14 September 1917). [In:] Einstein 1998a, Doc. 380, p. 514. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8a-doc/586. English translation in: Einstein 1998b, Doc. 380, p. 373. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans/401.

Einstein, Albert 1926 (published archival document). A letter of 24 November 1926 from Albert Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest. In: Einstein 2018, Document 420. Partially available online:

https://books.google.pl/books?id=rC1KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA644.

Einstein, Albert 1998a: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 8, Part A: The Berlin Years: Correspondence 1914–1917. Edited by Robert Schulmann, A. J. Kox, Michel Janssen, and József Illy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8a-doc/.

Einstein, Albert 1998b: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 8: The Berlin Years: Correspondence, 1914-1918 (English translation supplement). Translated by Ann M. Hentschel. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans/.

Einstein, Albert2006: The Collected papers of Albert Einstein. Volume 10: The Berlin Years: Correspondence, May-December 1920, and Supplementary Correspondence, 1909–1920 (English translation supplement). Edited by Diana Kormos Buchwald, Tilman Sauer, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, Józef Illy, and Virgina Iris Holmes. Princeton, New Jersey, USA : Princeton University Press.

Einstein, Albert 2015a: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 14. The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923–May 1925 – Documentary Edition. Edited by Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, Tilman Sauer & Osik Moses. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-doc/.

Einstein, Albert 2015b: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 14. The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923–May 1925 (English Translation Supplement) Documentary Edition. Edited by Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, Tilman Sauer & Osik Moses. Translated by Ann M. Hentschel & Jennifer Nollar James; Klaus Hentschel, consultant. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-trans/.

Einstein, Albert 2018: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 15. The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, June 1925–May 1927 - Documentary Edition. Edited by Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, A. J. Kox, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Ze'ev Rosenkranz & Jennifer Nollar James. Partially available online: https://books.google.pl/books?id=rC1KDwAAQBAJ.

Halpern, Otto 1924a (published archival document): Letter from Otto Halpern to Albert Einstein (Wien, 26 August 1924). [In:] Einstein 2015a, Doc. 308, pp. 481–482. English translation Einstein 2015b, Doc. 308, pp. 310–312; (about a refutation of Planck’s hypothesis of independent light quanta, based on Ehrenfest 1911a and Krutkow 1914a).

Lorentz, Henrik Antoon 1914(published archival document): Letter from Henrik Antoon Lorentz to Peter Zeeman (Haarlem, 20 August 1914). [In:] Lorentz 2018, Doc. 160, p. 416; English translation: p. 417.

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon 2018: The Scientific Correspondence of H.A. Lorentz: Volume 2,the Dutch Correspondents. “Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences”. Edited by A.J. Kox. Cham. Switzerland: Springer. Partially available online: https://books.google.pl/books?id=abhmDwAAQBAJ&dq=isbn:3319903292&hl.

Natanson, Władysław 1931 (published archival document): Excerpt of the letter from Władysław Natanson to Tadeusz Smoluchowski (10 July 1931). [In:] Teske 1970a, p. 143 (see Printed Literature).

Sommerfeld, Arnold 2000–2004: Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel. Vol. I: 1892–1918 (2000); Vol. II: 1919–1951 (2004). Edited by Michael Eckert and Karl Märker. München, Berlin, Diepholz: GNT-Verlag/Deutsches Museum.

 

LEGAL DOCUMENTS

Minister Wyznań Religijnych i Oświecenia Publicznego 1936a: Zarządzenie Ministra Wyznań Religijnych i Oświecenia Publicznego z dnia 7 listopada 1936 r. o nadaniu odznaczenia „Wawrzyn Akademicki”. Monitor Polski 1937 nr 257 poz. 460. Dostęp online: http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WMP19362610460/O/M19360460.pdf.

 

CORRESPONDENCE

Andersson, Thomas 2018: Re: A question regarding NATANSON, Ladislas, On the Energy-content of material bodies. Cracovie 1912. The email from Thomas Andersson to Michal Kokowski (18 April 2018).

 

PRINTED LITERATURE

Abiko, Seiya 2015: Ishiwara’s contributions to early quantum theory and the reception of quantum theory in Japan. Reserachmap, pp. 1–8.Available online: https://researchmap.jp/?action=cv_download_main&upload_id=52968.

Agassi, Joseph 1963: Towards an Historiography of Science. The Hague: Mouton and Co.. “History and theory; studies in the philosophy of history”. Beiheft2.

Arendt, E. 1931: Application de certains théorèmes de M. Lad. Natanson et de Smoluchowski. Wiadomości Matematyczne 32.

Bach, Alexander 1987: Indistinguishability or distinguishability of the particles of Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. Physics Letters A125(9), pp. 447–450. DOI: 10.1016/0375-9601(87)90182-4.

Bach, Alexander 1988: The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution derived from Bose-Einstein statistics. Physics Letters A 134(1), pp. 1–3. DOI: 10.1016/0375-9601(88)90535-X.

Bach, Alexander 1990: Boltzmann probability–distribution of 1877. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 41(1), pp. 1– 40.

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Darrigol, Olivier 1991: Statistics and Combinatorics in Early Quantum Theory, II: Early Symptoma of Indistinguishability and Holism. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 21(2), pp. 237–298. DOI: 10.2307/27757664. Available online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757664.

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Darrigol, Olivier 2003: Max Planck, révolutionnaire malgré lui. Continuités et discontinuités dans “l’acte désespéré” de Max Planck. Conférence ENSTA, 12 décembre 2001. [In:] Michel Crozon, Yves Sacquin (eds.), Un siècle de quanta. Les Ulis (France): EDP Sciences, 2003, pp. 23–38. Available online: http://www.afhalifax.ca/magazine/wp-content/sciences/Planck/e246807.pdf.

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Debye, Peter 1912: Les particularités des chaleurs specifiques à basse temepratures. Archives de sciences physiques et naturelles (Genève) 33 (présenté le 9 mars 1912), pp. 256–258.

Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice1926: On the Theory of Quantum Mechanics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 112(762) (Oct. 1, 1926), pp. 661–677. Available online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/94692.

Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice1927/1958: The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 114(767), pp. 243–265. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0039. Available online: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.1927.0039. Reprinted in Schwinger (ed.) 1958, Paper 1, pp. 1–23.

Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice1930 (1947 3rd ed.): Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1st ed.). London: Oxford University Press.  Available online: https://ia801609.us.archive.org/34/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.177580/2015.177580.The-Principles-Of-Quantum-Mechanics.pdf(1st ed.); http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/wasbleibt/57355817/57355817.pdf (3rd ed.).

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Droysen, Johann Gustav 1858: Grundriss der Historik. Jena: Frommann.Available online: https://books.google.ru/books?id=kE0-AAAAYAAJ.

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Duhem, Pierre 1908/1969 (reprinted 1985): ΖωζεινταΦαινομενα. Essai sur la notion de théorie physique de Platon a Galilée. Paris: A.Hermann et Fils / English translation by E.Dolan and Ch. Maschler under the title: To Save the Phenomena. An essay on the idea of physical theory from Plato to Galileo. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. (Midway Reprint Edition 1985).

Duhem, Pierre 1909: Un précurseur français de Copernic: Nicole Oresme (1377). Revue générale des sciances pures et appliquées XX, pp. 866–873.

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Ebeling, Werner; Pöschel, Thorsten 2019: Lectures on Quantum Statistics: With Applications to Dilute Gases and Plasmas. “Lecture Notes in Physics” 953. Sprimger. Partially available online: ,https://books.google.pl/books?id=WayXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7.

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Ehrenfest, Paul 1911a (received: 8 June 1911): Welche Züge der Lichtquantenhypothese spielen in der Theorie der Wärmestrahlung eine wesentliche Rolle? Annalen der Physik 341/11, pp. 91–118, reprinted in: Collected Scientific Papers (1959), pp. 185–212. Available online: https://zenodo.org/record/1424215#.XQPIRMTVKUk.

Ehrenfest, Paul 1925: Energieschwankungen im Strahlungsfeld oder Kristallgitter bei Superposition quantisierter Eigenschwingungen. Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei 34/1, pp. 362–373.

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Ehrenfest, Paul; Ehrenfest-Afanaseva, Tatiana 1911 (Supplements completed in September 1911): Begriffliche Grundlagen der statistischen Auffassung in der Mechanik, in: Enzyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluß ihrer Anwendungen. Band IV, 32. Teil (F. Klein and C. Müller (eds.) (Leipzig: Teubner, September 1911), pp. 3–90. Translated as The conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics (New York: Cornell University Press, 1959); pp. 789(3)–876(90). Available online: https://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/IL-publications/sources/Ehrenfest_1911b.pdf; English translation: http://www.pbx-brasil.com/outrasDisciplinas/DinMol/Notas/Iarea/aula103/papers/[Paul_Ehrenfest]_The_Conceptual_
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Ehrenfest, Paul; Kamerlingh, Onnes Hike 1914 (communicated in the meeting of October, 31, 1914 and published on  December 31, 1914): Vereinfachte Ableitung der kombinatorischen Formel, welche der Planckschen Strahlungstheorie zugrunde liegt. Annalen der Physik351(7), pp. 1021–1024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19153510709. Available online: https://zenodo.org/record/1447299#.XP--hurVI2w.English translation: Simplified deduction of the formula from the theory of combinations which Planck uses as the basis of his radiation theory. Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)17, pp. 870–873. Available online: http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012735.pdf; reprinted in: Paul Ehrenfest (1959). Collected Scientific Papers, pp. 353–356.

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Einstein, Albert 1924 (presented 10 July 1924; published 20 September 1924)/2015a Doc. 283; 2015b,DOC. 283: Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Physikalischmathematische Klasse (10.7. 1924) 22, pp. 261–267. Reprinted in: Einstein 2015a, Doc. 283, pp. 433441. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-doc/535. English translation: Quantum theory of ideal gas. [In:] Einstein 2015b,DOC. 283, pp. 276–283. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-trans/306.

Einstein, Albert 1925a (dated: December 1924; presented: 8 January 1925; published: 9 February 1925)/2015a, Doc. 385; 2015b, Doc. 385: Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases, 2. Abhandlung. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Physikalischmathematische Klasse (8. 1. 1925) 23, pp. 3–14. Reprinted in:Einstein 2015a, Doc. 385, pp. 580594.Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-doc/682. English translation: Quantum theory of ideal gas II. [In:] Einstein 2015b,DOC.385, pp. 371–383. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-trans/401.

Einstein, Albert 1925b (presented: 29 January 1925; published: 5 March 1925)/2015a, Doc. 427; 2015b, Doc. 427: Zur Quantentheorie des idealen Gases. Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Physikalischmathematische Klasse 23, pp. 18–25. Reprinted in:Einstein 2015a, Doc. 427, pp. 648657. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-doc/750. English translation: Quantum theory of ideal gas. [In:] Einstein 2015b, DOC.427, pp. 418–425.Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-trans/448.

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Einstein, Albert 1995: The Collected papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 5. The Swiss years: Correspondence, 1902–1914 (English translation supplement). Princeton New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 1995. English Translation: Anna Beck, translator, Don Howard, consultant. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol5-trans/.

Einstein, Albert 1998a: The Collected papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 8, Part A: The Berlin Years: Correspondence 1914–1917. Princeton New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 1993. Edited by Robert Schulmann, A. J. Kox, Michel Janssen, and József Illy. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8a-doc/.

Einstein, Albert 1998b: Princeton New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 1993. Edited by Robert Schulmann, A. J. Kox, Michel Janssen, and József Illy. Vol. 8: The Berlin Years: Correspondence, 1914–1918 (English translation supplement). Translated by Ann M. Hentschel.Consultant: Klaus Hentschel. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans/.

Einstein, Albert 2015a: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 14. The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, April 1923–May 1925 – Documentary Edition. Edited by Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, Tilman Sauer & Osik Moses. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. Available online: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol14-doc/.

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Informacje

Informacje: Studia Historiae Scientiarum, 2019, 18 (2019), s. 327 - 464

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

The divergent histories of Bose-Einstein statistics and the forgotten achievements of Władysław Natanson (1864–1937)

Angielski:

The divergent histories of Bose-Einstein statistics and the forgotten achievements of Władysław Natanson (1864–1937)

Autorzy

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-9051

Michał Kokowski
Studia Historiae Scientiarum (red. nacz.)
Instytut Historii Nauki imienia Ludwika i Aleksandra Birkenmajerów Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Warszawa – Kraków, Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-9051 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Studia Historiae Scientiarum (red. nacz.)

Instytut Historii Nauki imienia Ludwika i Aleksandra Birkenmajerów Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Warszawa – Kraków, Polska

Publikacja: 15.11.2019

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Michał Kokowski (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

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Języki publikacji:

Angielski