Darwin’s On the Origin of Species in Russia and in the USSR: some aspects of translation and publication

Mikhail B.  Konashev

Darwin’s On the Origin of Species in Russia and in the USSR: some aspects of translation and publication

Data publikacji: 13.09.2021

Studia Historiae Scientiarum, 2021, 20 (2021), s. 285 - 315

https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.21.011.14042

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Tytuły

Darwin’s On the Origin of Species in Russia and in the USSR: some aspects of translation and publication

Abstrakt

O pochodzeniu gatunków Darwina w Rosji i ZSRR: niektóre aspekty tłumaczenia i publikacji

Tłumaczenie głównej i najbardziej znanej książki Ch. Darwina O pochodzeniu gatunków miała wielkie znaczenie dla recepcji i rozwoju jego teorii ewolucji w Rosji, a później w ZSRR, i to z wielu powodów. Szczegółowo przeanalizowano historię publikacji książki w języku rosyjskim w carskiej Rosji i Związku Radzieckim.

Pierwszego rosyjskiego tłumaczenia O pochodzeniu gatunków dokonał Siergiej A. Rachinsky w 1864 r. Do 1917 r. O powstawaniu gatunków ukazało się ponad dziesięć razy, w tym w pracach zebranych Darwina. Wydanie z lat 1907–1909 z Timiryazevem jako redaktorem miało najlepszą jakość tłumaczenia i redakcji naukowej. To tłumaczenie było używane we wszystkich kolejnych wydaniach sowieckich i poradzieckich. W sumie w czasach radzieckich O pochodzeniu gatunków ukazało się siedem razy i trzy razy jako część dzieł zebranych Darwina.

Od 1940 do 1987 roku, w wyniku dominacji Łysenkizmu w biologii radzieckiej, nie publikowano w ZSSR O pochodzeniu gatunków. W okresie poradzieckim książka ukazała się tylko dwa razy i wydarzyło się to już w XXI wieku. Mała liczba wydań głównej książki Darwina w czasach poradzieckich jest jedną z konsekwencji dyskredytacji teorii ewolucji w środkach masowego przekazu i przez rosyjski Kościół prawosławny, a także powstania neołysenkizmu.

Ogólny nakład dziewięciu przedrewolucyjnych wydań O pochodzeniu gatunków wynosił około 30 000–35 000 egzemplarzy. Tylko cztery wydania, które ukazały się w ZSRR w latach 1926–1937, osiągnęły łączny nakład 79 200 egzemplarzy. Dwa poradzieckie wydania, które ukazały się w 2001 i 2003, miały już nakład zaledwie 1000 egzemplarzy. Kolejne edycje w każdym okresie rosyjskiej historii były więc swoistą odpowiedzią na naukowe, polityczne i społeczne wymagania rosyjskiego społeczeństwa i państwa rosyjskiego.

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The translation of Ch. Darwin’s main and most well-known book, On the Origin of Species, had great significance for the reception and development of his evolution theory in Russia and later in the USSR, and for many reasons. The history of the book’s publication in Russian in tsarist Russia and in the Soviet Union is analyzed in detail.

The first Russian translation of On the Origin of Species was made by Sergey A. Rachinsky in 1864. Till 1917 On the Origin of Species had been published more than ten times, including the publication in Darwin’s collected works. The edition of 1907– –1909 with Timiryazev as editor had the best quality of translation and scientific editing. This translation was used in all subsequent Soviet and post-Soviet editions. During Soviet time, On the Origin of Species was published seven times in total, and three times as a part of Darwin’s collected works.

From 1940 to 1987, as a result of the domination of Lysenkoism in Soviet biology, On the Origin of Species was not published in the USSR.

During the post-Soviet period, the book was published only two times, and it happened already in the 21st century. The small number of editions of Darwin’s main book in post-Soviet time is one of the consequences of the discredit of the evolutionary theory in mass media and by the Russian Orthodox Church as well as the rise of neo-Lysenkoism.

The general circulation of nine pre-revolutionary editions of On the Origin of Species was about 30,000–35,000 copies. Only four editions which had been released in the USSR from 1926 to 1937 had the total circulation in 79,200 copies. Two post-Soviet editions published in 2001 and in 2003 had already a circulation of only 1,000 copies. Subsequent editions in each period of Russian history was thus some kind of an answer to the scientific, political and social requirements of the Russian society and the Russian state.

Article available under CC BY license.

License text: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

Słowa kluczowe

Charles Darwin, translation and publication of On the Origin of Species in Russia and the USSR, socio-political context / Karol Darwin, przekłady i wydania O pochodzeniu gatunków w Rosji i ZSSR, kontekst społeczno-polityczny

Charles Darwin, translation and publication of On the Origin of Species in Russia and the USSR, socio-political context

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Informacje

Informacje: Studia Historiae Scientiarum, 2021, 20 (2021), s. 285 - 315

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.21.011.14042

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Darwin’s On the Origin of Species in Russia and in the USSR: some aspects of translation and publication

Angielski:

Darwin’s On the Origin of Species in Russia and in the USSR: some aspects of translation and publication

Autorzy

Mikhail B. Konashev

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-3546

St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of the History of Science and Technology named after S.I. Vavilov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Publikacja: 13.09.2021

Otrzymano: 08.04.2020

Zaakceptowano: 10.07.2021

Status artykułu: Otwarte

Licencja: CC BY

Udział procentowy autorów:

Mikhail B. Konashev (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń: 420

Liczba pobrań: 1312

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