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Slavonic Culture. Annual Review of the PAU Commission on the Culture of the Slavs

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Vol. XVII

Ideas and Ideologies in Slavic Cultures

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Publication date: 2021

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Anna Raźny

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 5 - 6

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.001.14412
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Part I. Ideas of Religious Unity and Reconciliation

Jan Stradomski

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 9 - 32

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.002.14413
Controversies regarding the proclamation and the consequences of the Union of Brest (1596) were reflected in extensive historical, polemical and religious literature that was created in the Commonwealth of Both Nations over several decades (2nd half of the 16th-17th century). There was a heated dispute between the representatives of the Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The article highlights the use of similar arguments by each of the parties to this religious-political conflict which, however, were given different meanings depending on various ecclesiological, historical and cultural perspectives of the authors of a statement. Thus, in practice, religious polemics became a discussion aimed at strengthening the position of representatives of one’s own party, instead gaining supporters among opponents.
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Janusz Smołucha

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 33 - 59

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.003.14414
The outbreak of another Austro-Turkish war in 1593, urged Pope Clement VIII to establish the Holy League which mainly consisted of the Central and Eastern European states, and the aim of which was to oppose another Muslim aggression against Christians. The Roman Curia decided to include Muscovy in the plan as well. The idea of close cooperation with all Slavic states was put forward at that time by Aleksander Komulović – a priest and papal diplomat from Dalmatia. The author’s aim was to reconstruct the Komulović’s diplomatic mission to Central and Eastern Europe in 1594-1597, and provide an assessment of the chances of its success in the light of religious and geopolitical underpinnings of the period.
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Urszula Cierniak, Alicja Bańczyk

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 61 - 90

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.004.14415

When analysing Russian literature and social thought of the nineteenth century, it can be easily observed that the works can manifest one of two tendencies prevalent in those times: Occidental or Slavophil one. Russian Catholics have been so far recognised as the representatives of the former because of their positive attitude towards Western Europe and its religion.

The focus of this article is on the four immigrants permanently living in France, members of the Jesuit Order – Ivan Gagarin, Ivan Martynov, Yevgeniy Balabin and Paweł Pierling. Their perception of Slavic matters, the Slavs and their religious problems allows them to locate their ideas in relation to the views of Slavophiles and Occidentalists. Russian Catholics do not deny the influence of other Slavic cultures and broadly understood Orthodoxy on Russia, or the cultural heritage of Western Europe – the Old Russian past is a reason for pride and belief in the significant importance of Russia’s national culture. Contrary to the Slavophiles, they propose that Russia should become Catholic power to fulfil a great civilisational mission towards the West. The article discusses Russian Catholicism as the third trend in the Russian culture of the analysed period, which is closely related to the aforementioned tendencies but it does not fully overlap with any of them. 

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Marek Melnyk

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 91 - 118

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.005.14416
The article analyses the impact of the Catholic Church on the process of Polish-Ukrainian dialogue and reconciliation. It highlights the concept of Christian universalism referring to the elements that connect both nations and implying attitudes aimed at reaching understanding between Poles and Ukrainians. The author focuses also on finding and reconstructing the sources of religious activities that initiate dialogue and the process of reconciliation between Polish and Ukrainian party. The importance and universal role of religious traditions in the transformation of Polish-Ukrainian relations is strongly emphasised.
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Part II. Ideas Through the Prism of Their Creators

Aleksander Posacki

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 121 - 142

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.006.14417
The article aims at emphasising the influence of Gnostic ideas as well as esoteric and occult concepts on the work of Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov. Furthermore, on the basis of this analysis the author tries to compare similar theories and spiritual practices of Solovyov with the esoteric work and spiritual practices of Helena Blavatsky, the founder of The Theosophical Society. It appears that despite significant differences in the field of philosophy, methodological reliability, and attitude to Christianity, many similarities can be found in the conceptual and practical sphere, even if they seem superficial and irrelevant. Consequently, the works of Blavatsky and Solovyov can presumably create a common cultural code (based, for example, on a comparable attitude to Gnostic and Kabbalistic ideas). The issue, however, requires some more detailed research, and the author of the article does not imply he concluded it. The article highlights the fact that the studies on this topic have been so far hardly comprehensive.
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Françoise Lesourd

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 143 - 158

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.007.14418
The “Philosophy of the Common Task” by Nikolai Fyodorov is being translated and published for the first time in France. This article is about the impression that the reader has when faced with such an unusual creative mind, and about the difficulties that arise during translation. Fyodorov’s grandiose project – the resurrection of the “fathers” and the popula- tion of other planets – is striking in its “fantasticness” (according to Vladimir Solovyov). However, he puts in the foreground the creative possibilities of man, and on this point it anticipates the early intellectual currents of the Soviet era. On the other hand, Fyodorov’s concern about the depletion of earthly resources is especially consonant with our era. All this is stated in a special language, full of archaisms and liturgical terms. The article is focused on the consonances of N. Fedorov’s philosophy with the teachings of K. Marx, O. Spengler, C. Darwin, also intersections with the Gospel are emphasized in a new way.
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Irina Vorontsova

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 159 - 186

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.008.14419
At the beginning of the XXth century, a religious movement initiated by intelligentsia supporting Church reform emerged in Russia. It was triggered by The New Religious Consciousness (NRC ), in the center of which there was teaching of neo-Christians about the unity of spirit and flesh, “the heavenly” and “the earthly”. Its metaphysics declared new additions to Christian dogma, called for spiritualising the outcomes of psychophysical and cultural endeavours of a person. A.V. Kartashev, a novice Church historian, got interested in The New Religious Consciousness and soon became one of the movement’s leaders. This period of his life is the least known. The article presents Kartashev’s viewpoint of 1901-1916 and systematises information about his public actions. The author comes to the conclusion that Kartashev held his own view on The New Religious Consciousness dogma and his own opinion on Church reform.
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Part III. Culture and Ideologies

Daria Serebrennik

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 189 - 210

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.009.14420
The article examines the ways in which the leading party of the USSR used to influence children’s upbringing by means of one of the types of mass culture – children’s literature. The beginning of the 20th century, namely, the first two decades of the post-revolutionary period, were remarkable as for close attention to childhood, which resulted from the socio-political paradigm of the new country and the need to influence the child in order to educate a new type of Soviet citizen, a “man of the future” who would build an ideal communist state. Children’s literature in the newly created country was not addressed just to the child, but it was divided into categories regarding its social functions – taking into account the reader’s age. Topics and genres were pinpointed, the tasks aiming at proper upbringing and education were set. In the pre-war years various thematic conferences, congresses and meetings were convened; and numerous institutions and publishing houses were created to unite the power of the best writers, artists, teachers and to eliminate existing shortcomings in the work on creation and promotion of children’s books with high ideological level. From now on, children’s books have become an independent artistic phenomenon. They are viewed as powerful tool in the ideological struggle for the formation of a new Soviet man, whereas childhood is perceived as the most important period in shaping personality of the man of high ideals.
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Lech Miodyński

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 211 - 234

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.010.14421
The paper discusses, in the chronological and problematic perspective, the essential reasons for the effective adaptation of socialist ideas in Montenegro in 20th century. Apart from sources of Serbian, Russian and German thought, it was local heroic ethics, collectivism and egalitarianism paradigm, economic conditions, political relations with Russia, and also instability of feudal and bourgeois tradition that were crucial to this reception. The examples presented here illustrate various variants of the understanding of socialism: as post-patriarchal solidarism, ethical revolutionarism, utopian communism and anti-bureaucraticism. The elements of these conceptions can be noticed in their first Montenegrin manifestations of 1905-1920, the activity of the interwar YCP as well as in the revolutionary discourse of the antifascist guerrilla movement. Similarly original socio-cultural origin characterises the documentation of the depicted phenomenon in the periods of dispute with Communist International (from 1948, including Milovan Djilas statements), construction of the self-government socialism system and events of 1987-1989.
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Magdalena Dyras

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 235 - 248

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.011.14422
The article deals with the issues of collective and individual memory, based on the example of traumatic experiences of German minority (so-called Swabians) in Yugoslavia (1945-1990). Decades-long confiscation of memory resulted in the loss of identity, which had to be rebuilt after 1990. Literary narratives, motivated by mutilated memory resulting from the authoritarian system, became the way to regain it. These issues are discussed, among others, in three novels, the publication of which met with a lively response from researchers and critics of literature. These are Ludwig Bauer’s A Brief Chronicle of the Weber Family, Ivana Šojat Kuči’s Unterstadt and Slobodan Šnajder’s The Age of Brass. Memory, according to theoretical findings of Elżbieta Rybicka, has been presented both as a literary concept and an existential category. The novels by the above-mentioned authors illustrate how literature becomes a medium and a carrier of memory.
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Bartłomiej Brążkiewicz

Slavonic Culture, Vol. XVII, 2021, pp. 249 - 266

https://doi.org/10.4467/25439561KSR.21.012.14423
The newest Russian prose fiction, codified within more extensively labelled “contemporary” literature, expresses the universality of generational problems rooted in human fears, self-identity problems, numerous confusions and a sense of loneliness. The analysis of two novels by Egor Fetisov fitting into the concept of Petersburg text of Russian literature, shows their proximity to existential issues. The considerations reflected in the dialogues of the novels’ characters are ideologically oriented, with reference to such questions as the drama of choices to make, freedom and responsibility, a game of appearances, authenticity in life, as well as some distancing from “the imposed.” The central message of the novels concerns the “decision-making indisposition” seen as a kind of powerlessness experienced in the face of necessity to make a choice. The problem, constituting one of the key experiences of human subjectivity and typical of “present-day,” is often relativised in the discussed novels.
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Słowa kluczowe: religious literature, religious polemics, ecclesiology, Church schism, The Union of Brest, papacy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Muscovy, the Slavs, papal diplomacy, Turkey, the Holy League, Russian Catholicism, 19th century, Occidentalists, Slavicity, Slavophiles, Western Europe, the Catholic Church, Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation, dialogue of memory, forgiveness, gnosis, esotericism, occultism, spiritism, mediumism, mysticism, luciferism, Satan, Vladimir Solovyov, Helena Blavatsky, Philosophy of the Common Task, Russian philosophy, Russian cosmism, Gospel, resurrection, depletion of earthly resources, Anton V. Kartashev, religious reform, neo-Christianity, Church reform in Russia, 20th century., childhood, new Soviet man, Soviet children’s literature, Soviet writer, Soviet ideology, Montenegro, socialism, Marxism, proletarian revolution, heroic ethics, contemporary Croatian prose, memory, omissions, identity, memory medium, Russian literature, Russian prose-fiction, Petersburg text in Russian literature, existential issues, Egor Fetisov