Czy Kopernik był astrologiem?
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEWybierz format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEData publikacji: 18.11.2024
Studia Historiae Scientiarum, 2024, 23 (2024), s. 305 - 357
https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.24.007.19580Autorzy
Was Copernicus an Astrologer?
The question ‘Was Copernicus an astrologer’ is prima facie very clear, while in fact being quite ambiguous. This question should rather be regarded as a vast topic covering lots of more concise questions such as ‘Was Copernicus thoroughly educated in astrology?’, ‘Did Copernicus believe in astrology?’ or ‘Did a mature Copernicus practice astrology?’
Unfortunately, thus far, consensus has not been achieved among historians on any of them. Accordingly, the topic has been for some time, and still is, a battlefield of the most acrimonious debates in Copernicology, nay, perhaps in the whole history of science.
Carefully made distinctions and subsequent analysis of the common pro et contra arguments enabled this paper to arbitrate the different perspectives. None of the arguments has been found to have a decisive force. In general, while the pro lines of reasoning are normally based upon insecure or even faulty inductive logic, their contra counterparts often suffer from ex silentio inferences or even ad ignorantiam fallacy.
Two new, subtle arguments have been introduced instead. They can be considered as genuine new evidence allowing for the resolution of some lingering doubts. First, the natal charts of Copernicus that were cast in the middle of the 16th century have been studied. The excessively exact birth hour of Copernicus at 4:48 p.m. has quite naturally been expected to be a result of a preliminary astrological rectification. However, apparently it was not rectified by the algorithms most popular at the time. The findings suggest the number-symbolic rather than astrological inclinations of Copernicus.
Further, a careful analysis of Copernicus’s annotations in the Alfonsine Tables revealed a link between the misprints corrected by him and the ancient observations he included in De Revolutionibus. Consequently, an extensive astrological use of the tables by him can be excluded with a high probability. Moreover, Copernicus likely never used Regiomontanus Tables on a regular basis either.
The conclusion integrates all the available arguments pertinent to the relationship of Copernicus with astrology.
Avelar de Carvalho, Helena C.F. 2018: The Making of an Astrologer in Fifteenth-Century France. The Notebooks of S. Belle: LISBON, MS 1711 and PARIS, NAL 398. PhD dissertation. University of London: The Warburg Institute. URL: https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/9460/1/Helena%20Avelar%20de%20Carvalho%20-Warburg-PhD%20Thesis.pdf (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Barycz, Henryk 1953: Mikołaj Kopernik, wielki uczony Odrodzenia. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. URL: https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:kpbc.umk.pl:72572 (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Birkenmajer, Alexander 1937: Astrologia krakowska u szczytu swego rozgłosu. Kalendarz Ilustrowany Kuriera Codziennego 10, pp. 58–61. URL: https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/554331/edition/461143/content. (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Birkenmajer, Ludwik A. 1892: Marcin Bylica z Olkusza oraz narzędzia astronomiczne, które zapisał Uniwersytetowi Jagiellońskiemu w r. 1493. Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. URL: https://polona.pl/preview/57ee67d1-f2a8-4e5b-9259-71ceb046e1cd (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Birkenmajer, Ludwik A. 1900: Mikołaj Kopernik. Część pierwsza. Studya nad pracami Kopernika oraz materiały biograficzne. Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności. URL: http://wmbc.olsztyn.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=2834 (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Birkenmajer, Ludwik A. 1924: Stromata Copernicana. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. URL: http://wmbc.olsztyn.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=2754&from=pubindex&dirids=57&lp=312 (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Birkenmajer, Ludwik A. 1926: Mikołaj Wodka z Kwidzyna, zwany Abstemius. Toruń: Nakładem Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu. Drukiem S. Buszczyńskiego. URL: http://wmbc.olsztyn.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=2821 (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Biskup, Marian 1973: Regesta Copernicana. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk.
Bònoli Fabrizio; Bezza, Giuseppe; De Meis, Salvo; Colavita, Cinzia 2012. I Pronostici di Domenico Maria Da Novara. Firenze: Olschki.
Borski, George; Kokowski, Michał 2021: Copernicus, His Latin Style and Comments to Commentariolus. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 20, pp. 339–438. DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.21.013.14044.
Burmeister, Karl H. 1970: Achilles Pirmin Gasser. Wiesbader: Guido Pressler Verlag.
Calma, Clarinda; Borski, George 2024: An Online Database of Copernican Annotations. Publication forthcoming.
Capella, Martianus 1977: The Marriage of Philology and Mercury. Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts. Translation of De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii by William Harris Stahl and Richard Johnson with E.L. Burge. New York: Columbia University Press.
CGAII. Copernicus, Nicolaus 1949: Nikolaus Copernikus Gesamtausgabe. Band II. De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium. Ed. Franciscus Zeller und Carolus Zeller. Verlag von R. Oldenbourg.
CGAIV. Copernicus, Nicolaus 2019: Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe. Band IV Opera Minora. Die Kleinen Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Schriften. Ed. Menso Folkerts, Stefan Kirschner, und Andreas Kühne. De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
CGAV. Copernicus, Nicolaus 1999: Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe. Band V Opera Minora. Die Humanistischen, Ökonomischen und Medizinische Schriften. Ed. Heribert M. Nobis, Menso Folkerts, Stefan Kirschner, und Andreas Kühne. Akademie Verlag.
CGAVI/1. Copernicus, Nicolaus 1994. Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe. Band VI/1 Briefe. Texte Und Übersetzungen. Ed. Heribert M. Nobis, Menso Folkerts, and Andreas Kühne. Akademie Verlag.
Curtze, Maximilian 1875: Reliquiae Copernicana. Nach den Originalen in der Universitäts- Bibliothek zu Upsala. Leipzig: Verlag von B.G. Teubner.
Czartoryski, Paweł 1978: The Library of Copernicus. [In:] Science and History: Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen, ed. by Erna Hilfstein, Paweł Czartoryski, and Frank D. Grande. “Studia Copernicana”, vol. 16. Wroclaw: Ossolineum, pp. 355–396.
Dobrzycki, Jerzy 1998: Alfonsine meridians: tradition versus experience in astronomical practice c. 1500. Journal for the History of Astronomy 29, pp. 187–199.
Dreyer, Johan L.E. 1906: History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler. Cambridge: University Press.
Garwoliński, Tomasz 2016: Zapiski Mikołaja Kopernika. Olsztyn: Biblioteka Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego Metropolii Warminskei “Hosianum”.
Gingerich, Owen 2004: The book nobody read. Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. New York: Walker and Company.
Goddu, André 2010: Copernicus and the Aristotelian Tradition. Brill.
Hayton, Darin 2010: Expertise ex Stellis: Comets, Horoscopes, and Politics in Renaissance Hungary. The History of Science Society 25(1), pp. 27–46.
Juste, David 2021: Reading Birth Horoscopes in the Middle Ages. [In:] Latin Judgements on Nativities 1100–1450. Le Moyen Âge et les sciences. Textes réunis par D. Jacquart et A. Paravicini Bagliani. Firenze, SISMEL – Edizioni del Galluzzo, pp. 549–593.
Juste, David 2024: Copernicus’s Astrological Expertise. Publication forthcoming. Knox, Dilwyn 2005: Copernicus’s Doctrine of Gravity and the Natural Circular Motion of the Elements. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 68(1), pp. 157–211.
Kokowski, Michał 2009: Różne oblicza Mikołaja Kopernika. Spotkania z historią interpretacji. Warszawa–Kraków: Instytut Historii Nauki PAN, Polska Akademia Umiejętności.
Kokowski, Michał 2024a: Perspektywy badań kopernikańskich a odmienne tradycje metodologiczne w 550. rocznicę urodzin Mikołaja Kopernika. Klio. Publication forthcoming.
Kokowski, Michał 2024b: Introduction to the topic ‘Copernicus and astrology’. Commentary on the theses of Robert S. estman / Wprowadzenie do tematyki
„Kopernik a astrologia”. Komentarz do tez Roberta S. Westmana. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 23, pp. 155–228 / ss. 220–304. DOI: 10.4467/2543702XS HS.24.005.19578 / DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.24.006.19579.
Konarska-Zimnicka, Sylwia 2018: „Wenus panią roku, Mars towarzyszem…” Astrologia w Krakowie XV i początku XVI wieku. Kielce: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego.
Konarska-Zimnicka, Sylwia 2024: Was Copernicus an astrologer? From the perspective of a historian of astrology. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 23, pp. 359– –394. DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.24.008.19581.
Kraai, Jesse 2001: Die heliozentrische Providentia des Rheticus / Rheticus’ Heliocentric Providence: a study concerning the astrology, astronomy of the sixteenth century. Doctoral dissertation. Heilderberg: Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg. URL: http:// archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/3254/2/PSDissertation.pdf. DOI: 10.11588/heidok.00003254.
Lotito, Mark 2019: The Reformation of Historical Thought. Leiden: Brill.
Macrobius 1990: Commentary on the Dream of Scipio. Translated with an Introduction and Notes by William Harris Stahl. New York: Columbia University Press.
Markowski, Mieczyslaw 1990: Astronomica et Astrologica Cracoviensia ante Annum 1550. Firenze: Olschki.
Morawski, Kazimierz 1900a: Historya Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego pod zarządem J. Filipowskiego.
Morawski, Kazimierz 1900b: Historya Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Tom II. Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego pod zarządem J. Filipowskiego.
Maruska, Monika. 2008: Johannes Schöner – ‘Homo est nescio qualis’. PhD dissertation, Vienna: Universität Wien. DOI: 10.25365/thesis.1354. URL: http://othes.univie.ac.at/1354/1/2008-08-07_8001863.pdf (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Neugebauer, Otto E. 1975: A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. New York, Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Ptolemy, Claudius 1940: Tetrabiblos. Edited and translated by F.E. Robbins. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard university press.
Rheticus, Georg J. 1540: De libris revolutionum Copernici Narratio Prima. Gedani. Rosen, Edward 1984: Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company.
Rosińska, Grażyna 1984: Scientific Writings and Astronomical Tables in Cracow (XIVth – XVIth Centuries). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk.
Rosińska, Grażyna 2002: Krakowski księgozbiór Mikołaja Kopernika w kodeksach Copernicana 4 i Copernicana 6 Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Uppsali. Res Historica 13, pp. 105–123.
Rybka Eugeniusz (red.) 1975: Historia astronomii w Polsce. Vol. 1. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.
Sarton, George 1948: Introduction to the history of science. Vol. 3, Part 2. Washington: Carnegie institution of Washington.
Schöner, Johannes 1545: De Iudiciis Nativitatum. Norimberga.
Shank, Michael H. 2014a: Made to Order The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order by Robert S. Westman (review). Isis 105(1), pp. 167–176. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/675561.
Shank, Michael H. 2014b: Rejoinder. Isis 105, pp. 185–187. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/675715 (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Swerdlow, Noel M.; Neugebauer, Otto E. 1984: Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Swerdlow, Noel M. 2012: Copernicus and Astrology. Perspectives on Science 20(3), pp. 353–378.
Szczegóła, Hieronim 1967: Jan Głogowczyk. Katowice: Wydawnictwo “Śląsk”.
Thorndike, Lynn 1934: A History of Magic and Experimental Science. Vol. 3. New York: Columbia University Press.
Thorndike, Lynn 1941: A History of Magic and Experimental Science. Vol. 5. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wasiutyński, Jeremi 2003: The Solar Mystery. Oslo: Solum Forlag.
Westman, Robert S. 2011: The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism and Celestial Order. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Westman, Robert S. 2013a: Copernicus and the Astrologers. The 20th annual lecture presented on December 12, 2013, by the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. URL: https://library.si.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/generalpages/2013-dibnerlecture-robertswestman.pdf (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Westman, Robert S. 2013b: The Copernican Question Revisited: A Reply to Noel Swerdlow and John Heilbron. Perspectives on Science 21, pp. 100–136.
Westman, Robert S. 2014: Reply to Michael Shank. Isis 105(1), pp. 177–184. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/675714 (accessed on: 15.10.2024).
Informacje: Studia Historiae Scientiarum, 2024, 23 (2024), s. 305 - 357
Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy
Tytuły:
Stichting “De Rebus”, Foundation for the History and Philosophy of Science (Amsterdam – Almere, The Netherlands)
Stichting “De Rebus”, Foundation for the History and Philosophy of Science (Amsterdam – Almere, The Netherlands)
Publikacja: 18.11.2024
Otrzymano: 31.05.2024
Zaakceptowano: 21.08.2024
Status artykułu: Otwarte
Licencja: CC BY
Udział procentowy autorów:
Korekty artykułu:
-Języki publikacji:
Angielski