In 2008, the Czech weekly “Respekt” accused the writer Milan Kundera (1929–2023) of having denounced Miroslav Dvořáček, a young collaborator of American counterintelligence, to the Czechoslovak security services in the 1950s. The victim of the denunciation was sentenced to years of heavy imprisonment but miraculously avoided death. The publication, which unequivocally proclaimed the writer’s guilt, was based on a single police memo found in the archives of the USTR (the Czech equivalent of the Polish Institute of Remembrance – IPN), in which Milan Kundera’s name was mentioned. The media widely covered the case in the Czech Republic and internationally. A storm was also unleashed in Poland. Today, as the world bids farewell to Milan Kundera, it is worth revisiting that publication, looking at its form, language Dominika Rafalska 6 and stylistic procedures, which strongly undermined the reputation of the famous writer. In the end, nothing was proved against Milan Kundera, and the writer himself issued only a laconic statement in which he denied everything. This article focuses on the 2008 “Respekt” publication itself – its form and the reliability of its coverage. What image, what reality have the authors of that text managed to create? This article attempts to look at the events of 2008 from today’s perspective. An important question seems to be: should accountability texts be published in the press at all or should they better be the subject of research and academic publications only? If the public should learn about similar issues from the daily press, what basic standards should it meet?

The article takes a look at the academic work devoted to the analysis of the activities of the central apparatus of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), which was in charge of the supervision of propaganda and the mass media in Poland from 1948 to 1989/90. Considerations developed after 1989 are reviewed. Focusing on the research analysis of the political decisions and activities of members of the Political Bureau and Secretariat of the Central Committee Jacek Wojsław 22 of the PZPR and selected departments of the Central Committee of the PZPR responsible for the functioning of propaganda in People’s Poland is a necessary task in order to understand the way power was exercised in a non-democratic state. It was the central apparatus of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) that fully controlled the creation, flow and dissemination of content directed to the mass public using the press, radio and television. The result of the conducted analysis indicates that so far there has been no monograph devoted to this important area of activity of the central authorities of the PZPR in the Polish scholarly output. With the exception of Mieczysław Rakowski’s political biography, the other main coordinators of propaganda policy have not been described to date either. The situation is similar with the approximation of individual central party structures directly responsible for supervisory activities in the area of interest. It must be stressed, however, that there are a number of works on the academic market of a contributory nature relating to both central party structures and the PZPR leaders at their head responsible for overseeing the media and propaganda, in which selected problems have been analysed, usually within a limited period of time.

The present text, part of a broader study of the public discourse around university reform, concerns a group of cognitively understood metaphors, herein referred to as production metaphors. The perspective for their interpretation is determined by the title concept of dehumanisation, which discursively can manifest itself through terms considered synonymous or within an extended description of reality. It is therefore purposeful to identify the constituent features of dehumanisation, which is served, among other things, by Nick Haslam’s psychological conception of its types and components. The presentation of the dehumanisation of the university through the metaphor of production leads to an indication of the areas in which this potential manifests itself, as well as the conceptual relationships between specific manifestations of dehumanisation.

The French model of media and information education is well developed. Its basis is the educational and cultural policy of the government of the French Republic. These activities have the character of centralised and statified activity. However, in order to effectively assess the opportunities and risks associated with their effectiveness, it is necessary to embed the analysis in the concept of media cultures and diversity in the media. In addition, the dynamically changing media world must be taken into account. The foundations of media and information education in France (EMI) are analysed, as well as its elements such as, the actors responsible for this policy, the way it is influenced, the recipients of this policy. The research problem thus defined, analysed on a conceptual basis, has shown that the French model exists efficiently, but needs to be redefined in terms of priorities and audiences. This redefinition of activities is mainly due to the socio-political situation in France, which EMI does not seem to take into account.

The article presents the results of the research on selected linguistic (communicative) structures observed in fake news in Polish. As a result of the analysis of 435 texts deemed false by AFP fact-checkers, semantic and structural elements characteristic of this type of message were reconstructed. The reconstructed elements were subjected to functional analysis in the context of tools of persuasion and manipulation, encoding of emotions, and building credibility through replication of elements and structures of news. Keywords: disinformation, fake news, linguistic structure, news.

The subject of the article is to show the cultural change that has occurred in terms of the created pattern of femininity in the Chanel N° 5 perfume advertisements realized by Baz Luhrmann. The purpose of the research was to trace the mechanisms of evolution of the images represented by Nicole Kidman and Gisele Bündchen, who are the faces of Chanel N° 5, taking into account the aspect of the iconic identity of the brand. Conclusions were formulated in the context of cultural studies.

Communication of the city with various social groups, in the era of free access to the Internet, on the one hand provides almost infinite possibilities for the selection of channels of content distribution and the tools used in them – on the other hand, however, raises a huge challenge in terms of choosing the right ones, adequate to the expectations of the recipient. In my paper, I focused on the city of Kielce’s communication with secondary school students in the city. I analysed how the city reaches out to young people with its cultural, educational, entertainment, sporting etc. offer, I checked what channels it uses to reach young people and whether it speaks Daria Malicka 104 the “language of young people” in its messages. The second part of the paper is the results of a questionnaire survey of young people in Kielce, talking about which tools and channels are used by young people to communicate, whether the Internet is winning in every area with offline communication and what are the expectations of young people regarding effective communication conducted with their social group.

The subject of this article is the profession of a press officer of a sports club, his/her professional duties and interpersonal competences which support communication with the media and fans. The monograph cites the historical context of the emergence of the press officer profession, the typographical hierarchy of press officers. The monograph also distinguishes the scope of duties and relevant interpersonal competences. Supporters of the sports club are also described, as well Dominika Stawicka, Szymon Żyliński 120 as the media – transformations, development of social media, references to television stations cooperating with the organisation. The most important element of this article is the research, which was preceded by the selection of an appropriate methodology and research tools. The aim was to interview ten selected press officers representing football and volleyball clubs and analyse them in detail. Thanks to the research sample we were able to obtain a complete picture of the press officer, his/her duties, and relevant features. The press officer profession in Poland is a discipline which has been developing since the 1970s. of XX century. The importance of this profession has been shown in this work, as well as a view on how their work changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The streaming industry is coming full circle. Compared to its early days focused primarily on access to content via subscription, ad-supported and scheduled content is now becoming more common. This is related to phenomena that are becoming more and more noticeable on the media market: the so-called subscription fatigue, as well as the so-called the great unsubscribe, as well as cord-cutting, which is causing many streaming service providers to see their subscriber numbers decline. Streaming audiences have turned to looking for alternative programming options, such as FAST (free-ad supported-streaming TV). The development of this sector does not currently revolutionize the streaming market, but it creates, on the one hand, new opportunities for content distribution and responds to audience expectations, and on the other hand, it creates additional opportunities for content monetization. The purpose of this article is to illustrate a new trend in the way both content is distributed and created in the streaming services space. For the purposes of this analysis, it was hypothesized that in the streaming industry, ad-supported services and scheduled live programming are gaining in popularity and constitute a significant alternative to existing business models. Therefore, the article is a review and is based on the analysis of available reports, practical studies, as well as expert statements. Moreover, the author’s intention is to indicate the directions and areas of changes that will become part of the Polish media landscape in the near future.

The article is a media studies analysis of the processes and mechanisms of digitization as the main cause of the technological convergence from print to digital, which transformed all media, creating a new architecture of communication. The place of the old corporate media order was taken by a dozen competing concepts forming a fragmented networked media landscape. The research goal of the article is to answer the questions of how this transition from print to digital affects the status of the journalistic profession: first, what is the impact of digital on the information ecosystem and the journalist’s position in it? second, is there a relationship between the medium of press material and its quality? third, has digital acted as a steroid to accelerate the intensity of journalistic activity? These important and complex problems of modern journalism, put in the form of a metaphorical shortcut – “digital steroids” – are the subject of research in this publication.

The article addresses the issue of adapting printed women’s press to new conditions of consumption via social media. The subject of the study was women’s multi-subject periodicals and official Instagram profiles related to them. The aim of the study was to determine: whether in view of the above-mentioned magazines, a multi-platform strategy was used, based on the simultaneous operation of a print magazine and an Instagram profile and, based on the content, what role the account plays in the multi-platform distribution of content. For this purpose, the media content analysis method was used. All posts published on the profiles of 10 multi-subject women’s magazines between January 1 and March 31, 2022 were analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the introduction of a new social distribution channel is not a priority for all discussed sub-segments of women’s press. It was established that the main purpose of the “Świat Kobiety”, “Pani” and “Twój Styl” profiles is to promote other brand channels (the printed issue and the magazine’s website), while the content of the “Glamour”, “Elle”, “Zwierciadło”, “Women’s Health”, “Claudia” and “Olivia” profiles is to contribute to the growth of the account and compete with other Instagram profiles. The article fills the gap related to research on women’s press in the era of platformization of print media. It may be of cognitive value to press experts and new media researchers dealing with the issue of multi-platform strategies.

The article presents lifestyle citizens’ media from Warmia and Mazury included in the project of the Monitoring Center for Online Citizens Journalism in Warmia and Mazury, implemented at the Institute of Journalism and Social Communication at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in the years 2022–2024. The profiles of the creators of these media, the diversity of their topics and the group of recipients are analysed.