In order to implement the provisions of the INSPIRE Directive, it is necessary for the Member States of the European Union to take appropriate measures to enable combining in a uniform manner spatial data deriving from different sources and sharing use of them by many users and many applications. Spatial data regarding underground hard coal mining in Poland should also be available in the national spatial reference system. Mining enterprises run a cartographic resource in the different rectangular flat coordinate systems. The standard transformation procedure does not provide the required accuracy because these are areas affected by mining activity, and the stability of points is limited, hence, studies were undertaken. The result is the development of software that can be used in Geographic Information Systems to transform spatial data from a system used in mine to the national system. The article described shortly a chosen coordinates systems used in Polish underground mines, elaborated procedure for selection of the degree and the type of a transformation polynomial in the transformation task. It presents its practical application of procedure for the area of one of hard coal mines using the author’s software elaborated in the results of above-mentioned research.

The paper refers to one of the mounds in Kraków – the Esterka Mound. This mound was probably the element of a garden established at the palace in the former village of Łobzów (nowadays a part of the city quarter Kraków-Krowodrza). The available so far information on the mound is scattered all over numerous publications, and sometimes contains errors. This also refers to iconographic materials. In this paper the remaining iconographic and cartographic materials referring to this object were collected and put together in a systematic way. The paper also contains bibliographic documentation of the existing graphic materials showing the mound (panoramas, terrain sketches, maps, photographs). The information available in this article can be used in the plans of revitalizing the Esterka Mound and former royal mansion in Łobzów.

Augmented Reality (AR) is one of the modern technologies used for sharing 3D geospatial data. This article presents possible ways of enriching a mobile application containing information about 50 objects located in the city of Bielsko-Biała with an AR functionality. The application was created in two programs: Android Studio and Unity. The application allows to get to know historical objects of the city, encourages to visit them by adding virtual elements observed in the background of a real-time camera image from a mobile device. The article presents the statistics of the application usage and the results of a survey conducted among a group of testers. Feedback from application testers confirms the validity of using AR technology in the application.

The shape of the surface of shell structures, measured by laser scanning, can be modelled using approximating spline functions. Since the 1990s, several modelling techniques have been developed: based on points, meshes, areas outlined on meshes, regions grouping areas with a similar structure. The most effective of them have been used in modern software, but their implementations differ significantly. The most important differences concern the accuracy of modelling, especially places with rapid shape changes, including edges. The differences also affect the mathematical complexity of the created model (the number of unknowns) and the time of its development. These factors contribute to the effectiveness of modelling. Some methods work fully automatically, others allow manual selection of certain parameters, there are also methods that require full manual control. Their selection and application is greatly affected by the user’s intuition and knowledge in the field of creating such surfaces. This study tested the influence of the above factors on the modelling efficiency. A total of six methods of creating spline surfaces were analysed in three software packages of different classes: Geomagic Design X, Solidworks and RhinoResurf. The analyses were carried out on a shell structure of complex shape, consisting of seven patches separated by edges. The created models were assessed in terms of their accuracy of fitting into the point cloud. Additionally, the complexity of the model expressed in the number of control points and the time of its development were determined. The results confirmed the validity of the four methods in terms of model fitting accuracy. The best results were achieved using the semi-automatic method in the most advanced software package and the manual method in the simplest package. This has confirmed the great importance of user experience in terms of theoretical properties of spline functions. However, complexity and development time did not show a direct relationship with the accuracy of the models created.

Among many inland water bodies, a large group includes water bodies formed as an effect of mining activities. Open-cast mining of common minerals, i.e., sand, gravel, loam, basic minerals such as lignite, sulphur and fossil resins of coniferous trees (amber) leaves many excavations, which spontaneously get filled with precipitation waters, black waters (the ones near the surface) and ground waters (deeper underground), often making new and wonderful elements of local landscape. Till the time of political transformations in Poland, due to low awareness of proper reclamation of post-mining areas, few post-mining excavations that spontaneously filled with water were subdued to comprehensive inventory, surveying and geological documentation, which is a necessary condition for their safe use. Examples of such objects are Bagry and Staw Płaszowski in Kraków (mining of loam (clay), sand and gravel), which have undergone full surveying inventory, including bathymetric surveying, only several decades after the end of mining (Gawałkiewicz R., Maciaszek J., 1999; Gawałkiewicz R., 2017; Gawałkiewicz R., 2018a and Gawałkiewicz R., 2018b), despite being the property of the city of Cracow for many years and functioning as sports and recreational, natural (ecological) and economical (fishing facilities) spots. A worth mentioning body of water is the reservoir “Piaseczno” (the commune of Łoniów, the Sandomierz District), now classified as a part of a group of reservoirs with medium retention and has been created after the opencast exploitation of sulphur ended. Despite many years of reclamation measures (shallowing by washing glass sands to the reservoir) and due to the great risk of danger (local landslides, unstable ground in the costal zones, artificially maintained level of the water table) the Łoniów commune did not approve this reservoir to use; and nowadays, the reservoir is not suitable for any form of use. The only function that can be fulfilled is ecological function. In the article the results of the complex geodetic (littoral zone) and hydrographic (body of water) inventory are presented. It was possible owing to the use of the remote-controlled HyDrone produced by Seeflor Systems and equipped with a SonarMite BTX/SPX OHMEX ultrasonic sonar by Lymtech and a GNSS set by Trimble (R8s antenna + TSC3 controller) and biological inventory in the littoral zone. Detailed morphometric parameters of the reservoir were also noted based on the integrated geodetic and bathymetric measurements, which in the future may provide valuable data used in the process of adapting the analyzed area for various socio-economical purposes, while maintaining a high degree of safety of its use.

For many years in Poland, anthropogenic objects constructed underground have been very popular with tourists. In the past they fulfilled various functions (historic mines, underground merchant warehouses, military objects, special objects, caverns and grottoes). Many of them were secured and rebuilt in such a way that a new form was created. They make interesting tourist offers and still more objects can be made available to tourists. An example of strongly modified underground anthropogenic objects of very complex geometry and extremely interesting architectural form is the Underground Tourist Route (Polish: Podziemna Trasa Turystyczna – PTT) in Sandomierz. Owing to much effort and financial means, in 1960s many interesting cellars and merchant warehouses were saved from destruction – and – with the application of mining techniques, they were joint into attractive spatial forms. So far, few publications give the full characteristic and parametric data of this object. Today’s possibilities of available measurement and information technologies allow comprehensive inventory of complicated engineering constructions, as well as the 3D visualization, regarding even tiniest elements of small architecture (doors, lattice, lamps, etc.). The article presents the results of the visualization and parameterization based on the data from integrated surveying (levelling, transects, total stations, laser scanning and other direct measurements).

For several years GIS software users could use for any purpose a dataset being to some extent an alternative to both products offered by commercial providers and official databases. It is OpenStreetMap (OSM for short) – a worldwide spatial dataset, created and edited by interested individuals and available for use by anyone with no limitations. It is built on the basis of data recorded with consumer grade GPS receivers, obtained through vectorization of aerial photographs and from other usable sources, including even sketches made in the field. The collected information is stored in a central database, the content of which is not only presented on the website as a digital map, but also offered for download as vector data. Such data can be used for, among other things, performing various analyses based on road networks, of which the most frequently used is the function of determining the optimal route connecting selected locations. The results of such analyses can only be considered reliable if the data used are of adequate quality. As the OSM database is built by enthusiasts, no plans for its systematic development are formulated and there are no built-in quality control mechanisms. Therefore, the paper proposes methods and tools to verify the usefulness of the data collected so far, as well as to correct detected errors. It focuses on the following categories of geographic data quality: location accuracy, topological consistency and temporal validity. In addition, a problem with determining the length of individual road network segments was noticed, related to data acquisition methods and ways of recording the shape of lines. Therefore, in order to carry out the so-called route calibration, it was suggested to use kilometer and hectometer posts used in transportation networks, the locations of which are successively added to the OSM database.

The astronomical knowledge on the disc has been coded on two planes: horizontal and meridian. The range of sunrise and sunset directions during the year has been described on the horizontal plane. In turn, on the meridian (vertical) plane, the range of changes in the horizontal height and declination of the Sun in the upper culmination during the year and the Moon in its 18.61-year cycle were described. The relationships between the latitude of the place of observation, the horizontal height of the celestial body and its declination were described by means of geometric constructions. The presented article is a continuation of two publications [1] and [2], which describe the decryption of the Nebra disc. These publications were based on the interpretation of the results of angular measurements, made using a protractor with a scale of 0.5 degrees, without the use of a computer. The presented publication is based on a digital disc image obtained by means of its digitization. The obtained data was used for further calculations based on analytical geometry and graphic programs. This allowed to obtain results in a linear measure with a precision of less than 1 mm.

The article presents an example of a transport gallery, which resistance to mining impacts proved to be not enough. In the first part of the article, there are given the principles which should be followed by this type of structures. The second part presents a of the gallery’s structure and also the analysis of the reasons for too low resistance of the objectdescription to mining influences. It has been shown that these reasons are design, execution and exploitation errors. In turn, there are presented procedures which are leading to the assurance of the resistance of the transport gallery in accordance with design assumptions. In summary, conclusions and recommendations which are formulated should be taken into account at the stage of design, erection and during exploitation of transport galleries in the industrial plants localized in mining areas.

The paper analyses the process of post-mining displacements generated by underground mining. Innovative mathematical structures for the modeling of hazard field emission were developed as strong solutions to partial differential equations in R3+1. Moreover, a stochastic equation in L2(Ω) (probabilistic space) was defined and applied as a model that takes into account the randomness of the process. Monitoring of a mining area based on solutions in the GNSS technology and classical geodesy supports the analysis of topological transformations of a given subspace. The data was archived and stored in digital form and then analyzed in many ways. The quality of the representation (measurements and modeling) was estimated with the use of incremental statistics. Thus, obtained distributions of density function are not ranked as normal distribution. The performed analyses make it possible to predict the optimal scenarios for post-mining environmental hazards.