Laser technology is relatively new and is just being developed, nevertheless, it has been widely applied in various areas of geodesy. This article presents a method of use of measurements based on airborne laser scanning to find the range of continuous land deformations (subsidence basin) caused by underground exploitation of coal deposits. A short theoretical introduction on laser scanning is followed by a discussion of data collection and processing of a point cloud. Methods of presentation of results and the possibilities created in effect are shown. The resume discusses pros and cons of airborne laser scanning measurement

During the last several years, the problem of mining damage on the Quang Ninh coalfi eld has become more and more serious. Some methods of prediction theories have been applied including the Budryk-Knothe’s infection function one. This article presents the analysis and comparison of predicted result and monitored subsidence indicators for case study of Thong Nhat underground coal mine (Viet Nam) in the light of S. Knothe time function.

Determination of the accuracy characteristics of geodetic instruments is – according to the law – the duty of geodetic services doing all the surveying. The certificates are given by the authorized units equipped in special comparative bases. The specifics of modern scanning instruments require much research to get full information about real accuracy of instrument. Wide application of refl ectorless measurements in the inventory and monitoring of the natural and anthropogenic objects requires the recognition of accuracy parameters of the defi nite instrument. This refers both to positioning the head based on reference points, but also the components of the situation error of the point in the cloud. An important component included in the situation error of the point the error of the distance measurement in the option of full automation. Automatism and short time of the measurement of the set of point requires specifi c approach to the way of determining the characteristic of telemeter. One can use the existing bases for this purpose. In article the algorithm of the use of existing comparative base of the Geodetic Metrological Laboratory of AGH for the needs of testing refl ectorless telemeters of scanning total stations of laser scanners within the range of the present length of the base in the online mode.

Geodetic surveys, performed serially in the area subject to deformations, allow to determine deformation rates, of which, for most building structures, horizontal strains appear to be the most important ones. There are horizontal tensile and compressive strains. Tensile strains of land cause the greatest damage to residential  buildings, resulting in hairline and larger cracks, or even construction disasters in extreme cases. Depending on the adopted surveying method, it is possible to determine the values of strains more or less accurately. For the strains with small values it is necessary to determine the length directly (from the total station measurement), whereas for the strains with large values it is possible to use the GPS measurement results. The article presents the surveying method and the measurement results of landslide fragments deformation. Geodetic points were stabilized in the form of a control network called a rosette. Measurements of the rosette were performed and, on their basis, horizontal strains were calculated for the directions of the stabilized sides. The further stage included determining surface strain tensor components, from which it is possible to determine the direction and the values of the occurring extreme strain.

The article focuses on selected issues related to creating documentation of cartographic departments of geological surveying of mines. It highlights the problem of creating three-dimensional models from flat digital maps. This article presents a new solution to this problem based on the AutoCAD platform. The visual lisp  environment has enabled to build MapDraw package, which uses non-explicit object attributes so that it has become possible to obtain additional information necessary to carry out the transformation of fl at digital map to a fully qualifi ed three-dimensional model. The base of these solutions is studies on the generalization of mining maps MapDraw environment published in the D. Biegun dissertation. The article presents the methodology of obtaining the required information from the fl at digital map using a group of procedures called ‘Mini GIS’. Step by step we present the method of creating TIN surface obtained from the raw data and a tool for optimizing the resulting surface. Then, the tools available to use the model to create profi les and generate contour formed on the surface are presented. The program enables users to smooth the resulting contours using for this purpose an original algorithm in conjunction with third-degree polynomial approximation. Thanks to  these forms of handling course of generated contour it is very simplistic. Additionally, we present various automatic and manual methods of labeling contours, the use of surface gradient fi ll to improve the eff ect of 3D visualization. The developed methodology to generate contours allowed us to implement in an overlay of MapDraw AutoCAD one of the typical functions for GIS programs without using advanced mechanisms off ered by, for example, AutoCAD Civil. This solution enhances both the comfort, quality and the possibility of obtaining new information from the map resources with minimal eff ort from the user’s side.

At present, the market of geodetic equipment was enriched by the large group of scanning instruments, which are massively used in the process of inventory and monitoring of various engineering constructions. There is more and more interest in this type of technology, because it is limiting the role of users, speeding up the measurement and allows higher amount of data that can be used in the individual stand. In Poland, new geodetic regulations defi ne the conditions of applying this type of measurement sets in basic works of geodetic services. Nowadays, properly processed data can make the element of geodetic resource. It is common to apply laser scanning in inventory for a very large number of objects on the surface and underground. These objects have often a complicated geometry and are difficult to reach, so there are no possibilities to carry out the measurement, according to commonly accepted principles, looking for optimal measurement solutions guaranteeing adequate accuracy. The results of detail tests of geodetic technologies (carried out worldwide by the scientific and research centres), allow the conclusions about the possibility to apply them in a specific field situation or specific geometry of the object. In the article, the usefulness and accuracy of reference signals applied in the transformation of the clouds of reference signals point and the impact of the inaccuracy in recognizing the centre of the signal (as fully automatic process) to the value of the scan rotation and the change of values of the measured length due to the title of twisting the reflecting plane.

This paper researches the real valued random fields, that are homogeneous with respect to time and homogeneous isotropic with respect to spatial variables. An analogue of the Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem for random fields with a bounded spectrum is presented. Models for such random fields by partial sums of series are constructed. Some estimates for the mean square approximation of a random field by its models are obtained. Statistical simulation procedures of realizations of a random field with Gaussian distribution are constructed. The using of these theorems, models and procedures are demonstrated through applications to generate by means of computer adequate realizations of Gaussian random field with some wide-known examples of covariance functions. Spectral analysis of generated noise is considered.

The problem discussed in this article covers the issue of the generation and computational complexity of an arrival time map of emergency vehicles (ambulances). Finding the optimal (fastest) route between two points is a complex and time-consuming task. Moreover, the discussed issues are identical to the problems faced by dispatchers from Malopolska Medical Emergency. Therefore, the aim was to develop algorithms to reduce time calculations, based on the reduction of their number only to the points where ambulances are able to reach within the specifi ed time. There were compared three types of algorithms, taking into account their time and computational complexity. The result of the research was to identify algorithms, which depending on the adopted criteria allow to achieve optimal results.

The current status in geoinformatic services dedicated for sightseeing branch in Poland have been introduced in the article. Data collection and its elaboration are described. Another topic is distribution and promotion of portals themselves and also promoting objects by constant extension of the off er and information sharing. The author also shows the possibility of using the services for tourists by people from tourist industry and scientists. As an example of newest technologies two ideas have been introduced: geoportal (Oil Trail) and virtual museum (Underground City Osówka and Benedictine Monastery in Jarosław). Both have been created by students and their patrons from scientifi c society “KNGK Geoinformatyka”.

Rectification of a structure, it’s a kind of its rotation and off set (translation) in the desired direction to place it in a proper location of space. The rectification method in Poland is proven in over 500 cases and uses several dozen hydraulic jacks placed in recesses of foundation walls in the building. Rectification process is controlled by computer.
The paper presents the rectification process of the church building situated in Mother Eve Street in Miechowice district of Bytom. This structure is made of bricks and partial basement with the layout of two naves. The building church was built in neo-Gothic style in 1896. Underground mining extraction has been carried out nearby the object since the 1930s. The coal seams were extracted directly beneath the structure in the years 2008–2012. The results of the mining operations were damages of the church building such as numerous cracks in walls and in vaults. After mining extraction the building block had been deflected of 30 mm/m. The article presents the measurement method of building defl ection and includes description of caused cracks before and after rectification process. The block of the church building was measured before and after rectification using the laser scanner 3D Trimble TX5. The point cloud was used to create a 3D model of the object as visualization after capturing and processing data. The completed measurement is the example of the usage of laser scanning 3D as a new tool that enables a user to gain the 3D information of an object in the interest.

The paper presents a study referring to the bottom of a water reservoir formed after the exploitation of aggregates and the determination of its best possible direction of reclamation. The surveying reservoir is a part of the aggregate quarry “Brzegi”, located on the border of Cracow and Wieliczka cities in the southern Poland. The owner Kruszywo S.A. is planning to develop this land for a water park that will make this areas available for people, but in harmony with nature as well. The aim of this research study is to analyze whether the water-recreation direction of reclamation is possible. If so, the second aim is to determine which is more practical and economical:

• the water – recreation reclamation in open swimming direction or
• the water – recreation reclamation in fishing direction.

To answer these questions three parameters are analyzed:

• the depth and gradients of underwater slopes near the side of the reservoir,
• the composition of the bottom,
• the vegetation quantity.

To analyze these parameters, special maps were made, such as: a bathymetric map, a composition map and a vegetation map. The depth measurements enable us to obtain gradient of underwater slopes. To determine the composition of the bottom, strength of the back echo-signal was analyzed. The vegetation analysis presents quantity and abundance of plants from bottom to surface. To determine the above-mentioned parameters, a self-constructed measuring device “The Smart SonarBoat” was used, which can be remote-controlled from the bank of the water reservoir. The article describes methods of obtaining geospatial underwater data and possibilities to analyze and interpret them using geoinformatics, statistics and related fields.

The “Wieliczka” Salt Mine has specifi c characteristics, related to the geological structure of the deposit, geomechanical properties of the rock mass, mine operation methods, the impact of the excavations on the surface and on the rock mass and the role of the mine as a cultural monument and tourist attraction. In order for an IT system to manage the mine, the system has to be prepared with consideration of the above-mentioned characteristics, which precludes the implementation of other systems for the Wieliczka mine. The article discusses the methods of creating a part of such a system in the form of a database about the excavations, which may be the basis of the entire system. The database uses the software available at the mine. The article indicates the practical applications of the database in the resolution of engineering and mining issues.

The aim of the article was to present the development of methodology of surveying small water bodies in urban areas. The term “small body of water” is not precisely defined. Most often, it is assumed that the surface of a small water body is up to 1 hectare. In addition to natural hazards, small water bodies in urban areas are subjected to an anthropogenic pressure. In many cases, this pressure leads to a rapid degradation or even a complete liquidation. Urban areas are characterized by a low rate of biodiversity. Therefore, the efforts to preserve the surface of waters are essential for the maintenance of biodiversity and improvement of aesthetic values of the landscape. Surveying of small urban water bodies is extremely important, as it is the first step to take protective measures. The proposed methodology takes into account a number of natural and hydrological parameters as well as potential threats. The methodology was presented in the form of a surveying sheet, including both photographic and cartographic documentation, as well as the descriptive data pertaining to a specific water body and a fragment of its catchment in the immediate vicinity