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Vol. 19 (2020)

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Publication date: 22.10.2020

Licence: CC BY-NC-ND licence icon

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Anna M. Barańska, Konrad Eckes

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 7 - 18

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.001.12822

The objective of this research paper is to establish the relationship between a randomly selected point of the field of play and the target. The analysis has been based on an exemplary pitch and the rules of football. A decision to desist from the field gain and to take a shot must take into account the relationship between the possible angle of dispersion and the angle at which the goal can be seen. The latter one (denoted as γ) has been devoted special attention here. Then, we have paid special attention to the fact that the view of the goal decreases as the player moves away from the longitudinal axis of the pitch. By turning the direction of the goal line b to the direction that is perpendicular to the line of shot, we obtain a decreased projection of the goal t. The indicators such as angle γ, projection t and its quotient version N aptly define various spatial situations that occur in the field of play. However, in order to add better illustration to the assessment, another indicator (V) has been proposed. It treats the changing view of the goal as an “aiming target” observed from varying distances. The comparability of the opportunities has also been demonstrated in the form of circle-shaped isolines, based on the chord of the goal. The performed analyses have legitimised the standard rule and aim of football which involves favourable field gain along the wings and finally crossing the ball into the middle field.

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Anna M. Barańska, Konrad Eckes

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 19 - 29

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.002.12823
The current position of the goalkeeper in football is a function of the course of action and each momentary position of the ball. The goalkeeper monitors the action and the place of a potential shot; however, this shot on goal is a random event. That is why it is so important to take a position in the closest goal area that takes account of the random nature of the ball’s direction.
The basic principle of the strategy is to create equal opportunities for defence on the left and on the right. Using the language of geometry, this position can be placed on the bisector of the angle at which the goal can be seen from the potential shooting position.
At the beginning of this research paper, the advantages associated with the goalkeeper slightly coming off the goal line along this bisector have been presented, as well as certain restrictions related. Further in the article, the task of determining the theoretical curve along which the goalkeeper should move has been undertaken. Geometrically correct, but unfavourable in practical terms, two circles, Cassini oval, a composition of the arcs of two circles and a segment of the straight line as well as the arc of the ellipse have been considered.
In the second part of the paper, the point analysis of the goalkeeper’s position has been changed into real conditions – a defence zone equal to the goalkeeper’s arms’ reach has been taken into account. For these conditions, a curve has been determined, composed of two arcs of the circles and the arc of the ellipse. A detailed analysis has led to the conclusion that the discrepancy between such an arc and a homogeneous arc of the ellipse is practically negligible. Therefore, both arcs: the one composed of parts and the homogeneous one of the ellipse – can be accepted as rational and practically alternative. 
In this research paper, the problem has been analysed from the geometric point of view, taking into consideration a shot on goal that is a random event for the goalkeeper. The proposed theoretical goalkeeper arc ensures an optimal position, taking account of the shots coming from different directions, from the zone close to the penalty area.
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Paweł Sopata

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 31 - 35

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.003.12824
The problem of studying values of horizontal strains occurring over the length of single sides of observation line has been raised in the article. A particular attention has been paid to relevance of this issue in the aspect of assessments made with respect to hazards of mining areas. Lack of knowledge of factually occurring values of horizontal strains in the aspect of commonly determined mean index values (assigned for the entire side length) in case of substantial mutual differences may result in low credibility of prepared assessments. It may also explain arising damages to facilities on lands of thus defined category of a mining area.
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Marek Kruczkowski

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 37 - 48

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.004.12825
The paper is a case study of ground surface subsidence induced by a long-term mining of hard coal. Knothe prediction model is commonly used in Poland as a technique for prediction of the subsidence-related deformation of ground surface. The presented issue is related to assumptions about the value of the theory parameters in long-term forecasts on the impact of mining on the  surface, which are included in the mine development plan. Incorrectly selected values can significantly influence the quality of deformation forecasts.
The calculations presented in the article were made for the area where the exploitation of six coal seams lasted more than thirty years. At the same time, deformations of the surface were observed by means of geodetic measurements. Based on the subsidence curves of the observation line points over time, three periods of rock movement decrease were determined. The range of mining operations was determined for the periods of decreased rock movements. The parameters of Knothe’s model were identified on the basis of geodetic measurements for extracted coal seams. Parametric calculations were made for the increasing range of mining operations and for the ranges of operation between subsequent decreases in the movements of the rock mass. Identification of the parameters of the theory thus made it possible to trace changes in the parameter values for different mining ranges. Significant changes were noted for the parameter describing the dispersion of influence (tanβ), while changes in the coefficient of roof control are not significant and their value becomes stable after some time. As the extent of the mining exploitation was increasing, its influence on both parameters (tangent of angle of major influence – tanβ and coefficient of roof control ‘a’) were evaluated. The changes of tanβ values were found to be significant whereas the changes of the ‘a’ coefficient value are negligible and its value seems to be constant after the initial stage of mining.
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Artur Krawczyk

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 49 - 58

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.005.12826
The article describes changes in the usage of spatial information taking place in the field of environmental engineering and protection over the last 20 years when the analogue maps have been phased out in favour of digital maps. The importance of EU INSPIRE Directive for the popularization of the services for sharing spatial data in order to adopt an environmental policy implemented under the “environmental” EU Directive is discussed.
The article describes the main ways of using spatial information in environmental engineering and protection. Then it discusses the problem of the openness of public administration data in the context of the “Open Data” EU Directive. Based on the four criteria defined by the author, the accessibility of data sets for all 21 subjects of 3rd Annex to the INSPIRE Directive in Poland has been analyzed. The key evaluation parameter has been the accessibility of data downloadable without the requirement to log in to the system of the service provider. The summary presents the research results, and the conclusions contain the proposed methods of solving them.
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Nicholas Batakanwa, Tomasz Lipecki

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 59 - 71

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.006.12827
The article presents the possibilities of using a video camera to create a 3D metric model of engineering objects using Agisoft and CloudCompare software. Traditional photogrammetry technique does not always match up with production urgency needed by the market. Complexity is seen when used in huge objects leading to rise of cost, time and tediousness of the work. The use of Video Camera technique here termed as videogrammetry technique is comparable to taking pictures, however, it allows to speed up the process of obtaining data, which in many cases is a key element in anyb any project or research. The analysis of the quality of 3D modelling of the three filmed objects was performed, which allowed the authors to refine the procedure for acquiring images for spatial analyses. The applied technique of “videogrammetry” is comparable to taking pictures, but allows the data acquisition process to speed up, which in many cases is a key element in field research. 3D objects videos from no-metric camera were processed by Agisoft Metashape. To be able to assess the accuracy of the videogrammetry data, a well-established Laser scanner technique’s data was used for comparison. The laser scanner data were pre-processed in Autodesk Recap. Manual registration was performed utilizing 14 points from the three scans. The two 3D models were exported to CloudCompare software for comparison and further analysis. An analysis of the quality of 3D modelling of the three objects filmed was performed, which allowed refining the procedure for obtaining images for spatial analysis. The article presents the possibilities of using a non-metric mobile phone video camera “videogrammetry” to create a metric 3D model of engineering objects using Agisoft and CloudCompare software.
In CloudCompare a registration, cloud to cloud (C2C) and profile to profile analysis was performed to determine the uncertainty of the 3D model produced from videogrammetry data determined as distance of separation between the two models. Results show average distance of separation between laser scanner and videogrammetry derived 3D model point cloud to be 34cm, the average profile separation was 25 cm in XY plane and 1.9 cm in Z-plane. Using Cloud to Cloud PCV the average difference of 84 cm was determined.
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Władysław Góral

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 73 - 80

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.007.13072
The paper presents the method and results of decoding the content on the Sky Disk of Nebra. It has been shown that the symbols found on it, suggesting the Sun, the Moon and the solar barge are only geometric figures facilitating the recording of astronomical knowledge. The paper first defines a polar system on the horizon plane. This system describes the range of the directions of sunrise and sunset in the annual period and the Moon in the 18.61-year cycle. It turned out that astronomical knowledge was recorded on the surface of the disk on two planes: horizontal and perpendicular one (the meridian plane). With the help of geometric constructions located on the meridian plane, it was possible to decode the range of changes in the altitude (zenith distance) of the Sun in the annual period, at the time of its upper culmination. Also, using two different geometric structures, the range of changes in altitude (zenith distance) of the Moon at the time of its upper culmination in the 18.61-year cycle was decoded
 
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Zbigniew Szczerbowski

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 81 - 93

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.008.13073
The presented work deals with the problem of terrain surface and rock mass deformation in the area of the Bochnia Salt Mine. The deformations are related to natural causes (mainly the tectonic stress of the Carpathian orogen) as well as anthropogenic ones related to the past mining activity conducted directly under the buildings of the town of Bochnia. The discussed characteristics of land surface deformation are important from the point of view of threats to surface features and contribute to spatial development. Particularly anomalous zones of observed subsidence basins are examined as places of second order deformation effects. The author presents a method of determinations of these anomalous areas and he discusses their origins.
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Zbigniew Szczerbowski, Rafał Gawałkiewicz

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 95 - 105

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.009.13074
Area of Inowrocław town is considered as tectonically active due to halotectonic movement of salt dipair situated there. The geodetic surveys carried out for the determination of terrain surface deformations over the years revealed characteristics of the movement. The evaluated vertical displacements based on measurements of benchmarks show different characteristics, depending on distant points assumed as reference benchmarks. This raises problems in analysis, interpretation of the results and decision makings in master planning. The authors demonstrate a method of adjustment calculations that minimize the inconsistencies between previously elaborated heights and inconsistencies of points considered as stabile benchmarks. Thanks to the new approach the point considered as reference were recognized as unstable. And for the others more consistent values of the displacements were obtained: several benchmarks demonstrated higher difference of displacement values in compare to the initial approach in adjustments ranging in the interval of –9 mm – +3 mm.
 
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Rafał Gawałkiewicz

Geoinformatica Polonica, Vol. 19 (2020), 2020, pp. 107 - 129

https://doi.org/10.4467/21995923GP.20.010.13075
Two post-mining excavations (relics of sulphur mining), nowadays filled with water are characteristic elements of the landscape in the Tarnobrzeg Region. They became historic and permanent trace of open-cast mining in Piaseczno (left bank of the Vistula River) in 1958–1971 and Machów (right bank of the Vistula River) in 1970–1992. The process of the reclamation of the excavation in Machów ended successfully and the water body became a popular place of leisure and recreation for the residents of the town and the vicinity. Unfortunately, in case of the excavation in Piaseczno, despite many years of liquidation and reclamation works, regaining utility values and ecological values in these areas has not been accomplished yet. There is still real risk of mass land movements of watered ground in the area above the water table, which limits the possibility of adapting the water body for any other purposes than retention and ecological reclamation. Despite short 13-years’ history of mining sulphur and nearly 10 years of mining the Baranów sands, the Sulphur Mine “Piaseczno” has interesting history, due to the mining activities (stages: exploitation, liquidation and reclamation) and the forces of nature, which make a serious problem in the process of completing the works to bring back the utilitarian values of the areas of already non-existing mining area. 
Based on the analysis and post-processing of the available archival cartographic materials while using information tool (Surfer, AutoCAD), it was possible to make detail parameters of the water body Piaseczno and prove the impact of reclamation works and natural phenomena (mass movements) on the shape of the lake bowl and water scarps of the excavation.
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Słowa kluczowe: football geometry, indicator of opportunity, equal opportunity isolines, analysis of goal defence in a team game, strategic conditions for position selection, optimization of the gate defence place selection, geometrical place of the maximum chance, horizontal strains, surface deformations, buildings hazard, subsidence, deformation prediction, Knothe’s prediction model parameters, coefficient of roof control, INSPIRE, SDI services, environmental data, open data, 3D model, video camera, engineering objects, videogrammetry, Moon, archeoastronomy, Nebra Sky Disk, Sun, neotectonics, salt deposit, salt mining, vertical displacements, Chebyshev polynomials, precise leveling, vertical displacements, data adjustments, apparent displacement method, Sulphur Mine “Piaseczno”, reclamation of post-mining excavations