Effective enforcement of tax liabilities guarantees proper functioning of the state. The key role is played by the administrative enforceable title [Polish: tytuł wykonawczy], issued by the creditor, which constitutes the basis for initiation and implementation of enforcement proceedings. It is an official document constituting evidence of a taxpayer’s failure to meet an obligation in a timely manner, giving an enforcement authority the right to use coercive measures on that taxpayer. The aim of the article is to present the enforceable title, as a necessary basis for the administrative enforcement of tax claims to condition its compliance with the law regulations and attempt to answer the question: does the legal enforceable title in current law regulations guarantees the creditor realization of the public interest and the taxpayer the right to legal procedures for enforcement? Primarily, legal and comparative method based on the condition and operation of the law in force is used in the article.

The article presents the most important legal regulations addressing taxation of the prospecting, exploration and extraction of shale gas on polish territory, discussing the types of taxes applicable to enterprises engaged in this type of activity: the hydrocarbon tax, the tax on the extraction of some minerals, income tax, environmental usage fee, and property tax. The research issue is an important one when considering how the taxes assessed on entities conducting activity that consists in the prospecting, exploration and extraction of shale gas is one of the factors determining the profitability of such activity in Poland.

The aim of this article is to reflect upon the selected problems of the phenomenon of minimizing the tax burdens. It analyses the nature of the phenomenon, its causes and consequences.

Taxpayers increasingly more often undertake actions aimed at minimizing or even eliminating tax burdens. At the same time, it is expected that as a result of the dissemination of knowledge about the techniques of minimizing the tax burdens, the availability of professional advisory in this aspect, the phenomenon will become even more common than it is now. It bears serious consequences in the form of subsequent lowering of public income. It is therefore necessary to pay attention to this problem and to take thoughtful actions in order to limit this phenomenon.

The aim of this article is to highlight that the actual role of the administrative courts in tax matters is not only applying law, in the classical meaning, but also making law. In fact, those two terms: making law and applying law are difficult to distinguish. The question is, to what extent the administrative courts should participate in law making. The fact is, that in numerous cases judgements protect taxpayers from negative effects of tax regulations.

Due to financial crisis many entrepreneurs suffered heavy losses on derivatives, mainly currency options and forward contracts. Tax authorities tend to disallow deduction of those losses from the taxable income. Many cases ended up in administrative courts, resulting in judicature controversies on the issue in question. This paper is the third of four in a cycle. The aim of the whole cycle will be to analyze deeply these controversies and suggest the proper interpretation of the legal provisions, determining whether the expenses on currency options and forward contracts should or should not be regarded as tax-deductible expenses. The aim of this paper is to determine if the rights from the derivatives are being exercised or waived (as the law provides) in case of their early closeout (which allows the deduction as well). The conducted analysis suggests that early derivative closeout realises in exercising the rights from the derivative (as the law provides) which allows the deduction.

This article contains general characteristics of both the standstill clause, in particular its objectives and functions regarding tax law, as well as a description of the mechanism of its application. At the end, the article contains proposals for both the direct subject of this work and the impact of the case law of the ECJ on the interpretation and application of the EU law and national legislation which implements this law. As stated in the article, proper application of the standstill clause should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the EU law, national provisions and case law of the ECJ. In the article, in order to ensure the transparency of the process, a test has been proposed the results of which should indicate whether the national provisions constitute the so-called permitted derogation. Current rules relating to Polish tax on civil law transactions are partially incompatible with EU rules - they do not constitute a permitted derogation and should not be used.