* Przygotowanie do wydania elektronicznego finansowane w ramach umowy 637/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

This paper describes the provision of long-term care across Europe based on data gathered in a desk research. The aim is: (1) to identify indicators of long-term care provision; and (2) to compare the provision of formal and informal care across the European countries. For this purpose, a narrative literature review was carried out to identify relevant indicators. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was performed to analyse the indicator-related data. The results suggested that there are important differences in the long-term care provision in Europe. Long-term care is provided both at public and private institutions. The entitlement criteria vary among countries. In general, Western and Northern European countries have more generous provision of residential care compared to Eastern and Southern European countries. At the same time, informal care has different roles and it is extremely important in Eastern and Southern European countries. Among all countries, more than half have quality assurance regulations for residential care. However, most of the Southern and Eastern European countries lack information about the quality assurance regulations. In order to monitor the long-term care provision, it is recommended that European countries establish a reporting system to provide annual data. These annual data should be based on identical measurement mechanisms and standardised reporting structure to allow for comparison and improvements of long-term care systems.

* Przygotowanie do wydania elektronicznego finansowane w ramach umowy 637/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

Despite the growing interest in the sustainability of long-term care (LTC) systems, only a few studies have investigated the differences in the LTC financing across European countries. The objective of this paper is to describe the financing of LTC in Europe. For this purpose, we use indicators on LTC financing taken from international databases and reports. Desk research was carried out to identify relevant indicators. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify typologies in LTC financing across the EU/EEA countries based on seven indicators selected. We found large differences in LTC financing across the EU/EEA countries in terms of total expenditure, the division of expenditure between the social and health care system, and in the role of in-kind and cash benefits. Four main financial models across the EU/EEA countries could be distinguished. Further, we identified some shortages in data reporting on the financing of LTC services. Some limitations and contradictions related to the indicators of LTC financing are highlighted. In particular, we stress the need for more comprehensive data to enable further cross-country comparisons and to provide valid input for policy.

* Przygotowanie do wydania elektronicznego finansowane w ramach umowy 637/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

The provision of good quality long-term care to citizens represents a challenge for many European countries due to tight public budgets and ongoing societal transitions. To gain insights on the future of long-term care in Europe, an explorative study was conducted consisting of a review of policy reports and qualitative study among country experts from Albania, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. For the purpose of the analysis, a conceptual framework was developed. Based on this framework, the method of qualitative directed content analysis was applied to extract and analyze information from the reports and study transcripts. The results suggest four key directions for long-term care development: a) integration, coordination and cooperation across structures and actors for better service quality; b) increased scope and scale of formal service provision; c) improved workforce planning and capacity building; d) use of e-health and information technologies. The exact direction is however dependent on the country-specific guiding principles, governance capacity and funding constraints. To adequately respond to current challenges, policy-makers need to acknowledge the interconnectedness of long-term care issues and approach them from a more holistic perspective.

* Przygotowanie do wydania elektronicznego finansowane w ramach umowy 637/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

The aim of this paper was to summarize the current knowledge about the end-of-life (EOL) communication between the physician and the relative of dying nursing home (NH) residents. A review of literature showed that relatives of dying residents reported low satisfaction with quality of communication with a physician. The relatives complained they were not informed about the residents’ condition, did not understand the information provided by the physician and did not participate in the discussion about the residents’ wishes concerning medical treatment. In conclusion, (1) the concept of quality of EOL communication between the physician and the relatives of the dying NH residents still has no well-grounded foundation, (2) the number of tools for evaluation of EOL communication in the NH is limited, (3) physician-family communication is one of the most important aspects of care at the EOL, (4) many factors may influence it, but one of the most important is the availability of a physician in the NHs.

* Przygotowanie do wydania elektronicznego finansowane w ramach umowy 637/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

Population ageing has been affecting all countries across the European Union (EU). To address the challenges resulting from this process, a healthy ageing strategy has been proposed. Healthy ageing aims at keeping older people in good health and independent as long as possible, and thus, improves their wellbeing. The aim of this paper is to present the EU healthy ageing policy, based on a review of EU documents related to this concept. A method of narrative literature review using a snowball approach has been applied.

The results of the review show that healthy ageing is a broad concept which covers various issues, such as promoting health enhancing behaviour, disease prevention, changing the social perception of older people and providing conditions for the independent living of older people. Healthy ageing has often been dominated by active ageing strategies which are focused on increasing older people’s labour market participation and social involvement. The EU actions in the area of healthy ageing include: increasing awareness and encouraging relevant stakeholders to undertake actions to address the needs of older people (e.g. the 2012 European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations), providing funds (e.g. Health Programmes) and providing platforms for cooperation and exchange of good practices (e.g. the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing). 

* Przygotowanie do wydania elektronicznego finansowane w ramach umowy 637/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.