The aim of the research was to assess the relationship between self-efficacy, life satisfaction and the occurrence of orthorexia nervosa in the group of medical students. The survey was conducted in 2021 among 304 students of medical faculties. A diagnostic survey method using standardised questionnaires – ORTO-15, SWLS and GSES – was chosen. The performed statistical analysis showed a strong positive correlation between life satisfaction and self-efficacy. The risk of orthorexic behaviour was related to the BMI level, the field of studies and the region where the students studied. Students with an abnormal BMI are more prone to the orthorexia disorder compared to students with a normal BMI. The highest risk of developing orthorexia was presented by students of dentistry and physiotherapy from the Lower Silesia region while the lowest risk of orthorexic behaviour was presented by students of public health from the Silesian region.

The author analyzes relation between the expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) and the issue of values. In particular, he points out the difficulties associated with “agreeing on values” in an algorithm vs during a human interaction. The article highlights the obstacles of taking human values into account while designing complex algorithms, which result from the fact that the preferred values are inconsistent, contextual and therefore variable. The values depend on cultural conditions and individual differences as well. In addition, the sentimental values are also difficult to predict and take into account. All this makes it almost impossible to unambiguously define the values to be respected by the algorithm. Currently, an attempt is being made to include “emotional computing” into a design of artificial systems, which, according to many researchers, may turn out to be a breakthrough in the development of AI. There are already advanced attempts being made to model one of the aspects of emotional intelligence, which is to recognise other people’s emotional states based on the analysis of their facial expressions. According to the author, developments in the field of artificial emotional intelligence should rather worry than satisfy the users of the internet. They will contribute to greater control exercised by the institutions that use them, and consequently to further limitation of personal freedom of the individual users. The author suggests that the expansion of digital technology (contrary to the initial hopes) contributes to increased centralization of power and socio-economic inequalities. In the words of Norbert Wiener (1950), the development of digital technology contributes to “the human use of human beings”.

The author analyzes relation between the expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) and the issue of values. In particular, he points out the difficulties associated with “agreeing on values” in an algorithm vs during a human interaction. The article highlights the obstacles of taking human values into account while designing complex algorithms, which result from the fact that the preferred values are inconsistent, contextual and therefore variable. The values depend on cultural conditions and individual differences as well. In addition, the sentimental values are also difficult to predict and take into account. All this makes it almost impossible to unambiguously define the values to be respected by the algorithm. Currently, an attempt is being made to include “emotional computing” into a design of artificial systems, which, according to many researchers, may turn out to be a breakthrough in the development of AI. There are already advanced attempts being made to model one of the aspects of emotional intelligence, which is to recognise other people’s emotional states based on the analysis of their facial expressions. According to the author, developments in the field of artificial emotional intelligence should rather worry than satisfy the users of the internet. They will contribute to greater control exercised by the institutions that use them, and consequently to further limitation of personal freedom of the individual users. The author suggests that the expansion of digital technology (contrary to the initial hopes) contributes to increased centralization of power and socio-economic inequalities. In the words of Norbert Wiener (1950), the development of digital technology contributes to “the human use of human beings”.

The notion of medical error hasn’t been defined clearly enough in legal terms. Numerous authors have presented various definitions of a medical error – the essence of the concept and the common element of the definitions is the action of a healthcare worker that is incompatible with the requirements of current medical knowledge. Unfortunately, the phenomenon of medical error is becoming more and more common. A large percentage of patients declare that they have been harmed by a medical error and there is an upward trend in the number of medical malpractice cases investigated by the prosecutor’s office. There are different types of medical error, which can be classified as follows: diagnostic, therapeutic, technical, prognostic, organizational and informational error. A healthcare worker is subject to criminal, civil and professional liability for committing a medical error. According to the criminal law, a medical error is usually a criminal offence of failure to act, because the healthcare worker is liable for patient’s health and life. A healthcare worker may be convicted by criminal court after fulfilling the characteristics of one of the prohibited acts specified by the penal code.

The professional secrecy of a doctor and a physiotherapist is a guaranteed confidentiality in the relationship with the patient. After the patient’s death, professional secrecy is a proof of respect for their privacy. Professional secrecy is regulated by the Act on Patient Rights as well as legal acts regarding the relevant medical professions, and supervised by the Patient’s Rights Ombudsman. After the patient’s death, close relatives become the holders of his medical information. A relative has the right to release a healthcare worker from the professional secrecy and define the exact scope of its disclosure. A dispute occurs when close relatives disagree or their opinion differs from that of the patient. In such a case, disputes are resolved by a civil court.

The vast majority of Poles have modern smartphones or smartwatches. These devices are equipped with a number of sensors that can provide a lot of information interesting from a biomedical point of view. According to the concept of Marc Lalond, the most important factor affecting human health is their lifestyle. The purpose of this article is to present widely available and easy-to-use mobile tools that can be utilised to monitor health and the level of physical activity. Dedicated applications tracking physical activity, diet and the calorie intake, sleep patterns or helping to control or stop using stimulants should be an important element of health promotion. The authors postulate the deliberate use of devices owned by majority of the society to improve habits, the general condition of the body and their self-awareness.

For centuries, there has been a belief that mourning occurs only after the death of a person close to us. This traditional mourning perception was expanded by S. Freud in the first half of the 20th century. According to him, the mourning may also be vested upon us when we irretrievably lose some important objects of attachment of our selves. This can be either another person or personal properties, capabilities, ideals, values, dreams, physical appearance, work, homeland, health, interpersonal relationships, etc. This kind of mourning frequently induces deep mental trauma and pushes a person to the brink of existential abyss. Culture provides support for those who are orphaned in struggling with it. Philosophical or religious systems of reference are of significant importance in this case. Many valuable guidelines can be found in the philosophy of dialogue by Martin Buber, which was inspired by the Hassidic wisdom. The result of these thoughts can lead to the conclusion that mourning may be converted into a possibility of human self-development and its ontic growth.