Introduction.The causes of malignant neoplasms occurring in both children and adolescents remain unknown, but epidemiological and genetic studies have partially elucidated the origin of these tumors. Brain tumors are most common in children under 5 years of age. Mostly adolescents aged 10-14 years develop lymphomas and bone tumors.

Objective. The aim of the article is to discuss the incidence of selected neoplastic diseases in children and adolescents from the Silesian Voivodeship in 2010-2019. The article includes: lymphocytic leukemia (C 91), myeloid leukemia (C 92), cancer of the brain and central nervous system (D 43) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (C82-85).

Materials and methdos.In March 2022, data on the incidence (absolute numbers) of selected neoplastic diseases among children and adolescents from 0 to 19 years of age (divided into age groups: under 1, 1 to 4, 5 to 14 and 15 to 19) life) from the Silesian Voivodeship.Then, appropriate tables illustrating the incidence of the diseases in question were drawn up.

Results.In the age group between 5 and 14 years of age, the incidence of lymphocytic leukemia increased between 2010 and 2013 and amounted to 30 in 2010 and 39 in 2013, respectively. tumors of the brain and central nervous system in 2011, in the years 2012-2014 the incidence was 7 cases per year, and from 2015 to 2019 the nature of the incidence increased and amounted to 8 in 2015 and 19 in 2019, respectively.

Conclusions.One of the reasons adversely affecting the diagnostic and therapeutic process is the rarity of these diseases in the pediatric population, which makes it difficult for GPs to acquire their own professional experience in a short time. The second diagnostic difficulty is the different histological structure of tumors in children and adolescents.

First, the author cites several definitions of wilful ignorance and analyzes the concept in relation to related terms such as “voluntary blindness”, “information avoidance” and “negative knowledge”. Then he presents the six groups of motives distinguished by Engel and Hartwig, provoking the occurrence of the phenomenon of deliberate ignorance. The author proposes to reduce this division to three more general motives, i.e. emotional, pragmatic and moral category, and characterizes their specificity. Referring to psychoanalytic tradition and the role attributed by the modern experimental psychology to unconscious processes, he notes that not every type of motivated ignorance is preceded by a “deliberate”, conscious decision. Many manifestations of ignorance are spontaneous (but not accidental) products of the activity of unconscious processes. More or less “deliberate” ignorance is a frequent reason for potential patients to avoid or delay medical examination. The practical problem is how to counteract this unfavorable tendency.

First, the author cites several of wilful ignorance and analyzes the concept in relation to related terms such as “voluntary blindness”, “information avoidance” and “negative knowledge”. Then he presents the six groups of motives distinguished by Engel and Hartwig, which may lead to the phenomenon of deliberate ignorance. The author proposes to reduce The author proposes to reduce this taxonomy to three more general motives, i.e. emotional, pragmatic and moral category, and characterizes their specificity. Referring to psychoanalytic tradition and the role attributed by the modern experimental psychology to unconscious processes, he notes that not every type of motivated ignorance is preceded by a “deliberate”, conscious decision. Many manifestations of ignorance are spontaneous (but not accidental) products of the activity of unconscious processes. More or less “deliberate” ignorance is a frequent reason for potential patients to avoid or delay medical examination. The practical problem is how to counteract this unfavorable tendency.

Human health and life are the most important values, which is why all means are used to protect them. In certain situations, in the case of mentally ill people, the protection of these legal interests is in direct conflict with the protection of the constitutional right to freedom. The Act of 19 August 1994 on the protection of mental health provides for the possibility of using coercion against people with mental disorders who, due to their illness, pose a threat to their own life or other persons’ health or life or significantly paralyze the work of a medical unit. In some cases, it is also possible to admit and treat a mentally ill person in a psychiatric hospital without their consent, if there is a legal basis for such action.

The article presents current legal regulations in Poland that define the conditions for monitoring by medical care providers. The issue is presented both from the legal perspective and from the perspective of health care management, while referring to author’s own observations, resulting from his scientific work and professional experience. On this basis, an attempt was made to formulate the legal and practical implications of the issue of the legal use of monitoring when providing health services to patients.

Modern pharmacology is used not only in therapy, but also in many areas of everyday life, such as sports or science. Just as doping agents increase efficiency and strength, nootropic drugs affect the ability to concentrate and memorize, and therefore enjoy growing interest of the academic community. Most commonly used are stimulants, including amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, caffeine and nicotine. Many substances commonly considered to be so-called smart drugs improve cognitive abilities, but their pro-health value is questionable. The aim of the study is to analyze various aspects of the phenomenon of using stimulants by students during studying, i.e. mechanisms of action and effectiveness, side effects and users’ awareness of the potential threats.

Professional burnout is a common problem occurring among employees whose job is related to other people, and additionally involves providing them with assistance. Therefore, one of such risk groups is the medical personnel, especially nurses and midwives. Scientific research shows that various factors have a different effect on the occurrence of professional burnout. The aim of the study was to review Polish and foreign scientific literature on the syndrome of professional burnout among nurses and midwives. On the basis of the literature review, it has been shown that the occurrence of professional burnout depends not only on education, seniority and salary, but also on human interactions at the workplace, level of social competence, and methods of coping with stress. It would not be possible to identify these factors if it wasn’t for the use of research tools in form of various types of questionnaires, e.g. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). It is extremely important to undertake preventive and prophylactic activities to protect the medical personnel against this phenomenon.

Learning how to perform an examination of a patient, we have to collect an anamnesis according to the principles of propaedeutics (main ailments, previous course of the disease and ailments from other organs). Next the researcher has to perform a visual examination of the patient and furthermore palpation, percussion, speculum, etc. These examinations have the fundamental value of an objective examination. Then we may perform additional tests (e.g. imaging, enzymatic tests and others). Therefore, in a narrative form, I would try to remind readers of the importance of attentive and thorough examination of the patients.