FAQ

(Non)responsibility for Refugees – Communicating about the Belarusian-Polish Border (2021–2023)

Data publikacji: 02.2024

Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 2023 (XLIX), Nr 3 (189), s. 101 - 119

https://doi.org/10.4467/25444972SMPP.23.031.19146

Autorzy

Lidia Zessin-Jurek
Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Masarykův ústav a archiv Akademie věd České republiky) (Praga, Czechy)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-7340 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

(Non)responsibility for Refugees – Communicating about the Belarusian-Polish Border (2021–2023)

Abstrakt

Given that two dramatically different refugee regimens have developed along Poland’s eastern border, this essay explores the social conditions and discourses that facilitate such a radically different treatment of people. The Polish state’s violation of human rights on the Belarusian section of the border and the celebration of these rights on its Ukrainian section have become part of media spectacles. This text analyses both the technical and content-related issues of communication about migrants and refugees from the Global South. It includes typologies of attributional biases in the media towards people on the move, discusses their functions and the ways towards a normalisation of violence. The final section historicises the current negative responses to refugees and sets them in the wider context of the uneasy obligations imposed on the “West” by its professed values. In doing so, this essay touches upon questions not only of a sense of social responsibility, but also of actual responsibility for the people who have died in Polish forests and rivers.

Bibliografia

Adam J., Hess S. (2023). Fortified Nationalism. Racializing Infrastructures and the Authoritarian Transformation of the Body Politic. A Field Trip to the Bifurcated Polish/EU Border Regime, “Movements. Journal for Critical Migration and Border Regime Studies“, Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 65–91.

Agamben G. (2005). State of Exception. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Assmann A. (2020). Die Wiedererfindung der Nation. Warum wir sie fürchten und warum wir sie brauchen. C. H. Beck: München.

Balogun B. (2024). Race and the Colour-Line The Boundaries of Europeanness in Poland. Abing­don, Oxon: Routledge.

Bauman Z. (1989). Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity.

Bereś W. (2021). Statek głupców. Biedni Polacy patrzą na Usnarz. Warsaw: Austeria.

Bissell K., Parrott S. (2013). Prejudice: The Role of the Media in the Development of Social Bias, Journalism & Communication Monographs, 15(4), 219–270.

Bodnar A., Grzelak A. (2023). The Polish–Belarusian Border Crisis and the (Lack of) European Union Response. Bialystok Legal Studies. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 28(1), 57–86, DOI: 10.15290/bsp.2023.28.01.04.

Brown W. (2010). Walled States, Waning Sovereignty. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bulska D., Winiewski M. (2023). Media publiczne powinny... Treści nienawistne na antenie telewizji publicznej. Raport z monitoringu mediów publicznych w trakcie kampanii parlamentarnej w 2023 r., Otwarta Rzeczpospolita, https://www.otwarta.org/monitoring-tresci-nienawist­nych-w-tvp-15-08-04-09-2023/ (accessed 14.11.2023).

Campbell T. C. (2011). Improper Life: Technology and Biopolitics from Heidegger to Agamben. University of Minnesota Press.

Caron V. (1999). Uneasy Asylum France and the Jewish Refugee Crisis, 1933–1942. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Citton Y. (2016). The Ecology of Attention. Cambridge: Polity.

Cook L. J. (forthcoming). Political Drivers of Welfare Nationalism.

De Genova N. (2013). Spectacles of migrant ‘illegality’: the scene of exclusion, the obscene of in­clusion, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(7), 1180–1198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.783710.

Ekman, M. (2019). Anti-immigration and racist discourse in social media, European Journal of Communication, 34(6), 606–618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119886151.

Galtung J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research, Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191.

Gezer G. (2022). Europe: The Continent of Differing Values – Syria vs. Ukraine. Harmoon Center for Contemporary Studies, https://www.harmoon.org/en/reports/europe-the-continent-of-differing-values/ (accessed October 14, 2023).

Goldberg D. T. (2002). The Racial State. Oxford: Blackwell.

Greenhill K. (2010). Weapons of Mass Migration: Forced Displacement, Coercion, and Foreign Policy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Gross D. A. (2015). The U.S. Government Turned Away Thousands of Jewish Refugees, Fearing That They Were Nazi Spies, Smithsonian Magazine, November 18.

Gross J. T. (2015). Obecny stosunek Polaków do uchodźców ma związek z ich udziałem w Holo­kauście, Polityka, September 22.

Horolets A., Mica A., Pawlak M., Kubicki P. (2020). Ignorance as an Outcome of Categoriza­tions: The “Refugees” in the Polish Academic Discourse before and after the 2015 Refugee Crisis. East European Politics and Societies, 34(3), 730–751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325419891204.

Jas-Koziarkiewicz, M. (2023). The image of migrants during the migrant crisis on the Polish- Belarusian border in 2021 and 2022 in TVP’s news service “Wiadomosci”, Political Science Studies, 68, 341–361.

Jaworsky B. N., Rétiová A., Binder W. (2022). ‘What do we see when we look at people on the move’? A visual intervention into civil sphere and symbolic boundary theory, Visual Studies, 38(5), 791–802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2022.2145990.

Kraut A. M., Breitman R., Imhoof W. (1984). The State Department, the Labor Department, and German Jewish Immigration, 1930–1940, Journal of American Ethnic History, 3(2), 5–38.

Krastev I. (2020), Is It Tomorrow Yet? Paradoxes of the Pandemic. London: Penguin Books.Lidia Zesin -Jure k (Non)responsibility for Refugees – Communicating about the Belarusian-Polish Border (2021–2023).

Kühne T. (2013). Colonialism and the Holocaust: Continuities, Causations, and Complexities, Journal of Genocide Research, 15, 339–62.

Levy D., Sznaider N. (2010). Human Rights and Memory. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Lippert R. (1999). Governing Refugees: The Relevance of Governmentality to Understanding the International Refugee Regime, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 24(3), 295–328.

Lowe K. (2013). Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II. New York: Picador.

MacMaster N. (2017). Racism in Europe 1870–2000. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Merton R. K. (1948). The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193–210.

Moses D. (2021). The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgres­sion. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 2021.

Pallister-Wilkins P. (2023). Humanitarian Borders: Unequal Mobility and Saving Lives. London: Verso Books.

Paynter E. (2022). Border Crises and Migrant Deservingness: How the Refugee/Economic Migrant Binary Racializes Asylum and Affects Migrants’ Navigation of Reception, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 20(2), 293–306.

Proctor R. N. (2008). Agnotology: a Missing Term to Describe the Cultural Production of Ignorance, in: R. N. Proctor, L. Schiebinger (eds.), Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Reynolds S. J. (2008). Moral attentiveness: Who pays attention to the moral aspects of life?, Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1027–1041.

Rodenhäuser T. (2018). The principle of non-refoulement in the migration context: 5 key points, Humanitarian Law & Policy, March 30 https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2018/03/30/principle-of-non-refoulement-migration-context-5-key-points/ (accessed October 15, 2023).

Rothberg M. (2020). The Implicated Subject: Beyond Victims and Perpetrators. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Saddiki S. (2017). World of Walls. The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.

Squire V. (2020). Europe’s Migration Crisis: Border Deaths and Human Dignity. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press.

Szczepanik M. (2018). Border Politics and Practices of Resistance on the Eastern Side of ‘Fortress Europe’: The Case of Chechen Asylum Seekers at the Belarusian–Polish Border, Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 7(2), 69–89.

Tomczak M. (2023). Rodziny z dziećmi, wykształcona Afganka, ciężarna kobieta – osoby takie, jak w filmie Holland, są na granicy wyjątkami, Gazeta Wyborcza 17 November 2023 (Accessed 22.01.2024).

Tsoneva J., Stoyanova V. (2023). Europe, Islam and the Roma: Liberalism and the manufacture of cultural difference, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 26(2), 269–285, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494221120680.

Walzer M. (1978). Just and Unjust Wars. London: Allen Lane.

Wyman D. S. (1968). Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941. Amherst: Uni­versity of Massachusetts Press.

Yazbek S. (2016). The Crossing: My Journey to the Shattered Heart of Syria. London: Rider Books.

Young I. M. (1989). Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship, Ethics, 99(2), 250–274.

Zaremba M. (2022). Entangled in Fear: Everyday terror in Poland, 1944–1947. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Zessin-Jurek L. (2021). Trapped in No Man’s Land: Comparing Refugee Crises in the Past and Present, Cultures of History Forum, December 21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.25626/0134.

Zessin-Jurek L. (2022). Real refugees, fake refugees, Eurozine, March 22.

Zessin-Jurek L. (2023). A History that Connects and Divides: Ukrainian Refugees and Poland in the Face of Russia’s War, Cultures of History Forum, April 20, DOI: https://doi.org/10.25626/0145.

Zessin-Jurek L., Friedla K. (forthcoming) Polish Elderly Jews and Holocaust Survival in the Soviet Union.

Zimmerer J. (2004). Colonialism and the Holocaust: towards an archaeology of genocide, in A. Dirk Moses (ed.), Genocide and settler society. New York: Berghahn Books, 49–76.

Zogata-Kusz A., Öbrink Hobzová M., Cekiera R. (2023). Deserving of Assistance: The Social Con­struction of Ukrainian Refugees, Ethnopolitics, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2023.2286779.

Zubrzycki G. (2022). Resurrecting the Jew. Nationalism, Philosemitism, and Poland’s Jewish Revival. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Informacje

Informacje: Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 2023 (XLIX), Nr 3 (189), s. 101 - 119

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

(Non)responsibility for Refugees – Communicating about the Belarusian-Polish Border (2021–2023)

Angielski:

(Non)responsibility for Refugees – Communicating about the Belarusian-Polish Border (2021–2023)

Autorzy

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-7340

Lidia Zessin-Jurek
Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Masarykův ústav a archiv Akademie věd České republiky) (Praga, Czechy)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-7340 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Masarykův ústav a archiv Akademie věd České republiky) (Praga, Czechy)

Publikacja: 02.2024

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Lidia Zessin-Jurek (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski