Słowa kluczowe: tokens, Polish Jewry, material culture, anthropology of Jews, media of exchange, Tsedaka (charity), Shechita (ritual slaughter), Hassidm, Mithnagdim, Kabbalah, Vilna Gaon, Halakhah, Eastern European Jewry, equal rights, liberal reform, regional laws, status of Jewish community, Jewish community statute, law of 21 March 1890, anti-Semitism, assimilation, the image of the Jew, Natanson family, Jan Jeleński, Rola, Jewish art, art in Łódź, Adolf Zeligson, Silberstein, Poznanski, Jewish patronage, aid for children, charity, Jews, L’viv, philanthropic associations, poor students, Germany, Weimar Republic, Eastern European Jews, Ostjuden, anti-Semitism, discourse analysis, Holocaust survivors, post-war Poland, returns, Kraków, Łódź [Lodz], literary personal accounts, Jewish property, housing policy, neighbours, return to Poland, Polish Jews, Israel, immigrants, immigration wave, Yiddish literature, Communism, postwar Poland, the Holocaust, ‘new Jewish man’, Socialist Realism, Judaica, Montesquieu, orphan works, Jagiellonian University, Elephantine papyri, Francesco Petrarch’s Cracow Aramaic Codex, Ger in the Old Testament, Hebrew-Polish dictionary, Kh.Q. 2416 and 2417, Matthew 16.19, John 10.1–21, Qumran paleography, Thanksgiving Hymns from Qumran., anti-Semitism, Heidegger, 20th century philosophy, Nazism, intellectual life