FAQ

The European Union’s Approach to Trade Restrictions on Cultural Property: A Trendsetter for the Protection of Cultural Property in Other Regions?

Data publikacji: 17.02.2017

Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2016, 2/2016 (2), s. 211 - 236

https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSR.16.028.6136

Autorzy

Richard Mackenzie-Gray Scott
British Institute of International and Comparative Law Charles Clore House 17 Russell Square London WC1B 5JP, United Kingdom
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

The European Union’s Approach to Trade Restrictions on Cultural Property: A Trendsetter for the Protection of Cultural Property in Other Regions?

Abstrakt

The protection of cultural property from illegal trade practices is an ongoing issue faced by the international community. In an attempt to combat the various problems at the local, domestic, regional and international levels, various organisation have taken steps to curb the illicit trade in cultural property through the implementation of trade restrictions. This article will assess the developments and shortcomings in this area, focusing on the legal frameworks part of the European Union, the Organization of American States and the African Union. The article provides a concise overview of the key initiatives in this area undertaken by these regional organisations and the broader international community, before concluding that the way forward in combating the illegal trade of cultural property is to learn from – and enhance – the methods employed by each respective organisation.

Bibliografia

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 27 June 1981, 1520 UNTS 217.
Åhren M., Indigenous Peoples’ Status in the International Legal System, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2016.
Akinade O.A., Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property in Nigeria: Aftermaths and Antidotes, “African Study Monographs” 1999, Vol. 20.
Amineddoleh L.A., Cultural Heritage Vandalism and Looting: The Role of Terrorist Organizations, Public Institutions and Private Collectors, “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” 2015, Vol. 2.
Antiquities Law passed under Decree, Law No. 222 of 26 October 1963, http://portal.
unesco.org/culture/fr/files/30606/11438206173Antiquities_Law.pdf/Antiquities%-2BLaw.pdf [accessed: 28.11.2016].
Baker A., Anjar M., Syria’s Looted Past: How Ancient Artifacts Are Being Traded for Guns, “Time Magazine”, 12 September 2012, http://world.time.com/2012/09/12/syrias-looted-past-how-ancient-artifacts-are-being-traded-for-guns/#ixzz26ujLHJ8C [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Baldwin C., Morel C., Using the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Litigation, in: S. Allen, A. Xanthaki (eds.), Reflections on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Hart, Oxford 2011.
Beqiraj J., Indigenous Peoples’ Cultural Identity under EU Law and the ECHR: A Non-trade Interest or a Human Right?, in: F. Ippolito, S.I. Sanchez (eds.), Protecting Vulnerable Groups: The European Human Rights Framework, Hart, Oxford 2015.
Blake J., International Cultural Heritage Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015.
Borchardt K.-D., The ABC of European Union Law, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2010, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/15102015eu_law.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Borgestede G., Cultural Property, the Palermo Convention, and Transnational Organized Crime, “International Journal of Cultural Property” 2014, Vol. 21.
Cavallaro J.L., Schaffer E.J., Less as More: Rethinking Supranational Litigation of Economic and Social Rights in the Americas, “Hastings Law Journal” 2004, Vol. 56.
Chamberlain K., Hausler K., United Kingdom, in: J.A.R. Nafziger, R.K. Paterson (eds.), Handbook on the Law of Cultural Heritage and International Trade, Edward Elgar, Chelthenham UK – Northampton MA USA 2014.
Charter for African Cultural Renaissance, adopted by the Sixth Ordinary Session of the Assembly, held in Khartoum, Sudan, 24 January 2006.
Commission Implementing Decision on 2013 Special Measure for the Syrian population and host communities in Jordan, C 6795, European Commission, Brussels, 10 October 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/neighbourhood/pdf/key-documents/syria-jordan_sm_2013_merged-financing-decision-and-action-fiches_en.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological, Historical, and Artistic Heritage of the American Nations (Convention of San Salvador) 16 June 1976, UNEP/GC.15/Int.2 p. 150.
Cornu M., France, in: J.A.R. Nafziger, R.K. Paterson (eds.), Handbook on the Law of Cultural Heritage and International Trade, Edward Elgar, Chelthenham UK – Northampton MA USA 2014.
Cornu M., Recasting restitution: interactions between EU and international law, “Uniform Law Review” 2015, Vol. 20.
Council conclusions on the EU Regional Strategy for Syria and Iraq as well as the Da’esh threat, EU Council, (23 May 2016) 9105/16.
Council Directive 93/7/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State, OJ L 74, 27.03.1993, p. 74.
Council Framework Decision 2001/500/JHA of 26 June 2001 on money laundering, the identification, tracing, freezing, seizing and confiscation of instrumentalities and the proceeds of crime, OJ L 182, 5.07.2001, p. 1.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1210/2003 of 7 July 2003 concerning certain specific restrictions on economic and financial relations with Iraq and repealing Regulation (EC) No. 2465/96, OJ L 169, 8.07.2003, p. 6.
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 3911/92 of 9 December 1992 on the export of cultural goods, OJ L 395, 31.12.1992, p. 1.
Council Regulation (EU) No. 36/2012 of 18 January 2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No. 442/2011, OJ L 16, 19.01.2012, p. 1.
Council Regulation (EU) No. 1332/2013 of 13 December 2013 amending Regulation (EU) No. 36/2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria, OJ L 335, 14.12.2013, p. 3.
Craig P., Burca G. de, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, 6th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015.
Cultural Property Implementation Act (CPIA) 19 USC, (1983), Publ. L. No. 97-466, 96 Stat. 2329, at 19 USC para. 2601-2613 (2006).
Cultural Property Import and Export Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-51.
Davies M., Realising Rights: How Regional Organisations Socialise Human Rights, Routledge, London 2014.
Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State and amending Regulation (EU) No. 1024/2012 [Recast], OJ L 159, 28.05.2014, p. 1.
Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, IACHR, 26 February 1997, 133rd session, 95th Regular Session.
Edwards A., Global forced displacement hits record high, “UNHCR”, 20 June 2016, http:// www.unhcr.org/uk/news/latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forced-displacementhits-record-high.html [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Engle K., On Fragile Architecture: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of Human Rights, “European Journal of International Law” 2011, Vol. 22.
European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, 20 April 1959, 472 UNTS 185.
First Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, 13 March 1978, ETS No. 099.
Francioni F., Reparation for Indigenous Peoples: Is International Law Ready to Ensure Redress for Historical Injustices, in: F. Lenzeri (ed.), Reparations for Indigenous Peoples, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009.
Franco M., A guide to the export and import of cultural goods between Russia and the European Union, “European Communities”, June 2007, https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/russia/documents/eu_russia/moving_art_07_en.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Frigo M., Italy, in: J.A.R. Nafziger, R.K. Paterson (eds.), Handbook on the Law of Cultural Heritage and International Trade, Edward Elgar, Chelthenham UK – Northampton MA USA 2014.
Goldsmith J.L., Posner E.A., The Limits of International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005.
Graber C.B., Kuprecht K., Lai J.C. (eds.), International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2012.
Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, OHCHR, United Nations, New York – Geneva 2011.
Hausler K., Collective Cultural Rights in the Inter-American Human Rights System, in: A. Jakubowski (ed.), Cultural Rights as Collective Rights: An International Law Perspective, Brill-Nijhoff, Leiden – Boston 2016.
http://caribheritage.org/project [accessed: 21.11.2016].
http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/c-16.html [accessed: 21.11.2016].
http://www.unesco.org/eri/la/convention.asp?KO=13039&language=E&order=alpha [accessed: 21.11.2016].
ICOM, Red List: Niger Valley (Mali): http://archives.icom.museum/redlist/afrique/english/page04.htm [accessed: 21.11.2016].
International Labour Organisation Convention no 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 27 June 1989, 1650 UNTS 383.
ISIL and Antiquities Trafficking, “FBI News”, 26 August 2015, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/august/isil-and-antiquities-trafficking [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Jones C., Thomson A., Eurozone GDP returns to pre-crisis levels, “The Financial Times”, 29 April 2016, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/33f7a11c-0dd1-11e6-b41f-0beb7e589515.html#axzz4H1F4IfTc [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Lenzerini F., The Trail of Broken Dreams: The Status of Indigenous Peoples in International Law, in: F. Lenzerini (ed.), Reparations for Indigenous Peoples, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009.
Littoz-Monnet A., The European Union and culture: Between Economic Regulation and European Cultural Policy, Manchester University Press, Manchester 2013.
Lixinski L., Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
Looting, the subsistence digging economy in Mali; and stemming the flow of looted antiquities from Mali to the USA, “Conflict Antiquities”, 3 April 2012, https://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2012/04/03/mali-looting-export-usa-import/ [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Mezey N., The Paradoxes of Cultural Property, “Columbia Law Review” 2007, Vol. 107. 
Moustaira E.N., Greece, in: J.A.R. Nafziger, R.K. Paterson (eds.), Handbook on the Law of Cul¬tural Heritage and International Trade, Edward Elgar, Chelthenham UK – Northampton MA USA 2014. 
National Stolen Property Act (NSPA) 18 USC paras. 2314-2315 . 
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 25 USC paras. 3301. 
Nigeria’s National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Decree No. 77, 28 Septem¬ber 1979, https://committeeforculturalpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/De¬cree-n%C2%B0-77.pdf [accessed: 28.11.2016]. 
Obradovic D., Lavranos N. (eds.), Interface Between EU Law and National Law: Proceedings of the Annual Colloquium of the G.K. Van Hogendorp Centre for European Constitutional Stud¬ies, Europa Law Publishing, Groningen 2007. 
Parry W., Ancient Statues Smuggled from Nigeria Being Returned Home, “NBC News”, 26 July 2012, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/48346178/ns/technology_and_science-sci¬ence/t/ancient-statues-smuggled-nigeria-being-returned-home/#.VzsQ1PkrKUk [ac¬cessed: 21.11.2016]. 
Peers S., Guide to EU decision-making and justice and home affairs after the Treaty of Lisbon, “Statewatch”, December 2010, http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-115-lis¬bon-treaty-decision-making.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016]. 
Prott L.V., O’Keefe P.J., Law and the Cultural Heritage, Vol. 3: Movement, Butterworths, Lon¬don 1990. 
Recommendation 1651 (2004) on Ending the Plundering on African cultural objects of the Parlamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe: https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/ XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17196&lang=en [accessed: 21.11.2016]. 
Review of the Balance of Competences between the United Kingdom and the European Union: Culture, Tourism and Sport, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, “HM Government”, February 2014, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/279456/2901485_BoC_CultureTourismSport_acc.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016]. 
Second Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, 8 November 2001, ETS No. 182. 
Shyllon F., The Nigerian and African Experience on Looting and Trafficking in Cultural Objects, in: B.T. Hoffman (ed.), Art and Cultural Heritage: Law Policy and Practice, Cambridge Univer¬sity Press, Cambridge 2006. 
Shyllon F., The Recovery of Cultural Objects by African states through the UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions and the Role of Arbitration, “Uniform Law Review” 2000, Vol. 5. 
Shylon F., Négri V., Schneider M., The Role of National and International Legal Instruments in the Protection of African Cultural Goods, “Report prepared for the second Pan-African Cultural Congress: Inventory, Protection and Promotion of African Cultural Goods”, 5-7 October 2009, http://portal.unesco.org/en/files/48670/13173105361role_of_na-tional_and_intl_leg_instrs.pdf/role%2Bof%2Bnational%2Band%2Bintl%2Bleg%2Bin¬strs.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016]. 
Siehr K., Germany, in: J.A.R. Nafziger, R.K. Paterson (eds.), Handbook on the Law of Cultural Heritage and International Trade, Edward Elgar, Chelthenham UK – Northampton MA USA 2014.
Stephens B., Corporate Liability: Enforcing Human Rights through Domestic Litigation, “International and Comparative Law Review” 2001, Vol. 24.
Strother G., Resolving Cultural Property Disputes in the Shadow of the Law, “Harvard Negotiation Law Review” 2014, Vol. 19.
Study on preventing and fighting illicit trafficking in cultural goods in the European Union, CECOJI-CNRS – UMR 6224, Contract No. Home/2009/ISEC/PR/019-A2, Final Report – October 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/doc_centre/crime/docs/Report%20Trafficking%20in%20cultural%20goods%20EN.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Supranational Decision-Making Procedures, EU Parliament, “Fact Sheets on the European Union”, 2016, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_1.4.1.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016].
Telo M., Ponjaert F., The EU’s Foreign Policy: What Kind of Power and Diplomatic Action?, Routledge, London 2016.
Treasure Act, 1996 (consolidated version), http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/24/contents [accessed: 28.11.2018].
Treaty Establishing the European Community (consolidated version), OJ C 325, 24.12.2002, p. 33.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (consolidated version), OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, p. 47.
UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 14 November 1970, 823 UNTS 231.
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000,2237 UNTS 319
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res. 61/295, UN Doc. A/RES/61/295 (2 October 2007).
United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 2199 (12 February 2015) UN Doc S/RES/2199.
Vadi V., Witte B. De, Culture and International Economic Law, Routledge, London 2015.
Vrdoljak A.F., Reparations for Cultural Loss, in: F. Lenzeri (ed.), Reparations for Indigenous Peoples, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009.
Wantuch-Thole M., Cultural Property in Cross-Border Litigation, De Gruyter, Berlin 2015.
Webber J., The Public-Law Dimension of Indigenous Property Rights, in: N. Bankes, T. Koivurova (eds.), The Proposed Nordic Saami Convention: National and International Dimensions of Indigenous Property Rights, Hart, Oxford 2013.
Wiessner S., Lenzerini F., Rights of Indigenous Peoples, International Law Association, Sofia Conference 2012.
Working Document of the Commission of May 1998 on support for indigenous peoples in the development co-operation of the Community and the Member States, https://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/ip/docs/working_doc_98_en.pdf [accessed: 21.11.2016].

Informacje

Informacje: Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2016, 2/2016 (2), s. 211 - 236

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

The European Union’s Approach to Trade Restrictions on Cultural Property: A Trendsetter for the Protection of Cultural Property in Other Regions?

Angielski:

The European Union’s Approach to Trade Restrictions on Cultural Property: A Trendsetter for the Protection of Cultural Property in Other Regions?

Autorzy

British Institute of International and Comparative Law Charles Clore House 17 Russell Square London WC1B 5JP, United Kingdom

Publikacja: 17.02.2017

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: Żadna

Udział procentowy autorów:

Richard Mackenzie-Gray Scott (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski