The European Union Legal Framework and the Fight against the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property Coming from Situations of Armed Conflict
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEWybierz format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEThe European Union Legal Framework and the Fight against the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property Coming from Situations of Armed Conflict
Data publikacji: 26.06.2019
Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2018, 2/2018 (4), s. 51 - 70
https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.18.018.10372Autorzy
The European Union Legal Framework and the Fight against the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property Coming from Situations of Armed Conflict
Since the beginning of the Iraqi and Syrian conflicts, the illicit trafficking of their cultural property has increased exponentially. Beside States, several international organizations are engaged in the fight against this illicit trafficking, such as the United Nations, UNESCO, and the European Union (EU). According to the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, the EU has adopted Council Regulation No. 1210/2003 concerning certain specific restrictions on economic and financial relations with Iraq, and Council Regulation No. 36/2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria, both of which address issues related to the illicit trafficking of cultural property. Beside these Regulations, the relevant existing EU legal framework comprises some other instruments: some articles of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union concerning the free movement of goods, and Council Regulation No. 116/2009 on the export of cultural goods. Finally, this legal framework is about to be complemented by a new Regulation on the introduction and the import of cultural goods adopted, in first reading, by the EU Parliament on 12 March 2019. The main aim of this article is an analysis of the EU legal framework in order to assess whether it can effectively contribute to the fight against the illicit trafficking in cultural property coming from situations of armed conflicts.
Carducci G., The Growing Complexity of International Art Law: Conflict of Laws, Uniform Law, Mandatory Rules, UNSC Resolutions and EU Regulations, in: B.T. Hoffman (ed.), Art and Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy and Practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009.
Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 14 November 1970, 823 UNTS 231.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 116/2009 of 18 December 2008 on the export of cultural goods (codified version), OJ L 39, 10.02.2009, p. 1.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1210/2003 of 7 July 2003 concerning certain specific restrictions on economic and financial relations with Iraq and repealing Regulation (EC) No. 2465/96, OJ L 169, 8.07.2003, p. 6.
Council Regulation (EU) No. 36/2012 of 18 January 2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No. 442/2011, OJ L 16, 19.01.2012, p. 1.
Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State and amending Regulation (EU) No. 1024/2012 [Recast], OJ L 159, 28.05.2014, p. 1.
European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The European Agenda on Security, 28 April 2015, COM(2015) 185 final.
European Commission, Joint communication to the European Parliament and the Council: Elements for an EU regional strategy for Syria and Iraq as well as the Da’esh threat, 6 February 2015, JOIN(2015) 2 final.
European Commission, Joint communication to the European Parliament and the Council: Towards an EU strategy for international cultural relations, 8 June 2016, JOIN(2016) 29 final.
European Parliament resolution of 17 January 2019 on cross-border restitution claims of works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts and wars (2017/2023(INI)), 17 January 2016, P8_TA-PROV(2019)0037.
European Parliament resolution of 30 April 2015 on the destruction of cultural sites perpetrated by ISIS/Da’esh (2015/2649(RSP)), OJ C 346, 21.09.2016, p. 55.
European Parliament legislative resolution of 12 March 2019 on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the import of cultural goods (COM(2017)0375 – C8-0227/2017 – 2017/0158(COD)), P8_TA-PROV(2019)0154.
Frigo M., Approaches Taken by the Security Council to the Global Protection of Cultural Heritage: An Evolving Role in Preventing Unlawful Traffic of Cultural Property, “Rivista di diritto internazionale” 2018, Vol. 101(4).
Frigo M., Circulation de biens culturels, détermination de la loi applicable et méthodes de règlement des litiges, Académie de Droit International de La Haye, La Haye 2016.
Gould E., The EU’s Parting Gift to the UK Art Market?, Blog of the Institute of Art and Law, 1 April 2019, https://ial.uk.com/the-eus-parting-gift-to-the-uk-art-market/ [accessed: 08.04.2019].
Hausler K., Cultural Heritage and the Security Council: Why Resolution 2347 Matters, “QIL (Questions of International Law)”, 31 March 2018, http://www.qil-qdi.org [accessed: 12.03.2019].
Jakubowski A., Resolution 2347: Mainstreaming the Protection of Cultural Heritage at the Global Level, “QIL (Questions of International Law)”, 31 March 2018, http://www.qil-qdi.org [accessed: 12.03.2019].
Jakubowski A., Jakubowski O., Poland, in: J.A.R. Nafziger, R. Kirkwood Paterson (eds.), Handbook on the Law of Cultural Heritage and International Trade, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2014.
Kretschmer B., Transnational Organised Crime and Cultural Property, in: P. Hauck, S. Peterke (eds.), International Law and Transnational Organised Crime, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2016.
Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the import of cultural goods, 2017/0158 (COD).
Roodt C., Private International Law, Art and Cultural Heritage, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2015.
Scott R.M.G., The European Union’s Approach to Trade Restrictions on Cultural Property: A Trendsetter for the Protection of Cultural Property in Other Regions?, “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” 2016, Vol. 2(2).
Scovazzi T., Evolutionary Trends as Regards the Return of Removed Cultural Property, in: L. Pérez-Prat Durbán, A. Lazari (eds.), El tráfico de bienes culturales, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia 2015.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (consolidated version), OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, p. 47.
UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, 24 June 1995, 34 ILM 1322.
United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1483, 22 May 2003, S/RES/1483 (2003).
United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 2199, 12 February 2015, S/RES/2199 (2015).
United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 2253, 17 December 2015, S/RES/2253 (2015).
United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 2347, 24 March 2017, S/RES/2347 (2017).
Urbinati S., Improving the Principle of Cooperation against Illegal Movement of Cultural Property, “Transnational Dispute Management” 2013, Vol. 10(5).
Urbinati S., The Evolving Role of the United Nations Security Council and the Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Event of Armed Conflict, “QIL (Questions of International Law)”, 31 March 2018, http://www.qil-qdi.org [accessed: 12.03.2019].
Informacje: Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2018, 2/2018 (4), s. 51 - 70
Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy
Tytuły:
The European Union Legal Framework and the Fight against the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property Coming from Situations of Armed Conflict
The European Union Legal Framework and the Fight against the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property Coming from Situations of Armed Conflict
Law Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1 – 20126 Milano, Italy
Publikacja: 26.06.2019
Status artykułu: Otwarte
Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND
Udział procentowy autorów:
Korekty artykułu:
-Języki publikacji:
AngielskiLiczba wyświetleń: 3044
Liczba pobrań: 1837