The Cultural Goods Import Regime of Regulation (EU) 2019/880: Four Potential Pitfalls

Anna M.  de Jong

The Cultural Goods Import Regime of Regulation (EU) 2019/880: Four Potential Pitfalls

Data publikacji: 12.2021

Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2021, 2/2021 (7), s. 31 - 50

https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.21.017.15262

Autorzy

Pobierz pełny tekst

PDF PDF

drukuj

Tytuły

The Cultural Goods Import Regime of Regulation (EU) 2019/880: Four Potential Pitfalls

Abstrakt

This article argues that Regulation (EU) 2019/880 and its implementation will need to be reviewed in order to reach its goals. Regulation (EU) 2019/880 seeks to protect cultural heritage and prevent money laundering and terrorism financing by regulating the import of cultural goods into one of the largest art markets in the world. The Regulation however suffers from several shortcomings with respect to various issues. The article analyses four of these issues, starting with the process of creation of Regulation (EU) 2019/880 and the main critique of it being based on (too) little evidence. Moreover, attention is paid to the necessary practicalities of the European-wide implementation of Regulation (EU) 2019/880, the complexity caused by the use of the 1970 UNESCO Convention definitions to define cultural goods, as well as the practical ramifications of the use of the concept “country of creation or discovery”. Drawing on these findings the article questions whether this Regulation in its current form is likely to have its intended effects.

Słowa kluczowe

cultural goods, import control mechanism, Regulation (EU) 2019/880, money laundering, terrorism financing

Bibliografia

Pobierz bibliografię

Bator P., The International Trade in Art, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1983.

Bleckmann A., Europarecht. Das Recht der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 1990.

Brodie and Yates Completing Study on Illicit Trafficking of Antiquities Through Europe for the European Commission, 10 July 2018, https://traffickingculture.org/news/brodie-and-yates-completing-study-on-illicit-trafficking-of-antiquities-through-europe-for-the-european-commission/ [accessed: 28.04.2021].

Brodie N., Heart of Confusion? EU Regulation 2019/880 on the Import of Cultural Goods and the Fight Against Terrorism, 17 January 2020, https://marketmassdestruction.com/heart-of-confusion-eu-regulation-2019-880-on-the-import-of-cultural-goods-and-the-fight-against-terrorism/ [accessed: 24.04.2021].

Brodie N. et al., Illicit Trade in Cultural Goods in Europe. Characteristics, Criminal Justice Responses and an Analysis of the Applicability of Technologies in the Combat Against the Trade, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2019.

Durney M., Reevaluating Art Crime’s Famous Figures, “International Journal of Cultural Property” 2013, Vol. 20(2).

Elffers H., van der Heijden P., Hezemans M., Explaining Regulatory Non-compliance: A Survey Study of Rule Transgression for Two Dutch Instrumental Laws, Applying the Randomized Response Method, “Journal of Quantitative Criminology” 2003, Vol. 19(4).

European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and to the Council on the assessment of the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing affecting the internal market and relating to cross-border situations, 26 June 2017, SWD(2017) 241.

European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and to the Council on the assessment of the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing affecting the internal market and relating to cross-border activities, 24 June 2019, SWD(2019) 650.

European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The European Agenda on Security, 30 April 2015, COM(2015) 185.

European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on an Action Plan for strengthening the fight against terrorist financing, 2 February 2016, COM(2016) 50.

European Commission, Inception Impact Assessment. Title of Initiative: Import of Cultural Goods, 2016.

European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the import of cultural goods, 13 July 2017, COM(2017) 375.

European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the assessment of the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing affecting the internal market and relating to cross-border activities, 26 June 2017, COM(2017) 340.

European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council pursuant to Article 14(3) of Regulation (EU) 2019/880 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the introduction and the import of cultural goods, 30 July 2020, COM(2020) 342.

European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council pursuant to Article 14(3) of Regulation (EU) 2019/880 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 July 2020 on the introduction and the import of cultural goods, 8 July 2021, COM(2021) 358.

Frankiewicz-Bodynek A., Stec P., Defining “National Treasures” in the European Union. Is the Sky Really the Limit?, “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” 2019, Vol. 5(2).

Frigo M., The Implementation of Directive 2014/60/EU and the Problems of the Compliance of Italian Legislation with International and EU Law, “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” 2016, Vol. 2(2).

Harris L., Gore M., Mills M., Compliance with Ivory Trade Regulations in the United Kingdom Among Traders, “Conservation Biology” 2019, Vol. 33(4).

Heißner S. et al., Caliphate in Decline: An Estimate of Islamic State’s Financial Fortunes, The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), London 2017.

Mackenzie S. et al., Trafficking Culture; New Directions in Researching the Global Market in Illicit Antiquities, Routledge, Abingdon 2020.

Mahnad P.L., Protecting Cultural Property in Syria: New Opportunities for States to Enhance Compliance with International Law?, “International Review of the Red Cross” 2017, Vol. 99(3).

May P.J., Compliance Motivations: Affirmative and Negative Bases, “Law & Society Review” 2004, Vol. 38(1).

McKeever D., Revisiting Security Council Action on Terrorism: New Threats; (a Lot of) New Law; Same Old Problems?, “Leiden Journal of International Law” 2021, Vol. 34(2).

Nafziger J.A.R., Trading and Returning Cultural Objects under International Law, “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” 2016, Vol. 2(2).

Parker C., Lehmann Nielsen V. (eds.), Explaining Compliance: Business Responses to Regulation, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham 2012.

Paterson R.K., Nafziger J.A.R., Report on National Controls over the Export of Cultural Material, Report of the Seventy-fourth Conference of the International Law Association, 2010.

Peters R., The Protection of Cultural Property: Recent Developments in Germany in the Context of New EU Law and the 1970 UNESCO Convention, “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” 2016, Vol. 2(2).

Pineda S., Tackling Illicit Trafficking of Antiquities and its Ties to Terrorist Financing, U.S. Department of State, 20 June 2018, https://2017-2021.state.gov/tackling-illicit-trafficking-of-antiquities-and-its-ties-to-terrorist-financing/index.html [accessed: 02.05.2021].

Polycarpou E., Wierbicki D., Rottermund A.A., Tick Tock: Regulations on the Import of Non-EU-cultural Goods Are Now in Effect. How Will This Affect the International Art Market?, 27 June 2019, https://www.withersworldwide.com/en-gb/insight/tick-tock-regulations-on-the-import-of-non-eu-cultural-goods-are-now-in-effect-how-will-this-affect-the-international-art-market [accessed: 2.05.2021].

Prott L.V., International Control of Illicit Movement on the Cultural Heritage: The 1970 UNESCO Convention and Some Possible Alternatives, “Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce” 1983, Vol. 10(2).

Terrill W.A., Antiquities Destruction and Illicit Sales as Sources of ISIS Funding and Propaganda, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Carlisle 2017.

UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the 1970 Convention as Adopted during the Third Meeting of States Parties to the 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, UNESCO, Paris 2015.

Valentin P., Rogers F., Adoption of the Regulation on the Import of Cultural Goods: Start Preparing Now!, Art@Law, 13 June 2019, https://www.artatlaw.com/adoption-of-the-regulation-on-the-import-of-cultural-goods-start-preparing-now/ [accessed: 3.05.2021].

Overview of relevant legal instruments

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1111 of 6 July 2021 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1210/2003 concerning certain specific restrictions on economic and financial relations with Iraq, OJ L 239, 7.07.2021, p. 22.

Council Directive 93/7/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State, OJ L 74, 27.03.1993, p. 74.

Council Regulation (EC) No 116/2009 of 18 December 2008 on the export of cultural goods, OJ L 39, 10.02.2009, p. 1.

Council Regulation (EC) No 1210/2003 of 7 July 2003 concerning certain specific restrictions on economic and financial relations with Iraq and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2465/96, OJ L 169, 8.07.2003, p. 6.

Council Regulation (EC) No 2465/96 of 17 December 1996 concerning the interruption of economic and financial relations between the European Community and Iraq, OJ L 337, 27.12.1996, p. 1.

Council Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 of 18 January 2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011, OJ L 16, 19.01.2012, p. 1.

Directive (EU) 2018/843 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, and amending Directives 2009/138/EC and 2013/36/EU, OJ L 156, 19.06.2018, p. 43.

Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 (Recast), OJ L 159, 28.05.2014, p. 1.

Regulation (EU) 2019/880 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the introduction and the import of cultural goods, OJ L 151, 7.06.2019, p. 1.

UN Security Council Resolution 2195, 19 December 2014, S/RES/2195 (2014).

UN Security Council Resolution 2199, 12 February 2015, S/RES/2199 (2015).

UN Security Council Resolution 2249, 20 November 2015, S/RES/2249 (2015).

UN Security Council Resolution 2253, 17 December 2015, S/RES/2253 (2015).

UN Security Council Resolution 2347, 24 March 2017, S/RES/2347 (2017).

UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 14 November 1970, 823 UNTS 231.

UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, 24 June 1995, 34 ILM 1322.

Informacje

Informacje: Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2021, 2/2021 (7), s. 31 - 50

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.21.017.15262

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

The Cultural Goods Import Regime of Regulation (EU) 2019/880: Four Potential Pitfalls

Angielski:

The Cultural Goods Import Regime of Regulation (EU) 2019/880: Four Potential Pitfalls

Autorzy

Anna M. de Jong

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4851-8573

Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Bouillonstraat 3, 6211 LH Maastricht, The Netherlands

Publikacja: 12.2021

Status artykułu: Otwarte

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND

Udział procentowy autorów:

Anna M. de Jong (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń: 1151

Liczba pobrań: 966

<p> The Cultural Goods Import Regime of Regulation (EU) 2019/880: Four Potential Pitfalls</p>

Pobierz xml