FAQ

A review of and trends in the assessment of the sequence with which graphical elements are applied to a document

Data publikacji: 19.12.2024

Problems of Forensic Sciences (Z Zagadnień Nauk Sądowych), 2024, 139, s. 245-267

https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483PFS.24.012.20912

Autorzy

,
Zuzanna Bura
Instytut Ekspertyz Sądowych im. Prof. dra Jana Sehna w Krakowie
Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
ul. Bankowa 12, 40-007 Katowice, Polska
https://orcid.org/009-0002-9503-3659 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
Marcin Kunicki
Instytut Ekspertyz Sądowych im. Prof. dra Jana Sehna w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-2514 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Pobierz pełny tekst

Tytuły

A review of and trends in the assessment of the sequence with which graphical elements are applied to a document

Abstrakt

This article presents an overview of the methods and techniques used to analyze the order in which graphic elements are applied to the surface of paper. This is one of the aspects of forensic document examination that allows to determine which handwritten entries or prints were made primarily and which were secondary. The study begins with a discussion of the microscopic methods that dominated in the 1960s, then presents spectroscopic techniques, as well as the use of the ESDa electrostatic apparatus. Finally, the latest achievements in the analysis of intersecting graphic lines using 3D modelling techniques are presented. The constant development of this field of research shows an increasing demand for finding the best methods. The results presented by many scientists are supported by numerous blind tests and attempts to identify all possible factors influencing the result. However, despite the predominance of non-destructive techniques, the most effective method has not yet been identified.

Bibliografia

Pobierz bibliografię

1. Czaplicki K. Dokumenty tożsamości. Jawność i bezpieczeństwo. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo c. H. Beck; 2016.

2. Koźmiński L. Dokument jako ślad kryminalistyczny: wybrane aspekty. Piła: Wydawnictwo Szkoły Policji; 2010.

3. Bradley J. Sequence of pencil strokes. J crim Law criminol Police Sci. 1963 Jun;54(2):232-234.

4. Saini K, Kaur R, Sood N. Determining the sequence of intersecting gel pen and laser printed strokes – a comparative study. Sci Justice. 2009 Dec;49(4):286-291.

5. Saini K, Kaur R, Sood N. A study for establishing the sequence of superimposed lines: Inkjet versus writing instruments. Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Dec;193(1-3):14-20.

6. Wang S, Lu c, Wang G. Examination of the sequence between laser printing and rollerball pen writing without an intersecting stroke. J Forensic Sci. 2015 nov;60(6): 1594-600.

7. Wang S. Research on the sequence of laser printing and fountain pen writing without a crossing line. Aust J Forensic Sci. 2015 Jun;48:1-13.

8. Lunakova M. Sequence determination in cases of non-intersecting electrophotographic print and handwritten entries. Journal of the american Society of Questioned Document Examiners. 2016;19(2):3-14.

9. Tajik Esmaeili A, Ataeefard M, Safi M. Recognition of sequence of print and ink strokes: investigation the effect of handwriting pressure, hue of ink, printer and paper type. Prog color color coat. 2019 nov 1;12(4):251-261.

10. Meneghetti M, Mancini L, Caligiore G, Zampa F. Determining line-crossing sequences between laser printing and black ink using digital microscopy: The influence of writing tool and toner. Forensic Sci Int. 2024 Jul;360.

11. Radley r. Determination of sequence of writing impressions and ball pen inkstrokes using the ESDa technique. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1993 apr;33(2):69-72.

12. Radley r. Determination of sequence of intersecting ESDa impressions and porous tip, fibre tip and rollerball pen inks. Sci Justice. 1995 Jan;35(4):267-272.

13. Radley r, Lindblom B. Impressions/ink intersection sequencing – a comprehensive overview. Journal of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners. 2011;14:3-13.

14. Giles A. Extending ESDa’s capability: the determination of the order of writing and impressions using the technique of electrostatic detection. Forensic Sci Int. 1993 May;59(2):163-168.

15. Daéid N, Whitehead L, Allen M. Examining the effects of paper type, pen type, writing pressure and angle of intersection on white and dark dominance in ESDa impressions of sequenced strokes – an application of the likelihood ratio. Forensic Sci Int. 2008 Oct 25;181 (1-3):32-5.

16. Radley R. Determination of sequence of ball point pen writing utilising infrared luminescence techniques. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1982 Oct;22(4):373-5.

17. Rosengarten A, Zhidkov T, Hadassah T. Determining the sequence of crossing lines using fluorescence microscopy. 9th International conference on nDT of art: Israel; 2008. available from: https://www.ndt.net/article/art2008/papers/211rosengarten.pdf 

18. Li B, Ouyang G. an examination of the sequence of intersecting seal and laser printing toner line. J Forensic Sci. 2017 Mar;62(2):476-482. doi: 10.1111/1556- 4029.13283. Epub 2016 nov 17.

19. Williamson R, Djidrovska D, Ledic A, Brzica S, Vesna A, Hofer R, et al. Characterization and identification of luminescent components in inks using various analytical techniques for the study of crossed-line intersections. Forensic chem. 2017 Jan;3:28-35.

20. Li B, Ouyang G, Zhao P. Preliminary study on determining the sequence of intersecting lines by fluorescence technique. J Forensic Sci. 2018 Mar;63(2):577-582. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13572. Epub 2017 Jun 6.

21. Wu X, Fang F, Li B. Determination of the sequence of intersecting lines between toners and seals by laser fluorescence microscope. J Forensic Sci. 2019 nov;64(6):1761- 1768. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14097. Epub 2019 May.

22. Kasas S, Khanmy-Vital A, Dietler G. Examination of line crossings by atomic force microscopy. Forensic Sci Int. 2001 Jul 15;119(3):290-8.

23. Khanmy-Vital A, Kasas S, Dietler G. The use of atomic force microscopy to determine the sequence of crossed lines. Problems of Forensic Sciences. 2001;46:401-412.

24. Berx V, De Kinder J. A 3-D view on the crossing lines problem in document investigation. Proc SPIE-Int Soc Opt Eng. 2002 Jan;4709:102-110.

25. Spagnolo G, Simonetti C, Cozzella L. Superposed strokes analysis by conoscopic holography as an aid for a handwriting expert. J Opt A-Pure Appl Opt. 2004 aug;6(9):869-874.

26. Spagnolo G. Potentiality of 3D laser profilometry to determine the sequence of homogenous crossing lines on questioned documents. Forensic Sci Int. 2006 Dec 20;164(2-3):102-9. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.004.

27. Watson G, Watson J. Potential applications of scanning probe microscopy in forensic science. J Phys conf Ser. 2007 apr;61:1251-1255.

28. Kaur R, Saini K, Sood N. Sequencing the intersections of printed strokes with writing instrument strokes using Docucentre expert (PIa 6000-EDF). Sci Justice. 2013 Jun;53(2):206-211.

29. Mann M, Shukla S, Pathak S. Determination of the sequence of strokes made from the same color and type of the ink. J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol. 2018 Jul;18(1):50-53.

30. Mann M, Pathak S, Shukla S. Three-dimensional detection of sequence of strokes using confocal microscope. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2019 Mar;9(1):12-20.

31. Saini K, rathore r, Kaur r, Sharma T, Kaur S. Establishing sequence of inkjet printer, laser printer and writing ink strokes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). aJFSFM. 2019 Dec;1(10):1367-1372.

32. Zhang N, Jiang P, Wang W, Wang C, Xie L, Li Z, Huang W, et al. Initial study for the determination of the sequence of intersecting lines between gel pens and seals by optical coherence tomography. J Forensic Sci. 2020 nov;65(6):2071-2079.

33. Gould J, Clement S, Crouch B, King RSP. Evaluation of photometric stereo and elastomeric sensor imaging for the non-destructive 3D analysis of questioned documents – a pilot study. Sci Justice. 2023 Jul;63(4):456-467.

34. Asicioglu, F, Gelir A, Yilmaz A, Kinder J, Kadi O, Ozdemir O, et al. 3D scanning based image processing technique for measuring the sequence of intersecting lines. Int J Doc Anal Recog. 2024;1-12.

35. Vaid B, Rana R, Dhawan c. Determination of sequence of strokes through reflection spectra. Problems of Forensic Sciences. 2011 Jan;87:193-203.

36. Kaur R, Saini K, Sood N. Application of video spectral comparator (absorption spectra) for establishing the chronological order of intersecting printed strokes and writing pen strokes. Sci Justice. 2013 Jun;53(2):212-9.

38. Li B. An examination of the sequence of intersecting lines using microspectrophotometry. J Forensic Sci. 2016 May;61(3):809-814.

39. Martins A, Dourado C, Talhavini M, Braz A, Batista Braga J. Determination of chronological order of crossed lines of ballpoint pens by hyperspectral image in the visible region and multivariate analysis. Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Mar;296:91-100.

40. Mathayan V, Sortica M, Primetzhofer D. Determining the chronological sequence of inks deposited with different writing and printing tools using ion beam analysis. J Forensic Sci. 2021 Mar;66:1-9.

41. Claybourn M, Ansell M. Using Raman spectroscopy to solve crime: inks, questioned documents and fraud. Sci Justice. 2000;40(4):261-271.

42. Fabiańska E, Kunicki M. Raman spectroscopy as a new technique for determining the sequence of intersecting lines. Problems of Forensic Sciences. 2003;53:60-73.

43. Raza A, Saha B. Application of Raman spectroscopy in forensic investigation of questioned documents involving stamp inks. Sci Justice. 2013 Sep;53(3):332-338.

44. Braz A, López-López M, García-Ruiz c. Raman imaging for determining the sequence of blue pen ink crossings. Forensic Sci Int. 2015 apr;249:92-100. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.023. Epub 2015 Jan 31.

45. Borba F, Jawhari T, Honorato r, Juan A. Confocal Raman imaging and chemometrics applied to solve forensic document examination involving crossed lines and obliteration cases by a depth profiling study. analyst. 2017 Mar;142(7):1106-1118.

46. Rodrigues E, Brito L, Chaves a, Braz a, Pimentel M. Raman hyperspectral imaging and a novel approach for objective determination of the order of crossing ink lines. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2019 Dec 5;223:117287.

47. He A, Karpuzov D, Xu S. Ink identification by time‐of‐ flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Surf Interface Anal. 2006 Mar;38:854-858.

48. Lee J, Kim S, Cho Y, Nam Y, Lee K, Lee Y. characterization and sequence determination of pen inks, red sealing inks, and laser toners by TOF-SIMS and ATR FTIR. Surf Interface anal. 2014 apr;46:317-321.

49. Goacher R, DiFonzo L, Lesko K. Challenges determining the correct deposition order of different intersecting black inks by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2017 Jan;89(1):759-766.

50. Malloy M, Radović I, Siketić Z, Jakšić M. Determination of deposition order of blue ballpoint pen lines by MeV secondary ion mass spectrometry. Forensic Chem. 2018 Mar;7:75-80.

51. Moore K, Barac M, Brajković M, Bailey M, Siketić Z, Bogdanović Radović I. Determination of deposition order of toners, inkjet inks, and blue ballpoint pen combining Mev-secondary ion mass spectrometry and particle induced X-ray emission. Anal Chem. 2019 Oct;91(20):12997-13005.

52. Barac M, Filko A, Siketić Z, Brajković M, Ledić A, Bogdanović Radović I. Comparison of optical techniques and MeV SIMS in determining deposition order between optically distinguishable and indistinguishable inks from different writing tools. Forensic Sci Int. 2022 Feb;331:111136.

53. Strach S. Establishing the sequence of intersecting ball- point pen strokes. Forensic Sci. 1978;11(1):67-74.

54. Moore D. Determining the sequence of ball-point pen writings – a new method? J Forensic Sci. 1978 Jan;23(1):142-148.

55. Waeschle P. Examination of line crossings by scanning electron microscopy. J Forensic Sci. 1979 Jul;24(3): 569-578.

56. Igoe T, Reynolds L. A lifting process for determining the writing sequence of two intersecting ball-point pen strokes. Forensic Sci Int. 1982;20(2):201-205.

57. Jasuja O, Singla A, Chattopadhyay PK. A simple method for determining the sequence of intersecting ball pen lines. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1987 Jul;27(4):227-230.

58. Leung S, Leung Y. A systematic study of the lifting technique for determining the writing sequence of intersecting ball pen strokes. Sci Justice. 1997 Jul;37(3):197-206.

59. Lee K, Lee J, Kong S, Kim B. Sequence discrimination of heterogeneous crossing of seal impression and ink-printed text using adhesive tapes. Forensic Sci Int. 2014 Jan;234:120-125.

60. Mathyer J, Pfister R. The determination of sequence of crossing strokes by the “Kromekote” paper lifting process and by the scanning electron microscopic method, Forensic Sci Int. 1984 Feb;24(2):113-124.

61. Koons R. Sequencing of intersecting lines by combined lifting process and scanning electron microscopy. Forensic Sci Int. 1985 apr;27(4):261-276.

62. Li B, Ouyang G. An examination of the sequence of intersecting seal and laser printing toner line. J Forensic Sci. 2017 Mar;62(2):476-482.

63. Wang Y, Li B. Determination of the sequence of intersecting lines from laser toner and seal ink by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscope / energy dispersive X-ray mapping. Sci Justice. 2012 Jun;52(2):112-118.

64. Kim J, Kim M, an J, Kim Y. Determination of the sequence of intersecting lines using focused ion beam/ scanning electron microscope. J Forensic Sci. 2016 May;61(3):803-808.

Informacje

Informacje: Problems of Forensic Sciences (Z Zagadnień Nauk Sądowych), 2024, 139, s. 245-267

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Angielski: A review of and trends in the assessment of the sequence with which graphical elements are applied to a document
Polski: Przegląd oraz trendy w badaniach nad kolejnością nanoszenia elementów graficznych na dokument

Autorzy

https://orcid.org/009-0002-9503-3659

Zuzanna Bura
Instytut Ekspertyz Sądowych im. Prof. dra Jana Sehna w Krakowie
Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
ul. Bankowa 12, 40-007 Katowice, Polska
https://orcid.org/009-0002-9503-3659 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Instytut Ekspertyz Sądowych im. Prof. dra Jana Sehna w Krakowie

Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
ul. Bankowa 12, 40-007 Katowice, Polska

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-2514

Marcin Kunicki
Instytut Ekspertyz Sądowych im. Prof. dra Jana Sehna w Krakowie
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-2514 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Instytut Ekspertyz Sądowych im. Prof. dra Jana Sehna w Krakowie

Publikacja: 19.12.2024

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Zuzanna Bura (Autor) - 50%
Marcin Kunicki (Autor) - 50%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski