Bożena Płonka-Syroka

Professional training in medicine and pharmacy hat begun in Wrocław by the 1945. The Faculty of Medicine was created within the structure of Wrocław University and Wrocław Universite of Science and Technology. In 1950, a specialized medical school was developed from University, functioning briefl u under the name the Medical Academy (which was changed to the Academy of Medicine), with an independent Faculty of Pharmacy. In 1979, the Medical Analytics Department was established within the Faculty of Pharmacy. In 1978, the Faculty of Nursing was created which was transformed into the Faculty of Public Health in 2001 and into the Faculty of Health Sciences in 2008. Starting in 1989, the school was called the Academy of Medicine in Wrocław (Akademia Medyczna im. Piastów Śląskich). In 1992 the Post-Graduate Faculty of Medicine was distinquished from the Faculty of Medicine, In 2000 the Department of Dentistry was transformed into the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. As a part of the school, liberal arts and social studies connected with medicine were also developed in units located within the structure of various departments of the AM. The Academy existed in Wrocław until 2011 when the decision was made to transform it into Wrocław Medical University (Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu), functioning until now. The article presents the major stages in the history of medical schools in Wrocław after 1945. The second part discusses the history of Academy of Medicine in the years 1950–2011.

Professional training in medicine and pharmacy had begun in Wrocław by the fall of 1945. The Faculty of Medicine was created within the structure of Wrocław University and Wrocław University of Science and Technology. Two departments were established within it: the Pharmaceutical and Dentistry departments. In 1950, a specialized medical school was developed from the University, functioning briefl y under the name of the Medical Academy (which was changed to the Academy of Medicine), already with an independent Faculty of Pharmacy. In 1979, the Medical Analytics Department was established within the Faculty of Pharmacy (which ceased its activities in 2020). In 1978, the Faculty of Nursing was created which was transformed into the Faculty of Public Health in 2001 and into the Faculty of Health Sciences in 2008. Starting in 1989, the school was called the Academy of Medicine in Wrocław (Akademia Medyczna im. Piastów Śląskich). In 1992, the Post-Graduate Faculty of Medicine (existing until the academic year 2019/2020) was distinguished from the Faculty of Medicine. In 2000, the Department of Dentistry was transformed into the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. As a part of the school, liberal arts and social studies connected with medicine were also developed in units located within the structure of various departments of the AM. The Academy of Medicine in Wrocław existed until 2011 when the decision was made to transform it into Wrocław Medical University (Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich), functioning until now. The article presents the major stages in the history of medical schools in Wroclaw after 1945, taking into consideration the external factors that had an effect on the changes occurring in them. It also presents their results. It consists of three parts. The fi rst one presents the most important aspects of the history of the Faculty of Medicine of Wrocław University and Wroclaw University of Science and Technology in the years 1945–1949. The second part discusses the history of the Academy of Medicine in the years 1950– 2011, and the third one of Wrocław Medical University in the years 2011–2020. The article contains an extensive bibliography of studies concerning the history of these schools as well as the system of public medicine in Poland in the years 1945–2020, providing the context for their activities.

Professional training in medicine and pharmacy had begun in Wrocław by the fall of 1945. The Faculty of Medicine was created within the structure of Wrocław University and Wrocław University of Science and Technology. Two departments were established within it: the Pharmaceutical and Dentistry departments. In 1950, a specialized medical school was developed from the University, functioning briefly under the name of the Medical Academy (which was changed to the Academy of Medicine), already with an independent Faculty of Pharmacy. In 1979, the Medical Analytics Department was established within the Faculty of Pharmacy (which ceased its activities in 2020). In 1978, the Faculty of Nursing was created which was transformed into the Faculty of Public Health in 2001 and into the Faculty of Health Sciences in 2008. Starting in 1989, the school was called the Academy of Medicine in Wrocław (Akademia Medyczna im. Piastów Śląskich). In 1992, the Post-Graduate Faculty of Medicine (existing until the academic year 2019/2020) was distinguished from the Faculty of Medicine. In 2000, the Department of Dentistry was transformed into the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. As a part of the school, liberal arts and social studies connected with medicine were also developed in units located within the structure of various departments of the AM. The Academy of Medicine in Wrocław existed until 2011 when the decision was made to transform it into Wrocław Medical University (Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich), functioning until now. The article presents the major stages in the history of medical schools in Wroclaw after 1945, taking into consideration the external factors that had an effect on the changes occurring in them. It also presents their results. It consists of three parts. The first one presents the most important aspects of the history of the Faculty of Medicine of Wrocław University and Wroclaw University of Science and Technology in the years 1945–1949. The second part discusses the history of the Academy of Medicine in the years 1950–2011, and the third one of Wrocław Medical University in the years 2011–2020. The article contains an extensive bibliography of studies concerning the history of these schools as well as the system of public medicine in Poland in the years 1945–2020, providing the context for their activities.

Anita Napierała, Higiena prywatna w polskich publikacjach popularnych i popularnonaukowych w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku. Koncepcje i porady, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Poznań 2018, ss. 482

Vienna University professor J.P. Frank and Berlin University professor Ch.W. Hufeland were pioneers of medical prophylaxis in Europe. Concepts created by them were based on the same ideological grounds (populationism, cameralism) and were in the mainstream of European clinical medicine modernization process. Both authors used the same pathology concept (humoral pathology) explaining diseases origination and their course in organisms. Most of their recommendations in line with prophylaxis were similar. However, there were also differences. J.P. Frank created his public medicine model of prophylaxis as an important factor in Austria where most of its citizens were illiterate at the end of 18^th century. He focused on state activities to ensure the efficiency and he recommended police surveillance over it. Ch.W. Hufeland created his prophylaxis concept for the Prussian state where the illiterates were in the minority. He could realistically consider implementation of lifestyle rationalization and personal self-control compliant to clinical medicine in the whole population, not only among the elites. The purpose of the paper is to show the basis of both prophylaxis programmes and context of their creation.

The John Brown’s doctrine is not considered as important theoretical and practical concept in Polish historiography of medicine. It was not wildly accepted in Polish clinical medicine at the end of 18th century and during first three decades of 19th century, when it was at the height of popularity in Europe. It was also criticized in Polish handbooks for the history of medicine  (Oettinger, Szumowski, Zembrzuski, Seyda, Brzeziński) as well as in translated ones (Petersen, Haeser). Majority of young historians of medicine use English literature where the so called ‘brownism’  is usually not mentioned at all or there is merely one phrase that it was an over-interpretation of William Cullen concepts who was one of the founders of English medicine. This paper which is composed of two parts shows real influence of ‘brownism’ on European medicine at the end of 18th century and at the first decades of 19th century. This doctrine actually met wide reception at many German universities, both in its original form and in the more indirect way, becoming the base for original local medical doctrines. In the first part, I will show the place of ‘brownism’ among other clinical doctrines of its times created as an answer for problematic situation in medical science at the end of 18th century. In the second part, I will analyze the reception od ‘brownism’ in European medicine showing the factors conducive spreading its ideas in some European countries and the others, stopping its reception in the other countries. The paper was based on my source studies on Brown’s doctrine reception in European medicine. It also contains references to literature which is not wildly known for Polish scholars but it shows the debates over medicine modernization process which was present among German historians.

The John Brown’s doktrine is not considered as important theoretical and practical concept in Polish historiography of medicine. It was not wildly accepted in Polish clinical medicine at the end of 18th century and during fi rst three decades of 19th century, when it was at the height of popularity in Europe. It was also critized in Polish handbooks for the history of medicine (Oettinger, Szumowski, Zembrzuski, Seyda, Brzeziński) as well as in translated ones (Petersen, Haeser). Majority of young historians of medicine use the English literature where the so called ‘brownism’ is usually not mentioned at all or there is merely one phrase that it was an over-interpretation of William Cullen concepts who was one of the founders of English medicine. This paper which is composed of two parts shows real infl uence of ‘brownism’ on European medicine at the end of 18th century and at the fi rst decades of 19th century. The doctrine actually met wide reception an many German universities, both in its original form and in the more indirect way, becoming the base for original local medical doktrines. In the fi rst part, I will show the place of ‘brownism’ among other clinical doctrines of its times created as answer for problematic situation in medical science at the end of 18th century. In the second part, I will analyze the reception of ‘brownism’ in European medicine showing the factors conducive spreading its ideas in some European countries and the others, stopping its reception in the other countries. The paper was based on my source studies on Brown’s doctrine reception in European medicine. It also contains references to literature which is not wildly known for Polish scholars but it shows the debates over medicine modernization process which was present among German historians. 

„Lekarz Wojskowy” journal was established in the year of 1920. Its main purpose was the popularization of actual standards of medical knowledge among military physicians who graduated from universities of Russia, Prussia and Austro- Hungarian Empire before the First World War. This standard should be used by them in practice and popularized among conscripts. The main goal of the paper is to describe a history of the journal and showing examples of medical knowledge popularization especially that considered social diseases (STD and tuberculosis), infections which caused digestive system diseases and rational dietetical rules at both quantitative and qualitative aspect. These matters were very important for health care of the army and Polish civilians also because infectious diseases risks and unhealthy diet applied also for them. Medical knowledge popularization among soldiers and conscripts was aimed at improving health condition of whole Polish population.

In the collections of Turkish public scientific institutions, museums and libraries, there are extensive resources of historical artifacts connected thematically with the history of medicine and pharmacy. They include mainly manuscript books in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and also in Greek and Latin, which were gathered in the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The historical and medical collections contain also numerous printed books, including critical editions of the work by the classic authors of Islamic medicine together with their translations into congressional languages. In Istanbul, we can also fi nd numerous examples of various types of devices and equipment used in connection with the treatment and production of medicines. The article consists of two parts. The first part presents the outline of the history of the evelopment of historical collections in Istanbul connected with the history of medicine and pharmacy. The second part describes selected museum facilities and collections.

In the collections of Turkish public scientifi c institutions, museums and libraries, there are extensive resources of historical artifacts connected thematically with the history of medicine and pharmacy. They include mainly manuscript books in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and also in Greek and Latin, which were gathered in the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The historical and medical collections contain also numerous printed books, including critical editions of the work by the classic authors of Islamic medicine together with their translations into congressional languages. In Istanbul, we can also fi nd numerous examples of various types of devices and equipment used in connection with the treatment and production of medicines. The article consists of two parts. The fi rst part presents the outline of the history of the evelopment of historical collections in Istanbul connected with the history of medicine and pharmacy. The second part describes selected museum facilities and collections.