FAQ

Military Necessity under the 1954 Hague Convention

Data publikacji: 08.02.2016

Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2015, 2/2015 (1), s. 275 - 290

https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSR.15.023.4521

Autorzy

Alice Lopes Fabris
A/C NEHCIT, Minas Gerais – Brasil
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Military Necessity under the 1954 Hague Convention

Abstrakt

A system to protect cultural property in the event of an armed conflict has been in place since the 1889 and 1907 Hague Regulations. It was solidified by the conclusion of the 1954 Hague Convention, the main document for the protection of cultural property in armed conflict, and it was recently augmented by the 1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention. However, these instruments contain a waiver to the protection provided, linked to the concept of “military necessity”. The purpose of this paper is to examine that concept and its relation to the protection of cultural property in order to demonstrate the true extent of the international protection of cultural property during an armed conflict.

Bibliografia

Bokova I., From Baghdad to Cairo – combating trafficking in cultural property, “Mondes, Les cahiers du Quai d’Orsay” 2011, No. 8.

Chamberlain K., Military necessity under the 1999 Second Protocol, in: N. van Woudenberg, L. Lijnzaad (eds.), Protecting Cultural Property in Armed Conflict – An Insight into the 1999 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Brill-Nijhoff, Leiden – Boston 2010.

Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31.

Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 18 October 1907, 208 Parry’s CTS 77.

Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 14 May 1954, 249 UNTS 240.

Cornu M., Fromageau J., Wallaert C. (eds.), Dictionnaire comparé du droit du patrimoine culturel, CNRS Éditions, Paris 2012.

Detling K.J., Eternal Silence: the Destruction of Cultural Property in Yugoslavia, “Maryland Journal of International Law” 1993, Vol. 17.

Henckaerts J.M., New Rules for the Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict, “International Review of the Red Cross” 1999, No. 835.

Intergovernmental Conference, Actes de la conférence convoquée par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la cultura tenue à la Haye du 21avril au 14 mai 1954, Staatsdrukkerij – en uitverijbedrijk The Hague (1964).

International Committee of Red Cross, Customary IHL, Rule 38-41, https://www.icrc.org/ customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul [accessed: 15.11.2015].

International Committee of Red Cross, Practice Relating to Rule 38, attacks against Cultural Property, Military Manuals, https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/src_iimima#a [accessed: 30.10.2015]:
– Argentina, Leyes de Guerra (1967);
– Australia, Law of Armed Conflict, Commanders’Guide (1994);
– Belgium, Doit Pénal et Disciplinaire Militaire et Droit de la Guerre (1983);
– Benin, Le Droit de la Guerre (1995);
– Burkina Faso, Règlement de Discipline Générale dans les Forces Armées (1994);
– Congo, Décret no. 86/057 (1986);
– Croatia, Basic Rules of the Law of Armed Conflict – Commanders’ Manual (1992);
– Djibouti, Décret no. 82-028/PR/DEF (1982);
– Greece, Hellenic Territorial Army’s Internal Service Code (1984);
– Guinea, Soldier’s Manual (2010);
– Hungary, A Hadijog, Jegyzet a Katonai, Föikolák Hallgatói Részére (1992);
– Italy, Regoleelementari di dirritto di Guerra (1991);
– Indonesia, The Basics of International Humanitarian Law in Warfare (1990);
– Mali, Règlement du Service dans l’Armée (1979);
– Russia Federation, Instruction on the Application of the Rules of International Humanitarian
Law by the Armed Forces of the USSR (1990);
– Yugoslavie, propisi o Primeri Pravila Medjunarodnog Ratnog Prava u Oruzanim Snagama
(1988).

ISIS fighters destroy ancient artifacts at Mosul museum, “The Guardian”, 26 February 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/26/isis-fighters-destroy-ancient-artefacts-mosul-museum-iraq [accessed: 10.11.2015].

ISIS video confirms destruction at Unesco world heritage site in Hatra, “The Guardian”, 12 April 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/05/isis-video-confirms-destruction-at-unesco-world-heritage-site-on-hatra [accessed: 10.11.2015].

ISIS video shows destruction of ancient Assyrian city in Iraq, “The Guardian”, 11 April 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/11/isis-video-destruction-ancientcity-militants-iraq-nimrud [accessed: 10.11.2015].

Kila J.D., Herndon Ch.V., Military Involvement in Cultural Property Protection, “Joint Force Quarterly” 2014, No. 74.

Lieber Code (or Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, General Order No. 100), 24 April 1863, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lieber.asp [accessed: 8.11.2015].

Manhart Ch., The Intentional Destruction of Heritage: Bamiyan and Timbuktu, in: W. Logan, M.N. Craith, U. Kockel (eds.) A Companion to Heritage Studies, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2016.

Negri V., Legal study on the protection of cultural heritage through the resolutions of the Security Council of the United Nations, 25 March 2015, http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Study_Negri_RES2199_01.pdf [accessed: 10.11.2015].

O’Keefe R., Protection of Cultural Property in Armed conflict, “Amicus Curiae” 2007, Issue 71.

O’Keefe R., Protection of cultural property under International Criminal Law, “Melbourne Journal of International Law” 2010, Vol. 11.

Picte J. (ed.), The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary, Vol. 1, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva 1952, http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/GC_1949-I.pdf [accessed: 10.11.2015].

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977, 1125 UNTS 3.

Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 26 May 1999, 2253 UNTS 212.

Sørensen M., Rose D.V., War and Cultural Heritage. Biographies of Place, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015.

States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, http://www.unesco.org/eri/la/convention.asp?KO=13637&language=E [accessed: 29.09.2015].

Toman J., Cultural Property in War: Improvement in Protection. Commentary on the 1999 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, UNESCO Publishing, Paris 2009.

Treaty on the Protection of Artistic Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments, 15 April 1935, 167 LNTS 289.

UNESCO determined to help Mali restore and rebuild its cultural heritage, UNESCOPRESS, 30 October 2013, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/unescos-action-in-mali/?utm_source=partner-fotopedia&utm_medium=iphoneapp&utm_campaign=malicampaign&utm_term=donation&utm_content=CLT-WHC [accessed:10.11.2015].

United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1483, 22 May 2003, UN Doc. S/RES/1483 (2003).

United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1267, 15 October 1999, UN Doc. S/RES/1267 (1999).

United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 2199, 12 February 2015, UN Doc. S/RES/2199 (2015).

Informacje

Informacje: Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2015, 2/2015 (1), s. 275 - 290

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Military Necessity under the 1954 Hague Convention

Angielski:

Military Necessity under the 1954 Hague Convention

Autorzy

A/C NEHCIT, Minas Gerais – Brasil

Publikacja: 08.02.2016

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: Żadna

Udział procentowy autorów:

Alice Lopes Fabris (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń: 3164

Liczba pobrań: 1228

<p> Military Necessity under the 1954 Hague Convention</p>