FAQ
logotyp Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Camouflaging in Autism Spectrum Conditions in the Context of Self-Esteem Level

Data publikacji: 2022

Psychologia Rozwojowa, 2022, Tom 27, Numer 2, s. 71 - 87

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843879PR.22.012.17469

Autorzy

,
Joanna Kossewska
Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-6764 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
Magdalena Milczarek
Zespół Szkół w Świątnikach Górnych
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6321-4712 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Camouflaging in Autism Spectrum Conditions in the Context of Self-Esteem Level

Abstrakt

People with autism spectrum condition (ASC) sometimes mask the features of autism, and this could be related to their level of self-esteem. The aim of the research was to show the relationship between the intensity of autistic features, camouflage and self-esteem. Polish versions of the following tools were used in the study: the Short Autism Spectrum Quotient Test (AQ-10), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire-CAT-Q. The study involved 100 adults (aged 18 to 52) who were divided into two groups based on their ASD diagnosis and empirical AQ-10 indicators: an ASD group (N1 = 41, declaration of ASD diagnosis and indicator AQ ≥ 6; 31 females, 4 males, 6 nonbinary persons, mean age = 28.71, sd = 8.86); and a non-ASD group (N2 = 48, no ASD diagnosis and indicator AQ < 6; 29 females, 17 males and nonbinary persons, mean age = 26.14, sd = 9.64). The results revealed the existence of a linear relationship between the severity of autistic traits and the use of camouflaging strategies. No linear relationship was found between self-esteem and the other variables; however, some significant differentiation was identified due to the distinguished level of self-esteem (low, medium, high).

Bibliografia

Allison C., Auyeung B., Baron-Cohen S. (2012), Toward brief “red flags” for autism screening: The Short Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Short Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers in 1,000 cases and 3,000 controls: Erratum. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(3), 338. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.017.

Arwert T.G., Sizoo B.B. (2020), Self-reported suicidality in male and female adults with autism spectrum disorders: Rumination and self-esteem. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 3598–3605. doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04372-z.

Attwood T. (2007), The Complete Guide to Asperger’s Syndrome. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Baldwin S., Costley D. (2016), The experiences and needs of female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism, (4), 483–495. doi:10.1177/1362361315590805.

Bargiela S., Steward R., Mandy W. (2016), The experiences of late-diagnosed women with autism spectrum conditions: An investigation of the female autism phenotype. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(10), 3281–3294.

Beck J.S., Lundwall R.A., Gabrielsen, T., Cox J.C., South, M. (2020), Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits. Autism, 24(4), 809–821. doi: 10.1177/136236132091214147.

Bussey K., Bandura A. (1999), Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676–713. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.676.

Cage E., Di Monaco J., Newell V. (2018), Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 473–484.

Cage E., Troxell-Whitman (2019), Understanding the reasons, contexts and costs of camouflaging for autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 1899–1911. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x.

Cassidy S., Bradley L., Shaw R., Baron-Cohen S. (2018), Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults. Molecular Autism, 9(1). doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4.

Cassidy S.A., Gould K., Townsend E., Pelton M., Robertson A.E., Rodgers J. (2020), Is camouflaging autistic traits associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours? Expanding the interpersonal psychological theory of suicide in an undergraduate student sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(1), 3638–3648. doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3.

Chandler R.J., Russel A., Maras K.L. (2019), Compliance in autism: Self-report in action. Autism, 23(4), 1005–1017. doi:10.1177/1362361318795479.

Cook A., Ogden J., Winstone N. (2018), Friendship motivations, challenges and the role of masking for girls with autism in contrasting school settings, European Journal of Special Needs Education, 33(3), 302–315. doi:10.1080/08856257.2017.1312797.

Cook J., Hull L., Crane L., Mandy W. (2021). Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 89, 102080. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080.

Cooper K., Smith L.G.E, Russell A. (2017), Social Identity, Self-Esteem, and Mental Health in Autism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 844–854. doi:10.1002/EJSP.2297.

Dean M., Harwood R., Kasari C. (2017), The art of camouflage: Gender differences in the social behaviors of girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(6), 678–689. doi:10.1177/1362361316671845.

DeHart T., Pelham B.W., Tennen H. (2006), What lies beneath: Parenting style and implicite self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(1), 1–17.

Dworzynski K., Ronald A., Bolton P., Happé F. (2012), How different are girls and boys above and below the diagnostic threshold for autism spectrum disorders? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(8), 788–797. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.018.

Erol R.Y, Orth U. (2011), Self-esteem development from age 14 to 30 years: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3), 607.

Farmer G.D., Baron-Cohen S., Skylark W.J. (2017), People with autism spectrum conditions make more consistent decisions. Psychological Science, 28(8), 1067–1076. doi:10.1177/0956797617694867.

Fombonne E. (2020), Camouflage and autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61, 735–738. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13296.

George D., Mallery P. (2019), IBM SPSS Statistics 26 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. Abingdom on Thames: Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Hull L., Lai M.C., Baron-Cohen S., Allison C., Smith P., Petrides K.V., Mandy W. (2020), Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults. Autism, 24(2), 352–363. doi: 10.1177/1362361319864804.

Hull L., Levy L., Lai M.C., Petrides K.V., Baron-Cohen S., Allison C., Smith P., Mandy W. (2021), Is social camouflaging associated with anxiety and depression in autistic adults? Molecular Autism, 16;12(1), 13. doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00421-1.

Hull L., Mandy W., Lai M.C., Baron-Cohen S., Allison C., Smith P., Petrides K.V. (2019), Development and Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 819–833. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6.

Hull L., Petrides K.V, Allison C., Smith P., Baron-Cohen S., Lai M.C., Mandy W. (2017), “Putting on my best normal”: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5.

Hull L., Petrides K., Mandy W. (2020). The female autism phenotype and camouflaging: A narrative review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 7, 4, 306–317. doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9.

Jorgenson C., Lewis T., Rose C., Kanne S. (2020), Social camouflaging in autistic and neurotypical adolescents: A pilot study of differences by sex and diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04491-7.

Kaat A.J., Shui A.M., Ghods S.S., Farmer C.A., Esler A.N., Thurm A., Georgiades S., Kanne S.M., Lord C., Kim,Y.S., Bishop S.L. (2021), Sex differences in scores on standardized measures of autism symptoms: a multisite integrative data analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(1), 97–106. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13242.

Keenan K., Shaw D. (1997), Developmental and social influences on young girls’ early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 95–113. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.95.

Kernis M.H. (2005), Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73(6), 1569–1605.

Kopp S., Gillberg C. (1992), Girls with social deficits and learning problems: Autism, atypical Asperger syndrome of a variant of these conditions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1(2), 89–99. doi:10.1007/BF02091791.

Kozielecki J. (1981), Psychologiczna teoria samowiedzy. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

Kreiser N.L., White S.W. (2014), ASD in females: Are we overstating the gender difference in diagnosis? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(1), 67–84. doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0148-9.

Lai M.C., Baron-Cohen S. (2015), Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions. Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 1013–1027. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-1.

Lai M.C., Baron-Cohen S., Buxbaum J.D. (2015), Understandingautism in the light of sex/gender. Molecular Autism, 6(1). doi:org/10.1186/s13229-015-0021-4.

Lai M. C., Lombardo M., Baron-Cohen S. (2014), Autism. The Lancet, 383, 896910.

Lai M.C., Lombardo M.V., Chakrabarti B., Ruigrok A.N., Bullmore E.T., Suckling J., Auyeung B., Happé F., Szatmari P. Baron-Cohen S. (2019), Neural self-representation in autistic women and association with ‘compensatory camouflaging’. Autism, 23(5), 1210–1223. doi:10.1177/1362361318807159.

Lai M.C., Lombardo M.V., Pasco G., Ruigrok A.N.V., Wheelwright S.J., Sadek S.A., Chakrabarti B., Baron-Cohen S. (2011), A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions. PloS One, 6(6), e20835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020835.

Lai M.C., Lombardo M.V., Ruigrok A.N.V., Chakrabarti B., Auyeung B., Szatmari P., Baron-Cohen S. (2017), Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 21(6), 690–702.

Levinson D.J. (1978), The Seasons of a Man’s Life. New York, NY: Knopf Publishers.

Livingston L.A., Shah P., Happé F. (2019), Compensatory strategies below the behavioural surface in autism: A qualitative study. Lancet. Psychiatry, 6(9), 766–777. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30224-x.

Łaguna M., Lachowicz-Tabaczek K., Dzwonkowska I. (2007), Skala Samooceny SES Morrisa Rosenberga – polska adaptacja metody. Psychologia Społeczna, 2(4), 164–176.

Maïano C., Normand C.L., Salvas M.C., Moullec G., Aimé A. (2016). Prevalence of school bullying among youth with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism Research, 9(6),601–615. doi:10.1002/aur.1568.

Mandy W., Chilvers R., Chowdhury U., Salter G., Seigal A., Skuse D. (2012), Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from a large sample of children and adolescents. The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1304–1313. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1356-0.

May T., Cornish K., Rinehart N. (2014), Does gender matter? A one year follow-up of autistic, attention and anxiety symptoms in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1077–1086. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1964-y.

Mazurek M.O. (2014), Loneliness, friendship, and well-being in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 18(3), 223–232. doi:10.1177/1362361312474121.

McChesney G., Toseeb U. (2018), Happiness, self-esteem, and prosociality in children with and without autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from a UK population cohort study. Autism Research, 11(7), 1011–1023. doi:10.1002/aur.1957.

McQuaid G.A., Lee N.R., Wallace G.L. (2021), Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing. Autism, 26(2), 552–559. doi:10.1177/13623613211042131.

Mikami K., Onishi Y., Matsumoto H. (2014), Attempted Suicide of an Adolescent with Autism Spectrum Disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 47(3), 263–271. doi:10.2190%2FPM.47.3.g.

Milczarek M. (2021). Natężenie cech autystycznych a samoocena i kamuflaż cech autystycznych u osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu. Niepublikowana praca magisterska, Kraków: Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny. Pan W., Liu C., Yang Q., Gu Y., Yin S., Chen A. (2016), The neural basis of trait self-esteem revealed by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and resting state functional connectivity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(3), 367–376. doi:10.1093/scan/nsv119.

Peng Z, Chen J, Jin L, Han H, Dong C, Guo Y, Kong X, Wan G, Wei Z. (2020). Social brain dysfunctionality in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and their first-degree relatives: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 298, 111063. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111063.

Pisula E., Kawa R., Szostakiewicz Ł., Łucka I., Kawa M., Rynkiewicz A. (2013), Autistic Traits in Male and Female Students and Individuals with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders Measured by the Polish Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient. Plos One, 8(9), e75236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075236.

Polczyk R., Szpitalak M. (2015), Samoocena. Geneza, struktura, funkcje i metody pomiaru. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.

Reykowski J., Owczynnikowa O.W., Obuchowski K. (1977), Studia z psychologii emocji, motywacji i osobowości. Wrocław: Ossolineum.

Rosenberg M. (1965), Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rynkiewicz A. (2009), Zespół Aspergera. Inny mózg, inny umysł, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Harmonia.

Rynkiewicz A., Janas-Kozik M., Słopień A. (2018), Dziewczęta i kobiety z autyzmem. Psychiatria Polska, 116, 1–16. doi:10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/95098.

Rynkiewicz A., Łucka I. (2018), Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu (ASD) u dziewcząt. Współwystępujące zespoły psychopatologiczne. Różnice międzypłciowe w obrazie klinicznym. Psychiatria Polska, 52(4), 629–639.

Rynkiewicz A., Schuller B., Marchi E., Piana S., Camurri A., Lassalle A., Baron-Cohen S. (2016), An investigation of the „female camouflage effect” in autism using a computerized ADOS-2 and a Test of Sex/Gender Differences. Molecular Autism, 7, 10. doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0073-0.

Schneider Z. (2021), Deprywacja potrzeb i motywów społecznych w obliczu pandemii Covid-19. In: K. Roman, B. Sitko, M. Mijalski (ed.), Współczesne wyzwania nauk społecznych – wybrane zagadnienia, 97–114. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Archaegraph.

Schuck R.K., Flores R.E., Fung L.K. (2019), Brief report: Sex/gender differences in symptomology and camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2597–2604. doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03998-y.

Shtayermman O. (2007), Peer victimization in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome: A link to depressive symptomatology, anxiety symptomatology and suicidal ideation. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 30(3), 87–107. doi:10.1080/01460860701525089.

Sinclair S.J., Blais M.A., Gansler D.A., Sandberg E., Bistis K., LoCicero A. (2010), Psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Overall and across demographic groups living within the United States. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 33(1), 56–80. doi:10.1177/0163278709356187.

Tierney S., Burns J., Kilbey E. (2016), Looking behind the mask: Social coping strategies of girls on the autistic spectrum. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 73–83. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.013.

Tuijl L.A. van, De Jong P.J., Sportel B.E., De Hullu E., Nauta M.H. (2014), Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety: A longitudinal study in adolescents. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(1), 113–121. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.09.007.

Wing L. (1981), Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions. Psychiatry Research, 5(2), 129–137. doi:10.1016/ 0165-1781(81)90043-3.

Wood-Downie H., Wong B., Kovshoff H. Mandy W., Hull, L., Hadwin, J. (2021), Sex/gender differences in camouflaging in children and adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51, 1353–1364. doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z.

Informacje

Informacje: Psychologia Rozwojowa, 2022, Tom 27, Numer 2, s. 71 - 87

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Camouflaging in Autism Spectrum Conditions in the Context of Self-Esteem Level

Angielski:

Camouflaging in Autism Spectrum Conditions in the Context of Self-Esteem Level

Autorzy

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-6764

Joanna Kossewska
Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-6764 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Polska

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6321-4712

Magdalena Milczarek
Zespół Szkół w Świątnikach Górnych
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6321-4712 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Zespół Szkół w Świątnikach Górnych

Publikacja: 2022

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Joanna Kossewska (Autor) - 50%
Magdalena Milczarek (Autor) - 50%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski