FAQ

Belizariusz i rzymianie. Mieszkańcy Wiecznego Miasta a garnizon bizantyński w czasie oblężenia miasta przez Witigesa (537–538)

Data publikacji: 23.10.2018

Prace Historyczne, 2018, Numer 145 (4), s. 755 - 774

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.18.036.8751

Autorzy

Teresa Wolińska
Uniwersytet Łódzki, Polska, ul. Narutowicza 65, 90-131 Łódź
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-8922 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Belizariusz i rzymianie. Mieszkańcy Wiecznego Miasta a garnizon bizantyński w czasie oblężenia miasta przez Witigesa (537–538)

Abstrakt

Belisarius and the Romans: Inhabitants of the Eternal City and the Byzantine garrison during the siege of Rome by Vitiges (537–538)
 
During Justinian’s wars with the Goths, the Byzantines in Rome were besieged by Vitiges’ forces. For a year and nine days the Byzantine garrison of 5,000 soldiers fought off much more numerous Gothic troops. The Byzantines came to Italy and recaptured the territories occupied by the barbarians. Belisarius did much to prevent tensions between his soldiers and the civilians of Italy, but the long-lasting siege had consequences for the inhabitants of the Eternal City and their relationship with the Byzantines. The most important problem was the food supply. Belisarius did his best to collect as much food as possible but the prolonged blockade caused supply shortage. At one point the city was so short of supplies that Belisarius ordered all women and children to leave Rome. In the spring of 538, hunger and plagues reigned in the besieged city. The citizens were desperate because of the inability to use baths, but also due to the lost of their livelihoods. The Romans tried to force Belisarius to enter the battle. At the same time the pro-Gothic sympathies were fuelled by the emissaries of Vitiges. Pope Silverius was considered a Gothic ally, which cost him the papal throne. Desertions were a serious problem as Roman refugees informed the Goths about the actions of the Byzantines. The Romans were also dissatisfied that Belisarius did not want them to take part in the battle due to their lack of discipline. Byzantine soldiers themselves were another problem. Constantine, a Byzantine officer, stole two valuable daggers from an Italian citizen and when the theft was discovered, he attempted to assassinate Belisarius. The above illustrates how difficult it was for a military commander, regardless of his talents, to maintain good relations with the civilians of the city over whom he kept guard.

Bibliografia

Źródła

Evagrius, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius with the Scholia, eds. J. Bidez, L. Parmentier, London 1898.

Facundi Libercontra Mocianum, ed. J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, t. LXVII, Pariisis 1865, kol. 853–868.

Jordanis Getica [w:] Jordanes, Romana et Getica, ed. Th. Mommsen, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi, t. V.1, Berolini 1882, s. 53–138.

Jordanis Romana [w:] Jordanes, Romana et Getica, ed. Th. Mommsen, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi, t. V.1, Berolini 1882, s. 1–52.

Landolfus Sagax, Addidamenta ad Pauli Historiam Romanam[w:] Eutropi breviarium ab urbe condita cum versionibus Graecis et Pauli Landolfique additamentis, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi, t. II, Berolini 1879, s. 227–376.

Le Liber Pontificalis, texte, introduction et commentaire par L. Duchesne, t. 1, Paris 1886, t. 2, Paris 1892 [reed. Paris 1955].

Liber Pontificalis. Księga pontyfików, t. I: I–XCVI (usque ad annum 772), tłum. M. Jesiotr, B. Frontczak, A. Caba, Kraków 2014.

Liberatus Carthaginiensis, Breviarium causae Nestorianorum et Eutychianorum, ed. ­J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, t. 68, Pariisis 1866, coll. 969–1052.

Marcellin Komes, The Chronicle of Marcellinus, ed. and transl. B. Croke, Sydney 1995
[= Marcellinus comes, Chronicon, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi, t. XI, Berolini 1894, s. 37–108].

Pauli Diaconi Historia Romana, ed. A. Crivelucci, Roma 2014 [Fonti per la storia d’Italia, 51]; przekład polski: Paweł Diakon,Historia rzymska. Historia Longobardów,tłum. I. Lewandowski, Warszawa 1995.

Procopii Caesariensis De Bellis [w:] Opera omnia, t. 1–2, ed. J. Haury, corr. G. Wirth, Leipzig 1962–1963; przekład polski: Prokopiusz z Cezarei, Historia wojen, t. I–II, tłum. D. Brodka, Kraków 2014–2015.

Procopius, Anecdota, [w:] Procopius,Opera omnia with an English Translation, t. VII, transl. H.B. Deving, London 1935.

Victoris Tonnenensis episcopi Chronica, ed. Th. Mommsen, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi, t. XI.2, Berolini 1894, s. 178–267.

 

Opracowania

Bertolini O., Roma di fronte a Bisanzio e ai Longobardi, Bologna 1941 [= Storia di Roma, IX].

Besevliev V., Bulgaren as Söldern in den italienischen Kriegen Justinianus I, „Jahrbücher der Östromische Byzantinistik” 1980, vol. 29, s. 21–26.

Bjornlie S., Politics and Tradition. Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople. A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527–554, Cambridge 2013.

Browning R., Justynian i Teodora, tłum. M. Boduszyńska-Borowikowa, Warszawa 1971.

Bury J.B., The History of the Later Roman Empire, t. 2, New York 1958.

Cameron A., Procopius and the Sixth Century Byzantium, Berkeley–Los Angeles 1985.

Capizzi C., Giustiniano I tra politica e religione, Soveria Mannelli 1994.

Chassin L.M., Bélisaire, généralissime byzantin (504–565), Paris 1957.

Cosentino S., Storia dell’Italia bizantina (VI–XI secolo). Da Giustiniano ai Normanni, Bologna 2008.

Diesner H., Das Buccellariertum von Stilicho und Sarus bis auf Aetius (454/455), „Klio. Beiträge zur alten Geschichte” 1972, vol. 54, s. 321–350.

Evans J.A., Justynian i imperium bizantyńskie, tłum. B. Godzińska, Warszawa 2008.

Evans J.A.S., The Age of Justinian. The Circumstances of Imperial Power, London–New York 1996.

Evert-Kappesowa H., Antonine et Belisaire[w:] Byzantine Beitrage, Hrsg. J. Irmscher, Berlin 1964.

GascouJ., L’institution des bucellaires, „Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orien­tale” 1976, vol. 76, s. 143–156.

GattoL., Storia di Roma nel medioevo. Politica, società, cultura e urbanistica della Città Eterna tra l’avvento di Constantino e il saccheggio di Carlo V, Roma 2000.

Hannestad K., Les forces militaires d’après la Guerre Gothique de Procope, „Classica et Mediaevalia” 1960, vol. 21, s. 136–183.

Heather P., I Goti. Dal Baltico al Mediterraneo. La storia dei barbari che sconfissero Roma, Genova 2005.

Hughes I., Belisarius. The Last Roman General, Barnsley 2009.

Kaldellis A., Procopius of Caesarea. Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Anti­quity, Philadelphia 2004.

Krupczyński P., Belizariusz a dwór i oficerowie, „Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Historica” 1978, t. 29, s. 3–24.

Krupczyński P., Trudności zachodnich wypraw Belizariusza, Łódź 1981.

Loungís T., Ioustinianós Pétros Savvátios. Koinonía, Politkí kai Ideología ton 6o m. Ch. Aióna, Thessaloníki 2005.

Martindale J.R., The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, t. II: 1–2, Cambridge 1980; t. III: A–B, Cambridge 1992.

Meier M., Das andere Zeitalter Justinians. Kontingenzerfahrung und Kontingenzbewältigung im 6. Jahrundert n.Chr., Göttingen 2003.

Moss H.S.L.B., The Birth of the Middle Ages 395–814, Oxford 1963.

Pohl W., Justinian and the Barbarian Kingdom[w:] The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, ed. M. Maas, Cambridge 2005, s. 448–476.

Radtki Ch., The Senate at Rome in Ostrogothic Italy[w:] A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy, eds. J.J. Arnold, M. Shane Bjornlie, K. Sessa, Leiden 2016, s. 121–146.

Rahner H., Kościół i państwo we wczesnym chrześcijaństwie, tłum. M. Radożycka, J. Radożycki, Warszawa 1986.

Ravegnani G., Soldati e guerre a Bisanzio, Bologna 2009.

RubinB., Das Zeitalter Justinians, Bd. 1, Berlin 1960, T. 2, Berlin–New York 1995.

Ruchesi E.C., Los bucellarii y el imperio romano: sus orígenes, empleo y la cuestión de la cohesión social de sus componentes, „Studia Historica, Historia Antigua” 2016, 34, s. 167–188.

Sessa K., The Roman Church and its Bishops[w:] A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy, eds. J.J. Arnold, M. Shane Bjornlie, K. Sessa, Leiden 2016, s. 425–450.

Sotinel C., Emperors and Popes in the Sixth Century the Western View[w:] The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, ed. M. Maas, Cambridge 2005, s. 267–290.

Southern P., Dixon K.R., The Late Roman Army, New Haven 1996.

Stein E., Histoire du Bas Empire, t. 2: De la disparition de l’empire d’Occident a la mort de Justinien (476–565), Paris 1949.

Stern C.A, Justinian, Lieuntenant of Christ. Legislator for Christendom, „Regent University Law Review” 1998–1999, vol. 11, no. 1, s. 151–167, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2642313 (dostęp: 3.12.2017).

Tate G., Justinien. Apogé de l’Empire d’Orient (527–565), Beyrouth 2004.

Teall J.L., The Barbarians in Justinian’s Armies, „Speculum” 1965, 40/2, s. 294–322.

Treadgold W., A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford 1997.

Udal'tsova Z.V., Italiia i Vizantiia v VI veke, Moskva 1959.

Whitby M., The Army, c. 420–602[w:] The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14: Late Anti­quity: Empire and Successors, AD 425–600, ed. A. Cameron, Oxford 2001, s. 288–314.

Wolińska T., Antonina, kobieta spośród wszystkich na świecie najbardziej uzdolniona do osiągania rzeczy niemożliwych [w:] Kobiety i władza w czasach dawnych, red. B. ­Czwojdrak, A. Kluczek, Katowice 2015, s. 73–99.

Wolińska T., Bessas – kariera Ostrogota w Bizancjum, „Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica” 2005, t. 80, s. 81–93.

Wolińska T., Sympatyk pogan i heretyków? Prokopiusz z Cezarei o polityce religijnej Justyniana, „Christianitas Antiqua” 2014, t. 6, s. 194–211.

Informacje

Informacje: Prace Historyczne, 2018, Numer 145 (4), s. 755 - 774

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Belizariusz i rzymianie. Mieszkańcy Wiecznego Miasta a garnizon bizantyński w czasie oblężenia miasta przez Witigesa (537–538)

Angielski:

Belisarius and the Romans: Inhabitants of the Eternal City and the Byzantine garrison during the siege of Rome by Vitiges (537–538)

Autorzy

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-8922

Teresa Wolińska
Uniwersytet Łódzki, Polska, ul. Narutowicza 65, 90-131 Łódź
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-8922 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Uniwersytet Łódzki, Polska, ul. Narutowicza 65, 90-131 Łódź

Publikacja: 23.10.2018

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Teresa Wolińska (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Polski