Effects of the Covid-19 travel restrictions on metropolises mobility: empirical evidence from the Tricity metropolis (Poland)

Krzysztof Grzelec; Katarzyna Hebel; Romanika Okraszewska; Olgierd Wyszomirski

Tytuły

Abstrakt

This paper aims to assess changes in mobility and modal shift caused by COVID-19 travel restrictions among the residents of Gdańsk Bay Metropolis (Poland). Measurement’s moments were assumed in periods differing in the level of restrictions. The computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) was carried out in November and December 2020. The results did not confirm the expected modal shift. However, significant changes in the number of trips between periods were observed. Restrictions in the first period of the pandemic resulted in a greater decrease in mobility than the restrictions at the end of the year. Moreover, significant associations were found between transport behaviour and place of residence. Nevertheless, possible negative changes in the modal split after the pandemic ends should be counteracted by improving the quality of public transport services. As the most important attributes of public transport attracting passengers after the pandemic respondents recognized: high frequency of vehicles, low cost of travel, not overcrowded vehicles. However, some residents declared they will not use public transport regardless of service improvements. Consequently, to meet the objectives of sustainable mobility policy, it can be necessary to increase the share in the modal split of other sustainable modes of travel.

Słowa kluczowe

COVID-10, lockdown, travel restrictions, mobility, transport, modal shift

Bibliografia

Åkerman J., Gudmundsson H., Sørensen C. H., Isaksson K., Olsen S., Kessler F., Macmillan J., 2011, Deliverable 5: How to Manage Barriers to Formation and Implementation of Policy Packages in Transport, OPTIC. Optimal Policies for Transport in Combination, no. June, http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:587347.

Awad-Núñez S., Julio R., Moya-Gómez B., Gomez J., Sastre González J., 2021, Acceptability of Sustainable Mobility Policies under a Post-COVID-19 Scenario. Evidence from Spain, Transport Policy, 106 (April), 205-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.010.

Badr H., Du H., Marshall M., Dong E., Squire M. M., Gardner L. M., 2020, Association between Mobility Patterns and COVID-19 Transmission in the USA: A Mathematical Modelling Study, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(11), 1247-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30553-3.

Banister D., 2005, Overcoming Barriers to the Implementation of Sustainable Transport, Barriers to Sustainable Transport: Institutions, Regulation and Sustainability, The Sustainable Mobility Paradigm, Transport Policy, 54-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005.

Barbieri D. M., Lou B., Passavanti M., Hui C., Lessa D. A., Maharaj D., Banerjee A. et al., 2020, A Survey Dataset to Evaluate the Changes in Mobility and Transportation Due to COVID-19 Travel Restrictions in Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa, United States, Data in Brief, 33 (December), 106459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106459.

Beck M. J., Hensher D. A., Wei E., 2020, Slowly Coming out of COVID-19 Restrictions in Australia: Implications for Working from Home and Commuting Trips by Car and Public Transport, Journal of Transport Geography, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102846.

Bernhardt J., 2020, Decline in Ridership, Adapted Timetables and Disinfection-Robots – The Impact of Corona/ Covid-10 on Public Transport, Urban Transport Magazine.

Bert J., Schellong D., Hagenmaier M., Hornstein D., Wegscheider A. K., Palme T., 2020, How COVID-19 Will Shape Urban Mobility | BCG, City, 25.

Buehler R., Pucher J., 2011, Sustainable Transport in Freiburg: Lessons from Germany’s Environmental Capital, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 5(1), 43-70, https://doi.org/10.1080/15568311003650531.

Buzatu S., Pianta L., 2020, How the Covid-19 Pandemic Is Changing Urban Mobility, COVID-19 Impact on the European Air Traffic Network | EUROCONTROL. n.d.

Downey L., Fonzone A., Fountas G., Semple T., 2022, The Impact of COVID-19 on Future Public Transport Use in Scotland, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 163 (May), 338-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.06.005.

Gkiotsalitis K., Cats O., 2020, Public Transport Planning Adaption under the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: Literature Review of Research Needs and Directions, Transport Reviews, December, 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1857886.

Griffiths S., Furszyfer Del Rio D., Sovacool B., 2021, Policy Mixes to Achieve Sustainable Mobility after the COVID-19 Crisis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143 (December 2020), 110919, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110919.

Hattrup-Silberberg M., Hausler S., Heineke K., Laverty N., Möller T., Schwedhelm D., Wu T., 2020, Five COVID-19 Aftershocks Reshaping Mobility’s Future, McKinsey Center for Future Mobility, no. September.

Helbin M., Wyszomirski O., 2019, Possibilities of Using Big Data in Researching Demand and Supply in Urban Transport (in Polish), Transport Miejski i Regionalny, 2, 3-8.

Karoń G., Krawczyk G., Urbanek K., 2017, Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning (SUMP) at Subregional Area Level with the Use of Transportation Model, Archives of Transport, no. October, https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-524373ae-3349-408c-ab01-2316da298f6b.

Kyriakidis Ch., Chatziioannou I., Iliadis F., Nikitas A., Bakogiannis E., 2023, Evaluating the Public Acceptance of Sustainable Mobility Interventions Responding to Covid-19: The Case of the Great Walk of Athens and the Importance of Citizen Engagement, Cities, 132 (May 2022), 103966., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103966.

Lam D., Head P., 2012, Sustainable Urban Mobility, Energy, Transport & the Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2717-8_19.

Lucchesi S., Trichês A., Bergamaschi Tavares W., Rocha M. K., Larranaga A. M., 2022, Public Transport COVID-19-Safe: New Barriers and Policies to Implement Effective Countermeasures under User’s Safety Perspective, Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(5), https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052945.

May A. D., Kelly Ch., Shepherd S., 2006, The Principles of Integration in Urban Transport Strategies, Transport Policy, 13(4), 319-27, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.12.005.

Nasrudin N., Rostam K., Mohd Noor H., 2014, Barriers and Motivations for Sustainable Travel Behaviour: Shah Alam Residents’ Perspectives. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153(006), 510-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.084.

Okraszewska R., Grzelec K., Jamroz K., 2016, Developing a Cycling Subsystem as Part of a Sustainable Mobility Strategy: The Case of Gdansk, Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport, 92, 87-99, https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2016.92.9.

Olayode I. O., Severino A. G., Campisi T., Kwanda Tartibu L., 2022., Comprehensive Literature Review on the Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Road Transportation System: Challenges and Solutions, Sustainability, 14(15), https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159586.

Paul T., Chakraborty R., Anwari N., 2022, Impact of COVID-19 on Daily Travel Behaviour: A Literature Review, Transportation Safety and Environment, 4(2), https://doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdac013.

Posaner J., Cokelaere H., Hernandez-Morales A., 2020, Life after COVID: Europeans Want to Keep Their Cities Car-Free, Politico.

Przybylowski A., Stelmak S., Suchanek M., 2021, Mobility Behaviour in View of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic—Public Transport Users in Gdansk Case Study, Sustainability, 13(1), 364, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010364.

Public Transport Board, 2019, Gdynia.

Pullano G., Valdano E., Scarpa N., Rubrichi S., Colizza V., 2020, Evaluating the Effect of Demographic Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, and Risk Aversion on Mobility during the COVID-19 Epidemic in France under Lockdown: A Population-Based Study, The Lancet Digital Health, 2(12), e638-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30243-0.

Railway Transport Office, 2020, Impact of the COVOD-19 Pandemic on the Railway Market (in Polish), Warsaw.

Ricco B., 2020, How the Covid-19 Pandemic Is Changing Urban Mobility, Euro, Lodi.

SAGE – Environmental and Modelling Group, 2020, Evidence for Transmission of SARS-COV-2 on Ground Public Transport and Potential Effectiveness of Mitigation Measures.

Shakibaei S., de Jong G. C., Alpkökin P., Rashidi T. H., 2021, Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Travel Behavior in Istanbul: A Panel Data Analysis, Sustainable Cities and Society, 65 (February), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102619.

Smith G., Sochor J., Karlsson M. A., 2018, Mobility as a Service: Development Scenarios and Implications for Public Transport, Research in Transportation Economics, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.04.001.

Szczepanek W. K., Kruszyna M., 2022, The Impact of COVID-19 on the Choice of Transport Means in Journeys to Work Based on the Selected Example from Poland, Sustainability, 14 (13), https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137619.

Tarkhov S., 2021, Geographic Differences in Passenger Turnover Decline at Airports around the World in 2020 Caused by the COVID-2019 Pandemic, Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG, 24(2), 18-39, https://doi.org/10.4467/2543859xpkg.21.009.14952.

Tarkowski M., Puzdrakiewicz K., Jaczewska J., Połom M., 2020, COVID-19 Lockdown in Poland – Changes in Regional and Local Mobility Patterns Based on Google Maps Data, Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG, 23(2), 46-55, https://doi.org/10.4467/2543859xpkg.20.007.12105.

Valenzuela-Levi N., Echiburu T., Correa J., Hurtubia R., Muñoz J. C., 2021, Housing and Accessibility after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Rebuilding for Resilience, Equity and Sustainable Mobility, Transport Policy, 109 (March), 48-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.006.

VIA VISTULA, 2016, Gdańsk Traffic Research 2016. Report 3 (in Polish), Gdańsk.

Watts J., 2020, Blue-Sky Thinking: How Cities Can Keep Air Clean after Coronavirus, The Guardian.

WHO, 2020, Supporting Healthy Urban Transport and Mobility in the Context of COVID19, Geneva.

Wielechowski M., Czech K., Grzęda Ł., 2020, Decline in Mobility: Public Transport in Poland in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Economies, 8(4), 1-24.

Yuen K. F., Xueqin W., Ma F., Li K. X., 2020, The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103513.

ZKM Gdynia, 2019, Transport Preferences and Behavior of Gdynia Residents in 2018 (in Polish), Gdynia.