Time and Friendship in the Corona Pandemic: Relationship-Making Between Middle-Class Migrant Women in Norway

Agata  Kochaniewicz

Time and Friendship in the Corona Pandemic: Relationship-Making Between Middle-Class Migrant Women in Norway

Data publikacji: 11.2021

Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 2021 (XLVII), Nr 3 (181), s. 211 - 236

https://doi.org/10.4467/25444972SMPP.21.040.14460

Autorzy

Pobierz pełny tekst

PDF PDF

drukuj

Tytuły

Time and Friendship in the Corona Pandemic: Relationship-Making Between Middle-Class Migrant Women in Norway

Abstrakt

The pandemic’s rupture in people’s lives was felt in a particular way among foreign-born middle-class women in Trondheim. In the situation of unexpected (im)mobility and anxieties related to the pandemic, the lack of close relationships in the local context, was significantly felt. Despite digital acceleration, that was witnessed with pandemic, it highlighted the centrality of local presence and physicality of relations. The pandemic created a situation in which women realised the importance of having friends in the local community to cope with the restrictions and triggered a necessity for the otherwise highly mobile individuals to establish new relationships and explore the local environment. In this article, I discuss the formation of such relationships and the role of social media platforms, more specifically the role of a local social media-based initiative for mobile women with diverse cultural backgrounds. I argue that ‘affective time’ of pandemic created temporalities for forming a community for sharing sufferings, security, and joyful distractions from the crisis. This article considers meaning and experiences of friendship under condition of uncertainty and how relationship-making shape migrant’s woman engagement with the present. I follow a methodology of friendship, developed by Tillmann-Healy (2003), as a useful tool to research friendship-making practices and specifically in times of crisis.

Słowa kluczowe

friendship, time, pandemic, crisis, affective time, temporalities, (im)mobility, migration, digital anthropology

Bibliografia

Pobierz bibliografię

Ahmed S. (2000), Strange Encounters. Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality, London and New York: Routledge.

Ahmed S. (2004), The cultural Politics of Emotion, London: Routledge.

Amit V. (2007), Globalization through “Weak ties”: A study of Transnational Networks Among Mobile Professionals, in: Amit V. (eds.), New Approuches to Priviliged Travel and Movement, New York: Oxford.

Anderson B. (1983), Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, London: Verso.

Andits P. (2013), Between Suspicion and Trust: Fieldwork in the Australian-Hungarian Community, in: Voloder L., Kirpitchenko, L. (eds.), Insider Research on Migration and Mobility: International Perspectives on Researcher Positioning, Ashgate Publishing Limited, pp. 135–193.

Appadurai A. (1996), Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalisation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

Baym N. (2010), Personal Connections in the Digital Age, Cambridge: Polity.

Beal F., M. (1970), Double jeopardy: To be Black and female, in: Bambara T., C. (eds.), The Black woman: An anthology, New York: New American Library.

Beer B., Gardner D., (2015), Friendship, Anthropology of, in: Wright J., D., (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol 9, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 425–431.

Behar R., Gordon D. A. (1995), Women Writing Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bell S., Coleman S. (1999), The Anthropology of Friendship, New York: Oxford.

Bourdieu P., (1987), What Makes a Social Class? On The Theoretical and Practical Existence of Groups, “Berkeley Journal of Sociology”, Vol. 32, pp. 1–17.

Bryant R., Knight D.M. (2019), The Anthropology of the Future, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bunnell, T., Yea, S., Peake, L., Skelton, T., and Smith, M. (2012). Geographies of friendships. Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 36, Issue. 4, pp. 490–507.

Bygnes S., Erdal, M.B. (2017), Liquid migration, grounded lives: considerations about future mobility and settlement among Polish and Spanish migrants in Norway, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, Vol. 43, Issue. 1, pp. 102–118.

Cangia` F. (2020), (Im)Mobile imagination: On trailing, feeling stuck and imagining work on-themove, “Culture and Psychology”, Vol. 26, Issue. 4, pp. 697–712.

Cangia` F., Zittoun T. (2020), Exploring the interplay between (im)mobility and imagination, “Culture and Psychology”, Vol. 26, Issue. 4, pp. 641–653.

Carrier J., (1999), People who can be friends: selves and social relationships, in: Bell S., Coleman S. (eds.), The Anthropology of Friendship, New York: Oxford, pp. 21–38.

Cerna L. (2013), The EU Blue Card: Preferences, Policies and Negotiations between Member States, Migration Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 73–96.

Collins P. H. (1991), Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.

Conradson D., Latham A., (2005), Friendship, networks and transnationality in a world city: Antipodean transmigrants in London, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 31, pp. 287–305.

Cotterill P. (1992), Interviewing women. Issues of Friendship, Vulnerability, and Power, Women’s Studies Int. Forum, Vol. 15, Issue. 5/6, pp. 593–606.

Crenshaw K. (1989), Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics, University of Chicago Legal Forum, Vol. 139.

De Regt M. (2015), Noura and Me. Friendship as Method in Times of Crisis, “Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development”, Vol. 44, Issue 1–2, pp. 43–70.

Desai A., Killick E. (2010), The Ways of Friendship: Anthropological Perspectives. New York: Berghahn Books.

Dwyer P. (2009), Worlds of waiting, in: Hage G. (eds.), Waiting, Carlton, Vic: Melbourne Univ Press, pp. 15–27.

Escobar A. (2001), Culture sits in places: reflections on globalism and subaltern strategies of Localization, “Political Geography”, Vol. 20, pp. 139–174.

Farah R. (2020), Expat, Local, and Refugee. “Studying Up” the Global Division of Labor and Mobility in the Humanitarian Industry in Jordan, “Migration and Society: Advances in Research”, Vol. 3, pp.130–144.

Findlay A.M., Stockdale A. (2003), The temporal and social embeddedness of migration, “Geography Research Forum”, Vol. 23, pp. 4–29.

Frykman M. P., Guribye E., Hidle K., Mozetič K. (2020), How Does Place Matter to Highly Skilled Migrants?: Work/non-work experiences of international physicians in Norway and Sweden. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, Vol.10, Issue. 1, pp. 51–68.

Gay y Blasco P., De la Cruz Hernandez L. (2012), Friendship, Anthropology, “Anthropology and Humanism”, Vol. 37, Issue. 1, pp. 1–14.

Glick Schiller N., Caglar A. (2009), Towards a Comparative Theory of Locality in Migration Studies, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, Vol. 35, pp.177–202.

Glick Schiller N., Çağlar A. (2016), Displacement, emplacement and migrant newcomers: rethinking urban sociabilities within multiscalar power’, “Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power”, Vol. 23, Issue. 1, pp. 17–34.

Gluckman M. (1955), The judicial process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.

Granovetter, M. (2002[1973]) ‘The Strength of Weak Ties’, reprinted in J. Scott (ed.) (2002) Social Networks, pp. 60–80. New York: Routledge.

Gullestad M. (1984), Kitchen-table society: A case study of the family life and friendships of young working-class mothers in urban Norway, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Gutiérrez Rodríguez E. (2011), Politics of Affect. Transversal Conviviality, “Transversal: Multilingual Webjournal”, https://transversal.at/transversal/0811/gutierrez-rodriguez/en [Accessed: 2.12.2020 ].

Hackman, M. L. Peters, and X. Zuniga (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice: An anthology on racism, antisemitism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, and classism (pp. 35–49). New York: Routledge.

Hage G. (2009), Waiting out the crisis: On stuckedness and governmentality, in: Hage G. Waiting, Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, pp. 97–106.

Hannerz U. (1996), Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. London and New York: Routledge.

Haraway D. (1988), Situated Knowledges: the Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of partial Perspective, in: Feminist Studies, Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 575–599.

Hastrup K. (1995), A Passage to Anthropology: Between Experience and Theory, London: Routledge.

Hercog M., Sandoz L. (2018), Highly Skilled or Highly Wanted Migrants? Conceptualizations, Policy Designs and Implementations of High-skilled Migration Policies, Migration Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 4, pp. 453–460.

Hyers, L. L. (2018), Diary methods. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Hooks B. (1984), Black women: Shaping feminist theory, in: Mar M. & Mullings L. (eds.), Let nobody turn us around: Voices of resistance, reform, and renewal; An African American anthology, New York: Bowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., pp. 544–550.

Iredele R.R., (2001), The Migration of Professionals: Theories and Typologies, International Migration, Vol. 39, Issue 5, p. 7–26.

Kern L. (2005), In Place and At Home in the City: Connecting privilege, safety and belonging for women in Toronto, “Gender, Place & Culture”, Vol.12, Issue.3, pp.357–377.

Killick E., (2009), Ashéninka amity: a study of social relations in an Amazonian society, “Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute”, Vol. 15, Issue 4, pp. 701–718.

Kirsch Gesa E. (2005), Friendship, Friendliness, and Feminist Fieldwork. Signs: Journal for Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 30, Issue. 4, pp. 2163- 2172.

Korteweg A., C. (2017), The failures of ‘immigrant integration’: The gendered racialized production of non-belonging, “Migration Studies”, Vol. 5, Issue. 3, pp. 428–444.

Kunz S. (2020), Expatriate, migrant? The social life of migration categories and the polyvalent mobility of race, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, Vol. 46, Issue. 11, pp. 2145–2162.

Lapina L. (2017), Recruited into Danishness? Affective autoethnography of passing as Danish, “European Journal of Women’s Studies”, pp.1–15.

Lapina L., Vertelyté M. (2020), “Eastern European”, Yes, but How? Autoethnographic Accounts of Differentiated Whiteness, “NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research”, Vol. 28, Issue. 3, pp. 237–250.

Mahmoud J.N. (2013), Twisting Identity and Belonging beyond Dichotomies. The case of second generation female migrants in Norway, Vol. 8, Masters of Peace, University of Innsbruck.

Mahler S.J., Pessar P. (2001), Gendered geographies of power: Analyzing gender across transnational spaces, “Identities”, Vol. 7, pp. 441–59.

Marcu S. (2012), Emotions on the move: Belonging, sense of place and feelings identities among young Romanian immigrants in Spain, “Journal of Youth Studies’, Vol.15, Issue. 2, pp. 207–223.

Massumi B. (2002), Parables for the Virtual. Movement, Affect, Sensation, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Morosanu L. (2013), Between fragmented ties and ‘soul friendships’: The cross-border social connections of young Romanians in London, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, Vol. 39, Issue 3, pp. 353–372.

Meier L. (2015), Local lives, work and social identities of migrant professionals in the city, in: Migrant professionals in the city, Meier L. (eds.), New York: Routledge, pp. 1–17.

Mulholland J., Ryan L. (2015), “Londres accueil”: mediations of identity and place among the French highly skilled in London’, in: Meier L. (eds.) Migrant professionals in the city, Routledge: New York, pp. 157–174.

Nauja Kleist, Jansen S. (2016), Introduction: Hope over Time–Crisis, Immobility and Future-Making, History and Anthropology, Vol. 27, Issue. 4, pp. 373–392.

Ortner S. B., (2016), Dark anthropology and its others: Theory since the eighties, in: Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory Vol. 6, Issue 1, p. 47–73.

Ozawa-de Silva Ch., Parsons M. (2020), Toward an anthropology of loneliness, “Transcultural Psychiatry”, Vol. 57, Issue. 5, pp. 613–622.

Pahl, R., (2000), On Friendship, Polity: Cambridge.

Plöger J., and Becker A. (2015), Social networks and local incorporation: Grounding high-skilled migrants in two German cities, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, Vol. 41, Issue. 10, pp. 1517–1535.

Pink S., Horst H., and Postill J. (eds.) (2016). Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. London: SAGE Publications.

Povrzanović Frykman M., Mozetič K. (2020), The importance of friends: social life challenges for foreign physicians in Southern Sweden, “Community, Work and Family”, Vol. 23, Issue. 4, pp. 385–400.

Powdermaker H. (1966), Stranger and Friend: The Way of an Anthropologist, London: W.W. Norton and Co.

Rezende C. B. (1999), Building Affinity through Friendship, in: Bell S., Coleman S. (eds.), The Anthropology of Friendship, New York: Oxford, pp. 79–97.

Ricoeur P. (1994), Imagination in discourse and in action, in: Robinson G., Rundell J. F. (eds.), Rethinking imagination: Culture and creativity, Routledge, pp. 87–117.

Robbins J., (2013), Beyond the suffering subject: Toward an anthropology of the good. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 19, Issue 3, p. 447–62.

Roy A. (2020), The pandemic is a portal, https://www.ft.com/content/10d8f5e8-74eb-11ea-95fefcd274e920ca [Accessed: 5.12.2020 ].

Rubin L. B. (1985). Just friends: The role of friendship in our lives. New York: Harper and Row.

Ryan L., (2007), ‘Migrant women, social networks and motherhood: the experiences of Irish nurses in Britain’, Sociology, Vol. 41, Issue. 2, pp. 295–312.

Ryan L. (2011), Migrants’ social networks and weak ties: Accessing resources and constructing relationships post-migration, “The Sociological Review”, Vol. 59, Issue 4, pp.707–724.

Ryan L. (2015), Friendship-making: Exploring network formations through the narratives of Irish highly qualified migrants in Britain, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, Vol. 41, Issue. 10, pp.1664–1683.

Ryan, L. (2018). Differentiated embedding: Polish migrants in London negotiating belonging over time. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 44, Issue. 2, pp. 233–251.

Salaff J., Greve A. (2004), Can Women’s Social Networks Migrate?, “Women’s Studies International Forum”, Vol. 27, pp. 149–62.

Salazar N.B., Smart A. (2011) Anthropological Takes on (Im)Mobility, Identities, “Global Studies in Culture and Power”, Vol. 18, Issue. 6.

Salazar N. B. (2020), On Imagination and Imaginaries, Mobility and Immobility: Seeing the Forest for the Trees, “Culture and Psychology”, Vol. 26, Issue. 4, pp. 768–77.

Schinkel W., (2018), Against ‘immigrant integration’: for an end to neocolonial knowledge production, “Comparative Migration Studies”, Vol. 6 (31).

Stacey J. (1988), Can There Be a Feminist Ethnography?, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 21–27.

Standing G. (2011), The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, London: Bloomsbury.

Tillmann-Healy L. M. (2003). Friendship as Method. “Qualitative Inquiry”, Vol. 9, Issue 5, pp.729–249.

Tillmann-Healy L. M. (2015). Friendship as Method, in: In Solidarity: Friendship, Family and Activism beyond Gay and Straight. New York: Routledge, pp. 287–319.

Torresan A. (2007), How Privileged Are They? Middle-Class Brazilian Immigrants in Lisbon, in: Vered A. (eds.) Going First Class? New Approaches to Privileged Travel and Movement. Berghahn Books, pp. 103–125.

Turner V. W. (1969), The ritual process: structure and anti-structure, Chicago: Aldine Pub.

Urry J. (2000b), Mobile sociology, British Journal of Sociology, Vo. 51, Issue.1, pp. 185–203.

van Riemsdijk M. (2014), International Migration and Local Emplacement: Everyday Place-Making Practices of Skilled Migrants in Oslo, Norway. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, Vol. 46, Issue. 4, pp. 963–979.

van Riemsdijk M. (2010), Variegated privileges of whiteness: lived experiences of Polish nurses in Norway, Social & Cultural Geography, Vol.11, Issue. 2, pp.117–137.

Visweswaran K. (1997), Histories of Feminist Ethnography, “Annual Review of Anthropology”, Vol. 26, pp. 591–621.

Voloder L., Kirpitchenko L. (2013). Insider Research on Migration and Mobility: International Perspectives on Researcher Positioning, Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Waddington K. (2005), Using diaries to explore the characteristics of work-related gossip: Methodological considerations from exploratory multimethod research, “Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology”, Vol.78, Issue 2, pp. 221–236.

Waltorp K. (2018), Fieldwork as Interface: Digital technologies, moral worlds and zones of encounter, in: Estalella A., Sánchez Criado T. (eds), Experimental Collaborations: Ethnography through Fieldwork Devices, Berghahn Books, The EASA series, Vol. 34, pp. 114–131.

Whitaker R. (2011), The Politics of Friendship in Feminist Anthropology, “Anthropology in Action”, Vol. 18, Issue. 1, pp. 56–66.

Wierzbicki S. (2004), Beyond the Immigrant Enclave: Network Change and Assimilation, New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.

Williamson I., Leeming D., Lyttle S., and Johnson S. (2012), ‘It should be the most natural thing in the world’: exploring first-time mothers’ breastfeeding difficulties in the UK using audiodiaries and interviews, “Maternal and Child Nutrition”, Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 434–447.

Wolf D.L. (1996), Situating Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, in: Wolf D. L. (ed.), Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp.1–55.

Young I. M. (2000), Five faces of oppression, in: Adams M., Blumenfeld W. J., Castaneda R., Hackman W.H., Peters M.L. and Zuniga X., (eds.) Reading for diversity and Social Justice, New York: Routledge.

Yuval-Davis N. (2006), Belonging and the Politics of Belonging, “Patterns of Prejudice”, Vol. 40, Issue 3, pp. 197–214.

Yuval-Davis N. (2016), Power, Intersectionality and the Politics of Belonging, in: Harcourt W. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Development, Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Yuval-Davis N., Kannabiran K., Vieten U. (2006), The Situated Politics of Belonging. London: Sage.

Zittoun T., Gillespie A. (2016), Imagination in Human and Cultural Development. London: Routledge.

Informacje

Informacje: Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 2021 (XLVII), Nr 3 (181), s. 211 - 236

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/25444972SMPP.21.040.14460

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Time and Friendship in the Corona Pandemic: Relationship-Making Between Middle-Class Migrant Women in Norway

Angielski:

Time and Friendship in the Corona Pandemic: Relationship-Making Between Middle-Class Migrant Women in Norway

Autorzy

Agata Kochaniewicz

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2247-5483

Department of Social Anthropology at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim

Publikacja: 11.2021

Status artykułu: Otwarte

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND

Udział procentowy autorów:

Agata Kochaniewicz (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń: 942

Liczba pobrań: 773

<p> Time and Friendship in the Corona Pandemic: Relationship-Making Between Middle-Class Migrant Women in Norway</p>

Pobierz xml