FAQ
Logo of Jagiellonian University

Dokąd prowadzi królicza nora? „Skrzywdzeni” mężczyźni manosfery i przemoc wobec kobiet

Publication date: 04.12.2024

Teoria Polityki, 2024, Nr 9/2024, pp. 99-124

https://doi.org/10.4467/25440845TP.24.018.20714

Authors

Paweł Ścigaj
Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-2417 Orcid
Contact with author
All publications →

Titles

Dokąd prowadzi królicza nora? „Skrzywdzeni” mężczyźni manosfery i przemoc wobec kobiet

Abstract

O ile przemoc wobec kobiet i jej ideologiczne uzasadnienia istnieją od zawsze, utrwalając i reprodukując wiekowe nierówności płci, o tyle w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach pojawiło się nowe zjawisko w postaci organizacji mężczyzn, które domagają się reakcji na to, co postrzegają jako erozję statusu mężczyzn i ich rosnącą dyskryminację. Ruchy te mają różne cele i promują rozmaite narzędzia wpływu, począwszy od perswazji i argumentacji na rzecz praw mężczyzn, aż po akceptację, a nawet wezwania do przemocy wobec kobiet i niektórych mężczyzn. Artykuł ten przedstawia podstawowe idee oraz główne grupy składające się na „manosferę” – rozdrobniony i wewnętrznie zróżnicowany zbiór społeczności internetowych komunikujących się głównie na forach oraz czatach, dyskutujących kwestie tożsamości współczesnych mężczyzn i ich praw w odniesieniu do wyobrażeń na temat pozycji i zachowań współczesnych kobiet.

References

Download references

Aiston, J. (2023). „“Vicious, Vitriolic, Hateful and Hypocritical: The Representation of Feminism within the ManosphereCritical Discourse Studies, 21(3), s. 118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2023.2257816.

Baele, S.J., Brace, L., Coan, T.G. (2021). From Incel to Saint: Analyzing the ViolentWorldview Behind the 2018 Toronto AttackTerrorism and Political Violence, 33(8), s. 16671691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1638256.

Bazzano, M. (2022). Everybody Wants to Be a Manager: On Masculinity, Microfascism and the ManosphereEuropean Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 24(2), s. 173186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642537.2022.2090588.

Blais, M., Dupuis-Deri, F. (2011). Masculinism and the Antifeminist CountermovementSocial Movement Studies, 11(1), s. 2139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2012.640532.

Bosiakowska, M. (2020). Nieantykobiecy dyskurs społeczności manosferyAlcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne, 3(3), s. 121141.

Botto, M., Gottzen, L. (2023). Swallowing and Spitting Out the Red Pill: Young Men, Vulnerability, and Radicalization Pathways in the ManosphereJournal of Gender Studies, 33(5), s. 113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2023.2260318.

Brace, P. (2023). Incels and the Incelosphere: An Overview of Current Research and UnderstandingCRESThttps://crestresearch.ac.uk/resources/incel-and-the-incelosphere-an-overview-of-current-research-and-understanding/ (dostęp: 19.11.2024).

Braithwaite, A. (2004). Politics of/and Backlash. Journal of International Womens Studies, 5(5), s. 1833. DOI: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48829177.pdf.

Bratich, J.Z. (2024). Patriarchal Pacts in the Neo-Archaic Manosphere: Warband Brotherhoods as Fascist MasculinityJournal of Gender Studies, s. 115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2024.2349911.

Brooks, G.R. (1995). The Centerfold Syndrome: How Men Can Overcome Objectification and Achieve Intimacy with Women. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.

Bryan, E., Warren, S. (2023). The Manosphere under the Microscope: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the News Media Reporting of Rowan Baxters Murder of Hannah Clarke and her FamilyFeminist Media Studies, s. 118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2023.2269033.

Byerly, C.M. (2020). Incels Online Reframing Sexual ViolenceThe Communication Review, 23(4), s. 290308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2020.1829305.

Carian, E.K., DiBranco, A., Ebin, C. (red.) (2022). Male Supremacism in the United States: From Patriarchal Traditionalism to Misogynist Incels and the Alt-Right. LondonNew York: Routledge.

Chang, W. (2022). The Monstrous-Feminine in the Incel Imagination: Investigating the Representation of Women as Femoids on /r/BraincelsFeminist Media Studies, 22(2), s. 254270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1804976.

Cockerill, M. (2019). Convergence on Common Ground: MRAs, Memes and Transcultural Contexts of Digital Misogyny. W: D. Ging, E. Siapera (red.). Gender Hate Online: Understanding the New Anti-Feminism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cottee, S. (2021). Incel (E)motives: Resentment, Shame and RevengeStudies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44(2), s. 93114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1822589.

Cupać, J., Ebeturk, I. (2020). The Personal Is Global Political: The Antifeminist Backlash in the United NationsThe British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(4), s. 702714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120948733.

Dafaure, M. (2022). Memes, Trolls and the Manosphere: Mapping the Manifold Expressions of Antifeminism and Misogyny OnlineEuropean Journal of English Studies, 26(2), s. 236254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13825577.2022.2091299.

Dayter, D., Rudiger S. (2016). Reporting from the Field: The Narrative Reconstruction of Experience in Pick-up Artist Online CommunitiesOpen Linguistics, 2(1), s. 337351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2016-0016.

DeCook, J.R., Kelly, M. (2022). Interrogating the Incel Menace: Assessing the Threat of Male Supremacy in Terrorism StudiesCritical Studies on Terrorism, 15(3), s. 706726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2021.2005099.

Dickel, V., Evolvi, G. (2023). „“Victims of Feminism: Exploring Networked Misogyny and #MeToo in the ManosphereFeminist Media Studies, 23(4), s. 13921408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2029925.

Dignam, P.A., Rohlinger, D.A. (2019). Misogynistic Men Online: How the Red Pill Helped Elect TrumpSigns: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 44(3), s. 589612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/701155

Faludi, S. (1991). Backlash: The Undeclared War against American Women. New York: Broadway Books.

Fowler, K. (2022). From Chads to Blackpills, a Discursive Analysis of the Incels Gendered Spectrum of Political AgencyDeviant Behavior, 43(11), s. 14061419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2021.1985387.

Gentry, C.E. (2022). Misogynistic Terrorism: It Has Always Been HereCritical Studies on Terrorism, 15(1), s. 209224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2022.2031131.

Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the ManosphereMan and Masculinities, 22(4), s. 638657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401.

Ging, D., Siapera, E. (red.) (2019). Gender Hate Online: Understanding the New Anti-Feminism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Graff, A. (2019). Manosfera, czyli bunt upokorzonych samcowCzas Kultury, 15(1), s. 1520.

Han, X., Yin, C. (2023). Mapping the Manosphere. Categorization of Reactionary Masculinity Discourses in Digital EnvironmentFeminist Media Studies, 23(5), s. 19231940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1998185.

Hansson, K., Sveningsson, M., Ganetz, H. (2024). #MeToo in the Manosphere: The Formation of a Counter Discourse on the Swedish Online Forum FlashbackNORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 32(2), s. 115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2024.2330381.

Hart, G., Huber, A.R. (2023). Five Things We Need to Learn about Incel Extremism: Issues, Challenges and Avenues for Fresh ResearchStudies in Conflict & Terrorism, s. 117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2023.2195067.

Helm, B., Scrivens, R., Holt, T.J., Chermak, S., Frank, R. (2024). Examining Incel Subculture on RedditJournal of Crime and Justice, 47(1), s. 2745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2022.2074867.

Hoffman, B., Ware, J., Shapiro, E. (2020). Assessing the Threat of Incel ViolenceStudies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), s. 565587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751459.

Horta Ribeiro, M., Blackburn, J., Bradlyn, B., De Cristofaro, E., Stringhini, G., Long, S., Greenberg, S., Zannettou, S. (2021). The Evolution of the Manosphere across the WebProceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 15(1), s. 196207. DOI: https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/18053.

Howard, A., Tarrant, S.R.A. (red.) (2000). Antifeminism in America: A Reader: A Collection of Readings from the Literature of the Opponents to U.S. Feminism, 1848 to the Present. New YorkLondon: Taylor & Francis.

Jolley, D., Mari, S., Schrader, T., Cookson, D. (2024). Sexism and Feminist Conspiracy Beliefs: Hostile Sexism Moderates the Link Between Feminist Conspiracy Beliefs and Rape Myth AcceptanceViolence Against Women, s. 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012241234892.

Kahl, D.H. (2015). Analyzing Masculinist Movements: Responding to Antifeminism through Critical Communication PedagogyCommunication Teacher, 29(1), s. 2126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17404622.2014.985600.

Kelly, M., DiBranco, A., DeCook, J.R. (2022). Misogynist Incels and Male Supremacist Violence. W: E.K. Carian, A. DiBranco, C. Ebin (red.). Male Supremacism in the United States: From Patriarchal Traditionalism to Misogynist Incels and the Alt-Right. LondonNew York: Routledge.

Kimmel, M.S. (1987). Mens Responses to Feminism at the Turn of the CenturyGender & Society, 1(3), s. 261283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/089124387001003003.

Lacalle, C., Gomez-Morales, B., Vicent-Ibanez, M., Narvaiza, S. (2024). „‘SealsBitches, Vixens, and Other Zoomorphic Insults: The Animalisation of Women as an Expression of Misogyny in the Spanish ManosphereCogent Arts & Humanities, 11(1), s. 2298056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2298056.

Lin, J.L. (2017). Antifeminism Online MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way). W: U.U. Fromming, S. Kohn, S. Fox, M. Terry (red.). Digital Environments: Ethnographic Perspectives Across Global Online and Offline Spaces. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.

Lockyer, D., Halpin, M., Maguire, F. (2024). The Emergence of the Incel Community as a Misogyny-Motivated Terrorist ThreatTerrorism and Political Violence, s. 117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2296515.

Malec, A. (2022). Pickup Artists jako subkultura ponowoczesnego językaUniwersyteckie Czasopismo Socjologiczne, 29(1), s. 3744.

Mansbridge, J., Shames, S.L. (2008). Toward a Theory of Backlash: Dynamic Resistance and the Central Role of PowerPolitics & Gender, 4(4), s. 623634. DOI: 10.1017/S1743923X08000500.

Marwick, A.E., Caplan, R. (2018). Drinking Male Tears: Language, the Manosphere, and Networked HarassmentFeminist Media Studies, 18(4), s. 543559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568.

Messner, M.A. (1998). The Limits of The Male Sex Role. An Analysis of the Mens Liberation and Mens Rights Movements DiscourseGender & Society, 12(3), s. 255276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243298012003002.

Messner, M.A. (2016). Forks in the Road of Mens Gender Politics: Mens Rights vs. Feminist AlliesInternational Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5(2), s. 620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.301.

Michelsen, N., De Orellana, P. (2019). Discourses of Resilience in the US Alt-Right. Resilience, 7(3), s. 271287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21693293.2019.1609199.

Miller, S. (2023). Supreme Gentlemen: The Path of Radicalization for the Incel Communitys Lone WolvesTerrorism and Political Violence, 36(6), s. 116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2202779.

Polak, S., Trottier, D. (red.) (2020). Violence and Trolling on Social Media: History, Affect, and Effects of Online Vitriol. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Prause, N., Ley, D. (2024). Violence on Reddit Support Forums Unique to r/NoFapDeviant Behavior, 45(4), s. 602618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2023.2280795.

Price, H. (2023). Anti-feminism as Anti-establishment and Emancipatory: The Gendered Metapolitics of IncelFeminist Media Studies, 24(5), s. 117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2023.2291314.

Raczyński, P. (2021). On ona w grze. Kreacja mężczyzn i kobiet w socjolekcie artystów podrywu””Zeszyty Studenckiego Ruchu Naukowego Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, 30(1), s. 199210.

Rodger, E. (2014). My Twisted World: The Story of Elliot Rodger, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/05/25/us/shooting-document.html (dostęp: 19.11.2024).

Roose, J.M., Cook, J. (2022). Supreme Men, Subjected Women: Gender Inequality and Violence in Jihadist, Far Right and Male Supremacist IdeologiesStudies in Conflict & Terrorism, s. 121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2104681.

Rothermel, A.K., Kelly, M., Jasser, G. (2022). Of Victims, Mass Murder, and Real Men: The Masculinities of the Manosphere””. W: E.K. Carian, A. DiBranco, C. Ebin (red.). Male Supremacism in the United States: From Patriarchal Traditionalism to Misogynist Incels and the Alt-Right. LondonNew York: Routledge.

Rottweiler, B., Clemmow, C., Gill, P. (2024). A Common Psychology of Male Violence? Assessing the Effects of Misogyny on Intentions to Engage in Violent Extremism.

Interpersonal Violence and Support for Violence against WomenTerrorism and Political Violence, s. 126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2292723.

Schmitz, R.M., Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Mens Rights Activist WebsitesSocial Sciences, 5(2), s. 116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020018.

Stijelja, S., Mishara, B.L. (2023). Characteristics of Incel Forum Users: Social Network Analysis and Chronological Posting PatternsStudies in Conflict & Terrorism, s. 121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2023.2208892.

Strauss, N. (2009). Zasady Gry. Mistrzostwo uwodzenia w 30 dni. Tłum. T. Misiorek. Gliwice: Sensus.

Strauss, N. (2015). Gra. Kobiety nie uwierzą, mężczyźni będą zaprzeczać. Warszawa: Świat Książki.

Superson, A.M., Cudd, A.E. (red.) (2002). Theorizing Backlash: Philosophical Reflections on the Resistance to Feminism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Thorburn, J. (2023). Exiting the Manosphere. A Gendered Analysis of Radicalization, Diversion and Deradicalization Narratives from r/IncelExit and r/ExRedPillStudies in Conflict & Terrorism, s. 125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2023.2244192.

Tomkinson, S., Harper, T., Attwell, K. (2020). Confronting Incel: Exploring Possible Policy Responses to Misogynistic Violent ExtremismAustralian Journal of Political Science, 55(2), s. 152169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2020.1747393.

Ukockis, G.L. (2019). Misogyny: The New Activism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Vallerga, M. (2024). Anti-gender Ideology and the Depiction of Lesbians in the Manosphere.Journal of Lesbian Studies, 28(3), s. 113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2024.2352996.

Van Valkenburgh, S.P. (2021). Digesting the Red Pill: Masculinity and Neoliberalism in the ManosphereMen and Masculinities, 24(1), s. 84103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X18816118.

Wachowski, L., Wachowski, L. (1999). The Matrix. Warner Bros.

Wieczorkiewicz, P., Herzyk, A. (2023). Przegryw: mężczyźni w pułapce gniewu i samotności. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo W.A.B.

Wilson, C. (2022). Nostalgia, Entitlement and Victimhood: The Synergy of White Genocide and MisogynyTerrorism and Political Violence, 34(8), s. 18101825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1839428.

Wright, S., Trott, V., Jones, C. (2020). „“The Pussy Aint Worth It, Bro: Assessing the Discourse and Structure of MGTOWInformation, Communication & Society, 23(6), s. 908925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1751867.

Zimbardo, P., Coulombe, N.S. (2015). Gdzie ci mężczyźni? Tłum. M. Guzowska. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Zimmerman, S. (2024). The Ideology of Incels: Misogyny and Victimhood as Justification for Political ViolenceTerrorism and Political Violence, 36(2), s. 166179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2129014.

Zuckerberg, D. (2018). Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Information

Information: Teoria Polityki, 2024, Nr 9/2024, pp. 99-124

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Polish: Dokąd prowadzi królicza nora? „Skrzywdzeni” mężczyźni manosfery i przemoc wobec kobiet
English:
How Deep the Rabbit Hole Goes? “Harmed” Men of the Manosphere and Violence Against Women

Authors

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-2417

Paweł Ścigaj
Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-2417 Orcid
Contact with author
All publications →

Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków, Poland

Published at: 04.12.2024

Article status: Open

Licence: CC BY  licence icon

Percentage share of authors:

Paweł Ścigaj (Author) - 100%

Information about author:

Paweł Ścigaj – adiunkt w Instytucie Nauk Politycznych i Stosunków Międzynarodowych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie. Autor kilkudziesięciu prac w zakresie teorii polityki, psychologii polityki i metodologii nauk społecznych. Prowadzi badania nad mechanizmami wrogości międzygrupowej. Jego aktualne prace dotyczą politycznych efektów dehumanizacji.

Article corrections:

-

Publication languages:

Polish