What is a number?

The concept of number is an abstract concept. Numbers do not exist itself in the nature. On the other hand, they carry a wide variety of significant information about the environment and are present in the life of human being in almost all fields. The origins of numbers as well as its nature were considered in numerous ways by mathematicians, philosophers, psychologists etc. The classical theories of number are briefly discussed and opposed to the psychological and neuroscientific findings regarding number representations. It seems that the ability use information carried by number is not exclusive to educated human mind, contrary its origins are innate and common to humans and several other species.

In the paper the author tries to illustrate the interplay between the construal of psychological distance and conceptualisation of faith in God in modern day Polish society. It is believed that psychological distance functions as a benchmark of how people, who declare themselves to be Christians, perceive faith in God. The paper contains the presentations of results of survey-based research carried out on a sample of 150 Polish people concerninig the reconstruction of linguistic worldview of faith in God. These results are organised into profiles.

This paper is devoted to a study of self-presentation by a Polish politician and an American politician, Jarosław Kaczyński and Newton Gingrich. In the first part, the explanation of the concept of frames is presented. Frames and self-presentation theories are also implemented in analyzing speeches, and therefore they are discussed in this paper. The second part focuses upon illustrating how the concept of frames is exploited with reference to the concepts of persuasion and manipulation.

Metaphisical theories of individual object as models of visual objects

In the article the three main metaphysical theories of individual objects (the bare substratum theory, the bundle theory and the substratum theory) are interpreted as the models of visual objects. These models are tested according to the empirical data. The first part of the article discusses methodological issues concerning the procedure in which thesis of the metaphysical theories gain the empirical content. In the second part the models based on the metaphysical theories are tested according to the selected psychological data connected with detection, categorization and reidentification of visual objects. As the result of the testing the hypothesis is stated, saying that the models based on the different metaphysical theories are the proper models of the visual objects present on the different stages of the perceptual process.