FAQ

Studies in tense, aspect and augment use: an unrecognized (?) timeless injunctive in early Epic Greek. Part 1: Status quaestionis on the use of injunctive, augment and aspect

Data publikacji: 23.05.2024

Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis, 2024, Volume 141, Issue 2, s. 75 - 98

https://doi.org/10.4467/20834624SL.24.005.19667

Autorzy

Filip De Decker
Università degli Studi di Verona, Veneto, Italy
The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-5801 Orcid
Kontakt z autorem
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Studies in tense, aspect and augment use: an unrecognized (?) timeless injunctive in early Epic Greek. Part 1: Status quaestionis on the use of injunctive, augment and aspect

Abstrakt

Since West’s seminal 1989 article, it has been assumed that there were (only) four instances in epic Greek (Homer, Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns) in which the injunctive (often called an unaugmented indicative in the commentaries) could be interpreter as having a timeless (or omnitemporal) meaning. In an article, divided into two parts, I will argue and show that there could be more of these forms. I will also analyze several other instances in which an injunctive has been transmitted, instances in which it refers to a background action or an event in a remote past. In part 1, I address the interaction and difference in use between the injunctive and the (augmented) indicative in epic Greek, paying special attention to the gnomic aorist, the similia, the instances with τε-épique and the so-called “Hymnic aorist”, explaining why they mostly comprise the augment. Following West 1989 for Greek and Hoffmann 1967 for Vedic, I argue that the injunctives or unaugmented indicatives are not simply metrical variants of the indicative, but have their own distinct meanings and functions, as they are used to “mention” or describe background actions, preserve an old “timeless” meaning or refer to a more remote (and often mythical) past. As some of the instances have an aorist and others a present injunctive, I also take into account the aspectual difference(s) between these forms, discussing scholarship on tense and aspect in general and Homer in particular. In part 2, I proceed to actual instances and will investigate them for both the use of the injunctive or indicative and for that of the aspectual stem.

Bibliografia

Aken A. 1861. Die Grundzüge der Lehre von Tempus und Modus im Griechischen: historisch und vergleichend aufgestellt. Rostock: Stiller.

Aken A. 1865. Die Hauptdata der griechischen Tempus- und Modulehre, historisch und vergleichend. Berlin: Enslin.

Allan R. 2016. Tense and aspect in Greek: Two historical developments; augment and perfect. – Runge S., Fresch C. (eds.). The Greek verb revisited. Bellingham: Lexham Press: 81–121.

Allan R. 2017. The imperfect unbound. A cognitive linguistic approach to Greek aspect. – Bentein K., Janse M., Soltić J. (eds.) Variation and change in Ancient Greek tense, aspect and modality. Leiden: Brill: 100–130.

Allan R. 2019. Aspect and construal: A cognitive linguistic approach to iterativity, habituality and genericity in Greek. – Mocciaro E., Short W. (eds.). Toward a cognitive classical linguistics: The embodied basis of constructions in Greek and Latin. Berlin: De Gruyter: 16–41.

Allen T., Sikes E. 1904. The Homeric hymns. London: MacMillan.

Arend W. 1933. Die typischen Scenen bei Homer. Berlin: Weidmann.

Avery J. 1885. The unaugmented verb forms of the Rig and Atharva Vedas. – Journal of the American Oriental Society 11: 326–365.

Bache C. 1997. The study of aspect, tense and action. Towards a theory of the semantics of grammatical categories. [2nd revised ed.]. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Bakker E. 1999. Pointing to the past: Verbal augment and temporal deixis in Homer. – Kazazis J., Rengakos A. (eds.). Euphrosyne. Studies in ancient epic and its legacy in honor of Dimitris N. Maronitis. Stuttgart: Steiner: 50–65.

Bakker E. 2001. Similes, augment and the language of immediacy. – Watson J. (ed.). Speaking volumes. Orality & literacy in the Greek & Roman world. Leiden: Brill: 1–23.

Bakker E. 2002. Remembering the God’s arrival. – Arethusa 35: 63–81.

Bakker E. 2005. Pointing at the past: From formula to performance in Homeric poetics. – [= Hellenic Studies Series 12]. Washington, DC: Centre of Hellenic Studies.

Basset L. 1989. L’augment et la distinction discours/récit dans l’Iliade et l’Odyssée. – Casevitz M. (ed.). Études homériques. Séminaire de recherche sous la direction de Michel Casevitz. Lyon: Travaux de la Maison de l’ Orient: 9–16.

Bertinetto P. 1986. Tempo, Aspetto e Azione nel verbo italiano. Il sistema dell’indicativo. Firenze: Accademia della Crusca.

Bertinetto P., Squartini M. 1995. An attempt at defining the class of ‘gradual completion’ verbs. – Bertinetto P. et al. (eds.) Temporal reference. Aspect and actionality. Vol. 1: Semantic and syntactic perspectives. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier: 43–54.

Bertrand N. 2006a. La localisation des formes intransitives d‘ἵστημι. Le rôle de ἔστη et στάς dans le récit homérique. – GAIA 10: 47–96.

Bertrand N. 2006b. Présence du passé dans l’épopée homérique. À propos de Pointing to the Past de EJ Bakker. – GAIA 10: 237–243.

Bertrand N. 2010. L’ordre des mots chez Homère. Structure informationnelle, localisation et progression du récit. [unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Sorbonne].

Bhat D. 1999. The prominence of tense, aspect, and mood. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Bornemann E., Risch, E. 1973. Griechische Grammatik. Frankfurt: Diesterweg.

Bottin L. 1969. Studio dell’aumento in Omero. – Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 10: 69–145.

Brioso-Sánchez M. 1988. Técnica y función de un tipo de relato en los himnos “homéricos” y en los himnos de Calímaco. – Philologia Hispalensis 3: 111–122.

Brügger C. 2018. Homer Iliad. The Basel commentary. Book XVI. [Transl. by B.W. Millis and S. Strack. Ed. by S.D. Olson]. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.

Brugmann K. 1890. Griechische Grammatik. München: C.H. Beck.

Brugmann K. 1892. Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Zweiter Band Lehre von den Wortformen und ihrem Gebrauch. Zweiter Teil, Erste Lieferung. Straßburg: Karl Trübner.

Brugmann K. 1900. Griechische Grammatik. München: C.H. Beck.

Brugmann K. 1913. Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Zweiter Band Lehre von den Wortformen und ihrem Gebrauch. Dritter Teil, Erste Lieferung. Strassburg: Karl Trübner.

Buttmann P. 1810. Griechische Grammatik. [5th ed.]. Berlin: in der Myliussischen Buchhandlung.

Buttmann P., Buttmann A. 1854. Griechische Grammatik. [ed. by A. Buttmann]. Berlin: Dümmler.

Bybee J., Dahl, Ö. 1989. The creation of tense and aspect systems in the languages of the world. – Studies in Language 13: 51–103.

Bybee J., Perkins R., Pagliuca W. 1994. The evolution of grammar. Tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Clackson J. 2007. Indo-European linguistics: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chantraine P. 1948.Grammaire homérique. Vol. 1: Phonétique et morphologie. Paris: Klincksieck.

Chantraine P. 1953. Grammaire homérique. Vol. 2: Syntaxe. Paris: Klincksieck.

Chicago Homer [available at: https://homer.library.northwestern.edu/html/application.html, accessed: 30 January 2023].

Comrie B. 1976. Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Curtius G. 1852. Vermischte etymologien. – (Kuhns) Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 1: 25–36.

Curtius G. 1880. Das Verbum der griechischen Sprache, seinem Baue nach dargestellt. [vol. 2]. Leipzig: Hirzel.

Dahl E. 2010. Time, tense and aspect in early Vedic grammar. Leiden: Brill.

Dahl Ö. 1985. Tense and aspect systems. Oxford: Blackwell.

Daues A. 2009. Zum Funktionsbereich des Suffixes *-se/o im Junghethitischen und Homerischen. – Lühr R., Ziegler S. (eds.). Protolanguage and prehistory. Akten der XII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft. Krakau, 11. bis 15. Oktober 2004. Wiesbaden: Reichert: 82–99.

De Decker F. 2015. A morphosyntactic analysis of speech introductions and conclusions in Homer. [unpublished PhD dissertation, LMU München]. [available at: https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17995/, accessed: 30 January 2023].

De Decker F. 2016. A contrastive analysis of the Homeric and Hesiodic augment, with special focus on Hesiod. – International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Historical Reconstruction 13: 33–128.

De Decker F. 2017. Ὅμηρον ἐξ Ὁμήρου σαφηνίζειν: An analysis of the augment use in Iliad 1. – Journal of Indo-European Studies 47: 58–171.

De Decker F. 2018. The tense usage in the speech conclusions with past reference in Homer. – Journal of Indo-European Studies 46: 109–151.

De Decker F. 2019a. The augment use in The Homeric Hymn to Demeter (HH 2). – Glotta 95: 46–100.

De Decker F. 2019b. Studies in Greek epic diction, metre and language: The augment use in The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite (HH 5). – International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Historical Reconstruction 16: 1–86.

De Decker F. 2020a. A semantic-pragmatic analysis of the augment in epic Greek, applied to some longer passages. – Leiwo M., Vierros M., Dahlgren S., (eds.). Papers on Ancient Greek linguistics. Proceedings of the Ninth International Colloquium on Ancient Greek Linguistics (ICAGL 9). 30 August – 1 September 2018. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica: 447–477.

De Decker F. 2020b. An overall analysis of the augment in epic Greek and applied to some longer passages. – Bichlmeier H., Repanšek L., Sadovski V. (eds.). vácāmsi miśrā kravāmahai. Proceedings of the International Conference of the Society for Indo-European Studies and IWoBA XII, Ljubljana 4–7 June 2019. Hamburg: Baar: 103–125.

De Decker F. 2021. Studies in Greek epic diction, metre and language: The augment use in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (HH 4) compared and contrasted to the other epic works. – International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Historical Reconstruction 18: 143–290.

De Decker F. 2022. Studies in Homeric speech introductions and conclusions: Tense, aspect, augment, mood, modality, and modal particle. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’ Orso.

De Decker F. 2023. A contrastive study of the co-occurrence of the augmented, unaugmented and iterative forms in -σκ- in Iliad 24. – (Kuhns) Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 134: 9–95.

De Decker F. [forthcoming]a. An analysis of the aspect use in the epic-ionic -σκ-iteratives in the Iliad. – International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction.

De Decker F. [forthcoming]b. An analysis of the aspect use in the Epic-Ionic -σκ-Iteratives in the Odyssey. – Viti, C. (ed.). Latin and Greek in the context of the Ancient Mediterranean. Narr: Tübingen.

De Lamberterie C. 2007. L’augment dans le texte arménien de l’Évangile. – Revue des Études Arméniennes 30: 31–57.

Delbrück B. 1879. Syntaktische Forschungen IV. Die Grundlagen der griechischen Syntax. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.

Delbrück B. 1888. Syntaktische Forschungen V. Altindische Syntax. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.

Delbrück B. 1897.Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Sprachen. II. Strassburg: Trübner. Deo A. 2006. Tense and aspect in Indo-Aryan languages: Variation and diachrony. [unpublished PhD dissertation, Stanford University].

Depraetere I. 1995. The effect of temporal adverbials on (a)telicity and (un)boundedness. – Bertinetto P. et al. (eds.) Temporal reference. Aspect and actionality. Vol. 1: Semantic and syntactic perspectives. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier: 43–54.

Drewitt J. 1912a. The augment in Homer. – Classical Quarterly 6: 44–59.

Drewitt J. 1912b. The augment in Homer (continued). – Classical Quarterly 6: 104–120.

Drewitt J. 1913. A note on the augment. – Classical Philology 8: 349–353.

Euler W. 1995. Der Injunktiv, die archaischste Verbalkategorie im Indogermanischen. – Smoczyński W. (ed.). Kuryłowicz memorial volume. [part one]. Kraków: Universitas: 137–142.

Faulkner A. 2005. Aphrodite’s Aorists: Attributive sections in the Homeric hymns. – Glotta 81: 60–79.

Faulkner A. 2008. The Homeric hymn to Aphrodite. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Franke F. 1854. Ueber den gnomischen Aorist. Leipzig (no editing company).

García-Ramón J. 2012a. TAM, augment and evidentiality in Indo-European. – Handout from the workshop Grammatische und lexikalische Strukturen im Wandel, Cologne, 21–23 March 2012.

García-Ramón J. 2012b. En travaillant à une grammaire du mycénien. – Carlier P. et al. (eds.)

Études mycéniennes 2010 : Actes du XIIIe Colloque international sur les textes égéens : Sèvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20–23 septembre 2010. Pisa: Serra: 435–454.

Giacalone-Ramat A. 1967. La funzione del suffiso -ΣΚ- nel sistema verbale greco. – Archivio Glottologico Italiano 52: 105–123.

Gonda J. 1956. The character of the Indo-European moods. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Goodwin W. Syntax of the moods and tenses of the Greek verb. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.

Hackstein O. 2010. The Greek of epic. – Bakker E. (ed.). A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Malden (MA): Blackwell: 401–423.

Hajnal I. 1990. Die mykenische Verbalform e-e-to. – Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 51: 21–75.

Hajnal I. 2016. Induktive versus abduktive Rekonstruktion: Das Beispiel des griechischen Augments. – Indogermanische Forschungen 121: 435–453.

Hettrich H. 2016. Überlegungen zum Gebrauch der verbalen Aspektstämme bei Homer. – International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction 13: 183–204.

Hoffmann K. 1967. Der Injunktiv im Veda. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.

Hollenbaugh I. 2018. Aspects of the Indo-European aorist and imperfect. Re-evaluating the evidence of the R[325?]gveda and Homer and its implications for PIE. – Indo-European Linguistics 6: 1–68.

Hollenbaugh I. 2021. Tense and aspect in Indo-European: A usage-based approach to the verbal systems of the Rigveda and Homer. [unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles].

Ittzés M. 2004. The augment in Mycenaean Greek. – Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 44: 143–150.

Jacquinod B. 2017. The syntax of Greek. – Fritz M., Joseph B., Klein J. (eds.). Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics I. Berlin: De Gruyter: 682–695.

Janko R. 1981. The structure of the Homeric hymns: A study in genre. Hermes 109: 9–24.

Janko R. 1994. The Iliad: A commentary. [vol. 13–16] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jiménez-Delgado J. 2016. Sintaxis del griego micénico. Sevilla: Editorial Universidad de Sevilla.

Kammenhuber A. 1985. Zum Modus Injunktiv und zum Drei-Genus-System im Ur-Indogermanischen (ca. 3000–2500 v. Chr.). – Pieper U., Stickel G. (eds.). Studia linguistica diachronica et synchronica Werner Winter sexagenario. Berlin: De Gruyter: 435–466.

Kimball S. 2014. Homeric κρύπτασκε, ῥίπτασκε, ἰσάσκετο. – Glotta 90: 163–173.

Kiparsky P. 1968. Tense and mood in Indo-European syntax. – Foundations of Language 4: 30–57.

Kiparsky P. 2005. The Vedic injunctive: Historical and synchronic implications. – Singh R., Bhattacarya T. (eds.). The yearbook of South Asian languages and linguistics 2005. Berlin: De Gruyter: 219–235.

Krüger K. 1859. Griechische Sprachlehre für Schulen. Zweiter Theil: Ueber die Dialekte, vorzugsweise den epischen und ionischen. Zweites Heft: Poetisch-dialektische Syntax. Berlin: Krüger.

Kühner R. 1835. Ausführliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache. Wissenschaftlich und mit Rücksicht auf dem Schulgebrauch. [part 2]. Hannover: Hahn.

Kühner R., Blass F. 1892. Griechische Grammatik. Formenlehre. [vol. 2]. Hannover: Hahn. Kuryłowicz J. 1927. Injonctif et subjonctif dans les Gāthās de l’Avesta. – Rocznik Orientalistyczny 3: 164–179.

Lazzeroni R. 1977. Fra glottogonia e storia: ingiuntivo, aumento e lingua poetica indoeuropeo. – Studi e Saggi Linguistici 17: 1–30.

Lazzeroni R. 2017. Divagazioni sull’ aumento in Omero. – Marotta G., Strik Lievers, F. (eds.). Strutture linguistiche e dati empirici in diacronia e sincronia. Pisa: Pisa University Press: 33–56.

Levin S. 1969. Remarks on the ‘historical’ present and comparable phenomena of syntax. – Foundations of Language 5: 386–390.

Lundquist J., Yates A. 2018. The morphology of Proto-Indo-European. – Fritz M., Joseph B., Klein J. (eds.). Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics III. Berlin: De Gruyter: 2079–2195.

Luraghi S. 2014. Conjunction reduction. – Giannakis G. et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek language and linguistics. Leiden: Brill: 362–363.

Lyons J. 1979. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Macdonell A. 1916. A Vedic grammar for students. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Matthews S. 1990. A cognitive approach to the typology of verbal aspect. [PhD dissertation, University of Southern California].

Meillet A. 1913. Altarmenisches Elementarbuch. Heidelberg: Winter.

Miller D. 2014. Ancient Greek dialects and early authors. Introduction to the dialect mixture in Homer, with notes on Lyric and Herodotus. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Moller E. 1854. Ueber den gnomischen aorist. Zweiter artikel. – Philologus 9: 346–366.

Monro D. 1891. A grammar of the Homeric dialect. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Mumm P. 1995. Verbale Definitheit und der vedische Injunktiv. – Hettrich H., Hock W. (eds.). Verba et Structurae. Festschrift für Klaus Strunk. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft: 169–193.

Mumm P. 2004. Zur Funktion des homerischen Augments. – Krisch T. (ed). Analecta homini universali dicata: Arbeiten zur Indogermanistik, Linguistik, Philologie, Politik, Musik und Dichtung. Festschrift für Oswald Panagl. Stuttgart: Heinz: 148–158.

Mutzbauer C. 1893. Die Grundlagen der griechischen Tempuslehre und der homerische Tempusgebrauch. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Syntax der griechischen Sprache. Strassburg: Trübner.

Napoli M. 2006. Aspect and actionality in Homeric Greek. A contrastive analysis. Milan: Francoangeli.

Pagniello F. 2002. The augment in Homer. [unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Georgia at Atlanta].

Panagl O. 1976. Die mykenische Sprache. – Panagl O., Hiller S. (eds.). Die frühgriechischen Texte aus mykenischer Zeit. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft: 78–100.

Panagl O. 1999. Beobachtungen zur mykenischen Syntax. – Deger-Jalkotzy S. et al. (eds.). Floreant Studia Mycenaea. Akten des X. internationalen mykenologischen Colloquiums in Salzburg vom 1.-5. Mai 1995. Wien: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 487–494.

Pelliccia H. 1985. The structure of the archaic Greek hymns. [unpublished PhD dissertation, Yale University].

Peristerakis A. 1962. Essai sur l’aoriste intemporel en grec. Athens. [sine editore]

Perseus [available at: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus: collection:Greco-Roman, accessed: 30 January 2023].

Pisaniello V. 2020. I suffissi verbali ittiti -anna/i- e -šš(a)-. Studio sul sistema aspettuale ittita. Pisa: Pisa University Press.

Platt A. 1891. The augment in Homer. – Journal of Philology 19: 211–237.

Pott A. 1833. Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Erster Theil: Präpositionen. Detmold: Meyer.

Renou L. 1928. Les formes dites d’injonctif dans le RgVeda. – [sine editore] Étrennes linguistiques offertes par quelques amis à Émile Benveniste. Paris: Paul Geuthner: 63–80.

Richardson N. 2010. Three Homeric hymns: To Apollo, Hermes and Aphrodite (Hymns 3, 4 and 5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rijksbaron A. 2002. The syntaxis and semantics of the verb in Classical Greek: An introduction. Amsterdam: Gieben.

Rijksbaron A. 2009. Discourse cohesion in the Proem of Hesiod’s Theogony. – Bakker S.,

Wakker G. (eds.). Discourse cohesion in Ancient Greek. Leiden: Brill: 241–265.

Rix H. 1976. Historische Grammatik des Griechischen. Laut- und Formenlehre. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.

Rost V. 1826. Griechische Grammatik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.

Rowe, C.J. 1978. Essential Hesiod. Theogony 1–232, 453–733 works and days 1–307 with introduction and notes by C.J. Rowe. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.

Ruijgh C.J. 1971. Autour de “τε épique”. Études sur la syntaxe grecque. Amsterdam: Hakkert.

Schmitt R. 1967a. Zwei Bemerkungen zum Augment. – (Kuhns) Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 81: 63–67.

Schmitt R. 1967b. Dichtung und Dichtersprache in indogermanischer Zeit. Wiesbaden: Reichert.

Sicking C. 1991. The distribution of aorist and present tense forms, especially in the imperative. Glotta 69: 14–43.

Stolpe A. 1849. Iterativorum Graecorum vis ac natura ex usu Homeri atque Herodoti demonstrata. Bratislava: Klein.

Strauss-Clay J. 1989. The politics of Olympus. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Strunk K. 1968. Zeit und Tempus in den altindogermanischen Sprachen. – Indogermanische Forschungen 73: 279–311.

Strunk K. 1992. À propos de quelques catégories marquées et non-marquées dans la grammaire du grec et de l’indo-européen. – Létoublon F. (ed.). La langue et les textes en grec ancien. Actes du Colloque Pierre Chantraine. Amsterdam: Gieben: 29–42.

Szemerényi O. 1996. Introduction to Indo-European linguistics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Thesaurus Linguae Graecae [available at: http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/Iris/inst/tsearch.jsp, accessed: 30 January 2023].

Týn E. 1860. Über den Gebrauch und die Bedeutung der iterativen Imperfecta und Aoriste im Griechischen. – Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien 10: 677–695.

Van Emde Boas E., De Bakker M., Huitink L., Rijksbaron A. 2019. Cambridge grammar of Classical Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Van Emde Boas E., Huitink L. 2010. Syntax. – Bakker E. (ed.). A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Malden (MA): Blackwell: 134–150.

Van Groningen B. 1948. Quelques observations sur l’aoriste gnomique. – [sine editore] Studia Varia Carolo Guilielm Vollgraf. Amsterdam: Noordhollandse Uitgeversmaatschappij: 49–61.

Veitch W. 1879. Greek verbs. Defective and irregular. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Vendler Z. 1957. Verbs and times. The Philosophic Review 66: 143–160 [= Vendler Zeno. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press: 97–121].

Vendler Z. 1967. Linguistics in philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Vogrinz G. 1889. Grammatik des homerischen Dialektes. Paderborn: Schöningh.

Wackernagel J. 1904. Studien zum griechischen Perfektum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.

Wackernagel J. 1942. Indogermanische Dichtersprache. – Philologus 95: 1–19.

Wakker G. 2017. The gnomic aorist in Hesiod. – Bentein K., Janse M., Soltić J. (eds.). Variation and change in Ancient Greek tense, aspect and modality. Leiden: Brill: 84–99.

Wathelet P. 1973. Études de linguistique homérique. – Antiquité Classique 42 : 379–405.

West M. 1989. An unrecognized injunctive usage in Greek. – Glotta 67: 135–138.

West M. 1966. Hesiod. Theogony. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

West M. 1978. Hesiod. Works and days. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

West M. 2000. Homerus Ilias. Vol. 2 Rhapsodiae XIII–XXIV. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Whitney D. 1879. A Sanskrit grammar; including both the classical language, and the older dialects, of Veda and Brahmana. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel.

Willi A. 2018. Origins of the Greek verb. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Zerdin J. 1999. Studies in the Ancient Greek verbs in -SKŌ. [unpublished PhD dissertation, Oxford University].

Informacje

Informacje: Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis, 2024, Volume 141, Issue 2, s. 75 - 98

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Autorzy

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-5801

Filip De Decker
Università degli Studi di Verona, Veneto, Italy
The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-5801 Orcid
Kontakt z autorem
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Università degli Studi di Verona, Veneto, Italy

The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Poland

Publikacja: 23.05.2024

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY  ikona licencji

Finansowanie artykułu:

This research was conducted at the Università degli Studi di Verona during the project Particles in Greek and Hittite as Expression of Mood and Modality (PaGHEMMo), which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement Number 101018097.

Udział procentowy autorów:

Filip De Decker (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski