English lexemes containing intrusive nasal consonants mostly have a difficult origin in common. In what follows (part I), the relevant word material will be ordered according to its phonological structure. In principle we follow the ordering of Gustav Muthmann’s Reverse English Dictionary. Based on Phonological and Morphological Principles of 2002. In cases such as jig v. and its frequentative jiggle v., paralleled by most probably related and nearly synonymous jog v. and its frequentative joggle v., the attested forms are not only rare but also late. Therefore, we have been constrained to base some etymologies on roots, mostly of imitative origin. In part II, some French loan verbs, which show unusual retention of Old French -er/-re in Middle English, will be examined.

The role of etymology and grammar in language development and language relationship – regularities and rules
Morphological developments of Indo-European languages are known, but not formulated as laws: the loss of dual, of some cases and of the neuter, the change of root stems into the class of vocalic stems, the loss of the subjunctive, and the convergence of perfect and aorist, the replacement of the synthetic mediopassive by analytic categories.
The established criteria of the kinship between related language families or of the degree of kinship between two languages or within a group are morphological and lexical commonalities. Whereas lexemes are often borrowed, idioms are borrowed only between closely related languages. Grammatical categories can be created corresponding to patterns of neighbouring languages. Phonological borrowings are rare.

The paper discusses the background of the different terms used for the river Yenisei in the aboriginal language families of the region: Mongolic, Turkic, Yeniseic, Uralic, and Tungusic. The etymological material allows, in particular, important conclusions to be drawn of the areal interrelationships and chronologies of expansion of the Samoyedic branch of Uralic and the Ewenic branch of Tungusic. The presence of Uralic speakers on the Yenisei predates that of
Tungusic speakers by a minimum of two millennia. Both Yeniseic and Turkic also reached the Yenisei earlier than Tungusic.